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Ewa Watershed Management Plan ʻEWA WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT Prepared for: Honolulu Board of Water Supply Prepared by: Townscape, Inc. May 2017 ʻEWA WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN PREPARED FOR: HONOLULU BOARD OF WATER SUPPLY PREPARED BY: TOWNSCAPE, INC. MAY 2017 THIS PUBLICATION IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE GENERAL INFORMATION PREPARED BY PROFESSIONALS IN REGARD TO THE SUBJECT MATTER COVERED. IT IS PROVIDED WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER, AUTHORS, AND EDITORS ARE NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICE HEREIN. DUE TO THE RAPIDLY CHANGING NATURE OF THE LAW, INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PUBLICATION MAY BECOME OUTDATED. ALTHOUGH PREPARED BY PROFESSIONALS, THIS PUBLICATION SHOULD NOT BE UTILIZED BY A LAWYER AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR HIS OR HER OWN RESEARCH. THE LAWYER IS SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANALYZING AND UPDATING THE INFORMATION TO ENSURE ACCURACY. THIS PUBLICATION SHOULD NOT BE USED BY NON-LAWYERS AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PROFESSIONAL LEGAL OR OTHER ADVICE. IF LEGAL ADVICE OR OTHER EXPERT ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A PROFESSIONAL SHOULD BE SOUGHT. THE PUBLISHER, AUTHORS, AND EDITORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY LIABILITY, LOSS OR RISK INCURRED AS A RESULT OF THE USE AND APPLICATION, EITHER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OF ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PUBLICATION, WHETHER OR NOT NEGLIGENTLY PROVIDED. ALL PROCEDURES AND FORMS ARE SUGGESTIONS ONLY, AND CHANGES MUST BE MADE DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES IN EACH CASE. TABLE OF CONTENTS ʻEWA WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN ʻEWA WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT May 2017 Table of Contents Executive Summary ES.1 Purpose of the ʻEwa Watershed Management Plan ............................ ES-1 ES.2 The ʻEwa WMP and the ʻEwa Development Plan ................................ ES-3 ES.3 The Planning Process .......................................................................... ES-3 ES.4 Goals and Objectives of the ʻEwa WMP .............................................. ES-4 ES.5 Summary Profile of the District ............................................................ ES-4 ES.6 Water Use and Projected Demand ...................................................... ES-5 ES.7 Summary of Demand and Supply ........................................................ ES-9 ES.8 Projects and Strategies ...................................................................... ES-11 ES.9 Implementation of the ʻEwa WMP ...................................................... ES-13 1 Oʻahu Water Management Plan Overview 1.1 Authority and Purpose ............................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Oʻahu Water Management Plan Framework ........................................... 1-6 1.3 Oʻahu Water Use and Development Plan Update ................................. 1-15 1.4 Plan Implementation ............................................................................. 1-51 2 ʻEwa Watershed Profile 2.1 Overview of the ʻEwa District .................................................................. 2-1 2.2 Natural Water Resources ........................................................................ 2-9 2.3 Terrestrial Ecosystems ......................................................................... 2-27 2.4 Traditional Practices and Cultural Resources ....................................... 2-31 2.5 Settlement History ................................................................................ 2-36 2.6 Socio-Economic Conditions .................................................................. 2-38 2.7 Land Use .............................................................................................. 2-42 2.8 Infrastructure and Utilities ..................................................................... 2-60 2.9 Relevant Land Use Plans ..................................................................... 2-66 2.10 Summary of Some Stakeholder Issues ................................................. 2-76 i ʻEWA WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT May 2017 Table of Contents (continued) 3 Water Use and Projected Demand 3.1 Water Availability and Use in the ʻEwa District ........................................ 3-1 3.2 Water Supply Systems .......................................................................... 3-12 3.3 Projecting Future Water Demand ......................................................... 3-28 3.4 Most Probable Water Demand Scenario ............................................... 3-51 3.5 Adequacy of Supply to Meet Demand .................................................. 3-52 3.6 Climate Change .................................................................................... 3-54 4 Plan Objectives, Water Supply and Watershed Management Projects and Strategies 4.1 Overall Goals, Objectives, and Sub-Objectives of the EWMP ................ 4-1 4.2 Watershed Management Projects and Programs with “Project Champions” ............................................................................................ 4-6 4.3 Watershed Management Strategies ..................................................... 4-50 5 Implementