DOCSLIB.ORG

Differentiation and Identification of Fentanyl Analogues Using GC-IRD

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Differentiation and Identification of Fentanyl Analogues Using GC-IRD Forensic Chemistry 20 (2020) 100255 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forensic Chemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/forc Diferentiation and identifcation of fentanyl analogues using GC-IRD T ⁎ ⁎ Agnes D. Winokura, , Lindsay M. Kaufmana, Jose R. Almirallb, a DEA Southeast Laboratory, Miami, FL, USA b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Research in Forensic Science (CARFS), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA HIGHLIGHTS • Demonstration of the diferentiation and identifcation of fentanyls using GC-IRD. • Optimization of GC-IRD parameters including chromatographic and spectral acquisition. • Reporting of limitations in sensitivity for casework samples. • Case study description involving the use of GC-IRD for analysis of a polydrug mixture. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Fentanyl analogues and their positional isomers have similar chemical structural confgurations making them GC-IRD difcult to identify and diferentiate. Gas chromatography coupled to a gas-phase infrared detector (GC-IRD) is a Fentanyl analogues useful and powerful tool for the unambiguous identifcation of fentanyl compounds where traditional analytical PTV techniques such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) ofer limited information for this class of Light pipe compounds. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of GC-IRD and show how this complementary information Positional isomers enables the identifcation of fentanyl analogues (2- and 3- furanylfentanyl, 2-furanylbenzylfentanyl, croto- nylfentanyl, cyclopropylfentanyl, methoxyacetylfentanyl, carfentanil, meta-fuoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para- fuoroisobutyryl fentanyl and ortho-fuoroisobutyryl fentanyl) when combined with GC–MS data. A description of the operating conditions including how the optimization of GC-IRD parameters can enhance the spectral resolution and unambiguous identifcation of these fentanyl analogues is presented, for the frst time. In par- ticular, the efects of light pipe temperatures, acquisition resolution, the use of a programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) inlet, and the analytical concentration of the sample were evaluated. A real-world case ex- ample illustrates the current challenges frequently encountered in casework and how the implementation of GC- IRD may overcome some of these challenges in fentanyl diferentiation and identifcation. 1. Introduction networks. While there have been recent advancements to address analytical capability gaps, such as novel search algorithms [4] and the The United States declared a national public health emergency in enhancement of communication and information sharing, such as the October of 2017 in response to the Opioids Crisis [1]. Since 2014 there Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)’s Synth-Opioids Real Time has been a signifcant increase of drug related deaths attributed to the Communication Network [5], there are still opportunities for the im- abuse of opioids, with over 60,000 deaths in 2017 [2]. Fentanyl and provement of technology and methodology geared to overcoming ex- related substances are among the opioids having the most impact on isting analytical challenges in seized drug evidence samples. The che- drug overdose deaths [2]. Following the trend of fentanyl-related mical structure of fentanyl is manipulated in clandestine laboratories overdoses, there has been a dramatic increase of fentanyl and fentanyl creating new variations of the substance that have resulted in a long list isomer seizures submitted and analyzed in crime laboratories from 978 of new analogues, whose structural similarity makes it difcult to de- in 2013 to over 30,000 fentanyl identifcations alone in 2018 [3]. Rapid tect and identify using laboratory traditional analytical schemes [4]. detection, identifcation, and reporting of these novel fentanyl sub- Forensic scientists routinely utilize electron impact gas chromato- stances is vital to the assessment and understanding of the illicit drug graphy-mass spectrometry (EI-GC–MS) for the separation and identif- markets in specifc locations and to the disruption of distribution cation of substances in drug samples; however, the use of GC–MS for the ⁎ Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.D. Winokur), [email protected] (J.R. Almirall). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2020.100255 Received 30 March 2020; Received in revised form 24 May 2020; Accepted 29 May 2020 Available online 05 June 2020 2468-1709/ © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. A.D. Winokur, et al. Forensic Chemistry 20 (2020) 100255 Fig. 1. Chemical structures of the fentanyl substances analyzed in this study. analysis of fentanyl samples comes with analytical challenges and a study comparing analysis by GC–MS and LC-Ion Trap MS for a number limitations. These analytical challenges are often due to the nature of of positive cases identifed for synthetic opioids in toxicological sam- samples being submitted to forensic science providers for analysis. ples, Shof et al. demonstrated that while only 9 cases of furanyl fen- Isomeric interferences, low purity, and insufcient amount of samples tanyl were detected by GC–MS, 37 cases were detected by LC-Ion Trap are among those challenges. Fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances MS [13]. More concerning, their study showed only 30 cases of car- are of high toxicity and present a signifcant hazard to those ingesting fentanil detected by GC–MS, compared to 134 cases detected via LC-Ion the substance. Thus, most often fentanyl and fentanyl-related sub- Trap MS [13]. Recently, Mallette et al. described the characterization stances are mixed with other substances resulting in the fentanyl-re- and diferentiation of cyclopropylfentanyl, crotonylfentanyl, and 3- lated analytes being present in illicit samples at very low concentra- butenylfentanyl in drug samples using a combination of techniques to tions. It is not uncommon to fnd a sample with numerous fentanyl include NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and analogues present or composed of a mixture of substances with very GC–MS [14]. Other techniques such as thermal desorption direct ana- similar chemical structures. In the Maher et al. study on the difer- lysis in real time (DART) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) have also entiation of regioisomeric forms of trifuoromethylphenylpiperazines, been shown to provide useful characterization of fentanyl analogues these researchers describe the challenge of diferentiating between [15]. In a study by Lurie et al., incomplete chromatographic resolution identical mass spectra for the three regiosomeric 2-, 3-, and 4-tri- between fentanyl-related compounds were subsequently identifed fuoromethylphenylpiperazines [6]. There have been numerous pub- using retention times and dual multiple-reaction monitoring [16]. lished studies using GC-IRD for the analysis of controlled substances Other studies include the direct-infusion techniques with electrospray- with isomeric challenges, such as piperazines, phenethylamines, and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), LC-atmospheric pressure ionization- designer drugs [6–12]. For example, the Clark et al study on the ring tandem mass spectrometry, coiled microextraction and portable and side chain regioisomers of ethoxyphenethylamines demonstrates GC–MS, ionic liquid-modifed disposable electrochemical sensor strips, the advantages of GC-IRD analysis for the identifcation of MDEA, and ion mobility spectrometry [17–23]. MDMMA, and MBDB [7]. This paper ofers an alternative and complementary technique to To overcome limitations associated with GC–MS, scientists have the widely used EI-GC–MS method in order to enhance the capability of turned to other complementary methods for the analysis of fentanyl laboratories when analyzing fentanyl-related substances that prove to analogues, such as liquid chromatography- ion trap mass spectrometry be difcult to identify using conventional analytical techniques, such as (LC-Ion Trap MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). In GC–MS. Following the guidelines developed by the Scientifc Working 2 A.D. Winokur, et al. Forensic Chemistry 20 (2020) 100255 Fig. 2. Mass spectra diferences for 2- and 3-furanylfentanyl. Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) [24], GC-IRD (a injected into a GC where analytes are separated as they fow through hyphenated category B and A technique) can be utilized to diferentiate the GC column. Once separated, analytes enter the IRD through a between fentanyl analogues with the same molecular weight and very 120 mm long capillary with a 1 mm internal diameter. This capillary, similar chemical structures. designated the light pipe, is enclosed in a heating block at the desired To the authors' knowledge, this is the frst reporting of a compre- temperatures to keep samples in the vapor state while interacting with hensive optimization study for the analysis of fentanyl analogues by the IR beam and characteristic absorption spectra are detected [28,29]. GC-IRD in peer-reviewed literature. There have been brief reports on One of the limitations of the GC-IRD is its somewhat lower sensi- the GC-IRD analysis of fentanyl-related compounds, for example the tivity, in comparison to GC–MS. Mass loadings of of less than 25 ng on- comparison of GC-IRD analysis to Q-TOF LC-MS for the detection and column (equivalent to a 1 μL injection of a 25 ppm sample) generally identifcation of 2- and 3-furanylfentanyl isomers [25]. Other studies of produce undefned spectra, making the instrument inefective for for- fentanyl-related
Load more

Recommended publications
  • English Advance Version of the CND Report
    E/2020/28 E/CN.7/2020/15 United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs Report on the sixty-third session (13 December 2019 and 2–6 March 2020) Economic and Social Council Official Records, 2020 Supplement No. 8 Economic and Social Council E/2020/28 Official Records, 2020 E/CN.7/2020/15 Supplement No. 8 Commission on Narcotic Drugs Report on the sixty-third session (13 December 2019 and2–6 March 2020) United Nations • New York, 2020 E/2020/28 E/CN.7/2020/15 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The report of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on its reconvened sixty-third session, to be held on 3 and 4 December 2020, will be issued as Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 2020, Supplement No. 8A (E/2020/28/Add.1). ISSN 0251-9941 E/2020/28 E/CN.7/2020/15 [23 March 2020] Contents Chapter Page Executive summary ......................................................... vi I. Matters calling for action by the Economic and Social Council or brought to its attention 1 A. Draft decisions for adoption by the Economic and Social Council ............... 1 I. Report of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on its sixty-third session and provisional agenda for its sixty-fourth session ........................... 1 II. Report of the International Narcotics Control Board ...................... 2 B. Matters brought to the attention of the Economic and Social Council ............ 2 Resolution 63/1 Promoting efforts by Member States to address and counter the world drug problem, in particular supply reduction-related measures, through effective partnerships with private sector entities ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
    WHO Technical Report Series 1034 This report presents the recommendations of the forty-third Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD). The ECDD is responsible for the assessment of psychoactive substances for possible scheduling under the International Drug Control Conventions. The ECDD reviews the therapeutic usefulness, the liability for abuse and dependence, and the public health and social harm of each substance. The ECDD advises the Director-General of WHO to reschedule or to amend the scheduling status of a substance. The Director-General will, as appropriate, communicate the recommendations to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who will in turn communicate the advice to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. This report summarizes the findings of the forty-third meeting at which the Committee reviewed 11 psychoactive substances: – 5-Methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine (5-MeO-DALT) WHO Expert Committee – 3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) – 3-Methoxyphencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) on Drug Dependence – Diphenidine – 2-Methoxydiphenidine (2-MeO-DIPHENIDINE) Forty-third report – Isotonitazene – MDMB-4en-PINACA – CUMYL-PEGACLONE – Flubromazolam – Clonazolam – Diclazepam The report also contains the critical review documents that informed recommendations made by the ECDD regarding international control of those substances. The World Health Organization was established in 1948 as a specialized agency of the United Nations serving as the directing and coordinating authority for international health matters and public health. One of WHO’s constitutional functions is to provide objective, reliable information and advice in the field of human health, a responsibility that it fulfils in part through its extensive programme of publications. The Organization seeks through its publications to support national health strategies and address the most pressing public health concerns of populations around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Review Report: CROTONYLFENTANYL
    Critical Review Report: CROTONYLFENTANYL Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Forty-second Meeting Geneva, 21-25 October 2019 This report contains the views of an international group of experts, and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization 42nd ECDD (2019): Crotonylfentanyl © World Health Organization 2019 All rights reserved. nd This is an advance copy distributed to the participants of the 42 Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, before it has been formally published by the World Health Organization. The document may not be reviewed, abstracted, quoted, reproduced, transmitted, distributed, translated or adapted, in part or in whole, in any form or by any means without the permission of the World Health Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use.
    [Show full text]
  • Infographics About Synthetic Opioids
    UNODC LEADING THE INTERGRATED GLOBAL RESPONSE TO THE OPIOID CRISIS P I L L A R 1 P I L L A R 2 P I L L A R 3 P I L L A R 4 P I L L A R 5 I N T E R N A T I O N A L L A W S T R E N G T H E N I N G C O U N T E R E A R L Y W A R N I N G A N D R A T I O N A L P R E S C R I B I N G A N D S T R E N G T H E N I N G A N D S U P P O R T I N G E N F O R C E M E N T O P E R A T I O N S N A R C O T I C C A P A C I T Y A N D T R E N D A N A L Y S I S A C C E S S T O O P I O I D S P R E V E N T I O N A N D T R E A T M E N T T O D I S R U P T T R A F F I C K I N G I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I O N IDENTIFYING THE MOST PREVELANT, PERSISTANT AND HARMFUL SYNTHETIC OPIOIDS U N O D C 282 90 E A R L Y TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATING IN COUNTRIES W A R N I N G INFORMED THREATS LABORATORIES A D V I S O R Y ASSESSMENTS PHARMACOLOGICAL INFORMATION L A B O R A T O R I E S A N D D A T A P O I N T S L A B O R A T O R I E S D A T A P O I N T S G L O B A L S M A R T U P D A T E S 21,400+ 120 DATA POINTS FROM COUNTRIES SYNTHETIC SEDATIVE 74 OPIOIDS HYPNOTICS REPORTED MIRRORING TO UNODC SYNTHETIC E A R L Y OPIOID TRENDS W A R N I N G A D V I S O R Y B Y 2019 131% IN THE LAST * * 3 Y E A R S Note: * 2019 data collection not finalized LIST OF SYNTHETIC OPIOIDS REPORTED TO THE UNODC EWA FROM 2009-2019 S C H E D U L E D 2-Fluorofentanyl Furanylfentanyl 4-Fluorobutyrfentanyl Methoxyacetylfentanyl 4-Fluoroisobutyrfentanyl MT-45 S C H E D U L E I Acrylfentanyl Ocfentanil ( 1 9 6 1 ) AH-7921 Tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl Butyrfentanyl U-47700 S C H E D U L E I & I V Cyclopropylfentanyl
    [Show full text]
  • Substances Recommended to Be Added to Schedule I of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), As Amended by the 1972 Protocol
    Annex 1: Summary of the rationale for the recommendations of the 42nd Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Substances recommended to be added to Schedule I of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), as amended by the 1972 Protocol: Crotonylfentanyl The chemical name for crotonylfentanyl is (2E)-N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]but-2- enamide. Crotonylfentanyl binds to mu opioid receptors and acts as an opioid agonist. In animal models, crotonylfentanyl produces antinociception, actions predictive of oxycodone-like subjective effects and both central nervous system stimulation and depression. The opioid antagonist naltrexone blocks the effects of crotonylfentanyl. This pharmacological profile indicates that crotonylfentanyl is an opioid and comparative studies suggest that it has a potency intermediate between oxycodone and fentanyl. Consistent with the results from animal studies, the effects of crotonylfentanyl were reversed by an opioid antagonist in a clinical admission due to overdose. Due to its opioid mechanism of action, crotonylfentanyl has the potential to be associated with substantial harm. Crotonylfentanyl has been found in seized material from countries across several regions. It has no veterinary or medical use. Based on its opioid mechanism of action and similarity to drugs such as oxycodone and fentanyl that are controlled under Schedule I of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, it is recommended that crotonylfentanyl also be controlled under Schedule I of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961). Valerylfentanyl The chemical name for valerylfentanyl is N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]pentanamide. Valerylfentanyl binds to mu opioid receptors and acts as an opioid agonist.
    [Show full text]
  • LC Paper No. CB(2)929/20-21(04)
    LC Paper No. CB(2)929/20-21(04) For discussion on 9 April 2021 Legislative Council Panel on Security Proposed Amendments to the First Schedule to the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance and Schedule 2 to the Control of Chemicals Ordinance PURPOSE This paper seeks Members’ views on the Government’s proposal to – (a) bring eight dangerous drugs, namely 4F-MDMB-BINACA 1 , 5F-AMB-PINACA 2 , 5F-MDMB-PICA 3 , crotonylfentanyl, etizolam, flualprazolam, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, under control in Part I of the First Schedule to the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (“DDO”) (Cap. 134); and (b) bring one precursor chemical, namely methyl alpha- phenylacetoacetate (“MAPA”), under control in Schedule 2 to the Control of Chemicals Ordinance (“CCO”) (Cap. 145). JUSTIFICATIONS 2. As a regular exercise, the Government has from time to time proposed amendments to DDO and CCO as appropriate to include new substances under statutory control, having regard to a host of relevant factors, including international control requirements, the uses and harmful effects of the substances, severity of abuse in the local and overseas contexts, advice of the Action Committee Against Narcotics (“ACAN”) and relevant authorities, etc. This is to ensure that law enforcement agencies in Hong Kong could respond effectively to the latest drug developments. 1 Also known as 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA. 2 Also known as 5F-AMB and 5F-MMB-PINACA. 3 Also known as 5F-MDMB-2201. Eight Dangerous Drugs Six Substances under International Control 3. At the 63rd Session of the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs (“UNCND”) held in March 2020, Member States adopted the recommendation by the World Health Organisation (“WHO”) to place 12 dangerous drugs under international control.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations
    E/2020/28 E/CN.7/2020/15 United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs Report on the sixty-third session (13 December 2019 and 2–6 March 2020) Economic and Social Council Official Records, 2020 Supplement No. 8 V.20-01956 (E) *2001956* Economic and Social Council E/2020/28 Official Records, 2020 E/CN.7/2020/15 Supplement No. 8 Commission on Narcotic Drugs Report on the sixty-third session (13 December 2019 and2–6 March 2020) United Nations • New York, 2020 E/2020/28 E/CN.7/2020/15 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The report of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on its reconvened sixty-third session, to be held on 3 and 4 December 2020, will be issued as Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 2020, Supplement No. 8A (E/2020/28/Add.1). ISSN 0251-9941 E/2020/28 E/CN.7/2020/15 [23 March 2020] Contents Chapter Page Executive summary ......................................................... vi I. Matters calling for action by the Economic and Social Council or brought to its attention 1 A. Draft decisions for adoption by the Economic and Social Council ............... 1 I. Report of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on its sixty-third session and provisional agenda for its sixty-fourth session ........................... 1 II. Report of the International Narcotics Control Board ...................... 2 B. Matters brought to the attention of the Economic and Social Council ............ 2 Resolution 63/1 Promoting efforts by Member States to address and counter the world drug problem, in particular supply reduction-related measures, through effective partnerships with private sector entities ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fentanyl Family at the Mu-Opioid Receptor: Uniform Assessment of Binding and Computational Analysis
    molecules Article Fentanyl Family at the Mu-Opioid Receptor: Uniform Assessment of Binding and Computational Analysis Piotr F. J. Lipi ´nski 1,* , Piotr Kosson 2, Joanna Matali ´nska 1, Piotr Roszkowski 3, Zbigniew Czarnocki 3, Małgorzata Jaro ´nczyk 4 , Aleksandra Misicka 1,3 , Jan Cz. Dobrowolski 4 and Joanna Sadlej 4,5,* 1 Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (A.M.) 2 Toxicology Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (P.R.); [email protected] (Z.C.); [email protected] (A.M.) 4 National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (M.J.); [email protected] (J.Cz.D.) 5 Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszy´nski,1/3 Wóycickiego-Str., 01-938 Warsaw, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (P.F.J.L.); [email protected] (J.S.) Received: 30 January 2019; Accepted: 15 February 2019; Published: 19 February 2019 Abstract: Interactions of 21 fentanyl derivatives with µ-opioid receptor (µOR) were studied using experimental and theoretical methods. Their binding to µOR was assessed with radioligand competitive binding assay. A uniform set of binding affinity data contains values for two novel and one previously uncharacterized derivative. The data confirms trends known so far and thanks to their uniformity, they facilitate further comparisons.
    [Show full text]
  • New Psychoactive Substances: Global Markets, Glocal Threats and the COVID-19 Pandemic
    New psychoactive substances: global markets, glocal threats and the COVID-19 pandemic An update from the EU Early Warning System December 2020 Front cover photos 1. ‘Ching’ typically sold as a ‘legal’ replacement to cocaine. In this case the product contained methoxyacetylfentanyl. Credit: Slovenian National Forensic Laboratory (Police). 2. Plant material from a ‘Spice’ product that contained CP-47,497 C8 homolog. Credit: Slovenian National Forensic Laboratory (Police). 3. Package containing CUMYL-4CN-BINACA powder that shipped from China. Credit: Slovenian National Forensic Laboratory (Police). 4. Fake Xanax tablets that contained cyclopropylfentanyl. Credit: WR Brede, H-M Krabseth and co-workers, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. New psychoactive substances: global markets, glocal threats and the COVID-19 pandemic An update from the EU Early Warning System December 2020 I Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the EMCDDA’s partners, any EU Member State or any agency or institution of the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2020 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. For any use or reproduction of photos that are not under EMCDDA copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. Photo credits for the front cover images: Laboratorio de Drogas (Servicio de Química), Instuto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses (INTyCF) Barcelona (1, 2), Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences (3), P.
    [Show full text]
  • Free PDF Download
    European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2019; 23: 9681-9690 New psychoactive substances: concerted efforts and common legislative answers for stemming a growing health hazard S. ZAAMI Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Abstract. – OBJECTIVE: New psychoactive Introduction substances (NPS), are a range of drugs de- signed to mimic the effects of established illic- New psychoactive substances (NPS) are a it drugs, being legal at the time of their distribu- range of drugs that are designed, manufactured tion in illicit markets. The review aims to shed a light on the growing threat caused by NPS, and and marketed to replicate the effects of illegal on the dynamics and developments that have established substances (e.g., cannabis, cocaine, led to their spread, including the risk of new ecstasy and LSD1). At the time of their arrival adulteration practices which can cause a seri- on street and web markets, such substances are ous health threat, due to their increased toxicity, mostly not scheduled under the 1961 Single Con- e.g., through fentanyl and its analogs. vention on Narcotic Drugs or the 1971 Conven- MATERIALS AND METHODS: An overview of statistical trends relative to NPS use has been tion on Psychotropic Substances. Manufacturers provided, in addition to regulatory and legisla- of these drugs deliberately develop new chemi- tive approaches in several countries and recom- cals to replace others that have been banned. In mendations and data
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Pathways and Potencies of New Fentanyl Analogs
    fphar-10-00238 April 5, 2019 Time: 19:11 # 1 REVIEW published: 05 April 2019 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00238 Metabolic Pathways and Potencies of New Fentanyl Analogs Maurice Wilde1,2, Simona Pichini3, Roberta Pacifici3, Adriano Tagliabracci4, Francesco Paolo Busardò4*, Volker Auwärter1 and Renata Solimini3 1 Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, 2 Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, 3 National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, 4 Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence SBSP, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy Up to now, little is known about the metabolic pathways of new fentanyl analogs that have recently emerged on the drug markets worldwide with high potential for producing addiction and severe adverse effects including coma and death. For some of the compounds, limited information on the metabolism has been published, however, for others so far no information is available. Considering the well characterized metabolism of the pharmaceutically used opioid fentanyl and the so far available data, the metabolism of the new fentanyl analogs can be anticipated to generally involve reactions like hydrolysis, hydroxylation (and further oxidation steps), N- and O-dealkylation and Edited by: O-methylation. Furthermore, phase II metabolic reactions can be expected comprising Luis F. Callado, University of the Basque Country, glucuronide or sulfate conjugate formation. When analyzing blood and urine samples Spain of acute intoxication cases or fatalities, the presence of metabolites can be crucial Reviewed by: for confirmation of the uptake of such compounds and further interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths by Opioid Type And
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Weekly / Vol. 68 / No. 34 August 30, 2019 International Overdose Awareness Changes in Opioid-Involved Overdose Day — August 31, 2019 Deaths by Opioid Type and Presence of Benzodiazepines, Cocaine, and August 31, 2019, is International Overdose Awareness Day, a global event that aims to raise awareness that over- Methamphetamine — 25 States, July– dose death is preventable and to reduce the stigma associ- December 2017 to January–June 2018 ated with drug-related death. Goals also include providing information about risk for overdose and community services R. Matt Gladden, PhD1; Julie O’Donnell, PhD1; 1 1 and preventing drug-related harm through evidence-based Christine L. Mattson, PhD ; Puja Seth, PhD policy and practice (https://www.overdoseday.com). From 2013 to 2017, the number of opioid-involved overdose The opioid overdose epidemic, which killed 47,600 U.S. deaths (opioid deaths) in the United States increased 90%, persons in 2017,* substantially expanded in 2013 driven from 25,052 to 47,600.* This increase was primarily driven by by rapid increases in overdose deaths involving synthetic substantial increases in deaths involving illicitly manufactured opioids (excluding methadone), particularly illicitly † † fentanyl (IMF) or fentanyl analogs mixed with heroin, sold manufactured fentanyl. Cocaine and methamphetamine as heroin, or pressed into counterfeit prescription pills (1–3). overdose deaths co-involving synthetic opioids also rapidly Methamphetamine-involved and cocaine-involved deaths that increased during this period (1). A report in this issue of MMWR documented decreases * https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db329_tables-508.pdf#4. † in opioid-involved overdose deaths in 25 states from July– Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid 50–100 times more potent than morphine and is approved for treatment of severe (typically advanced cancer) pain.
    [Show full text]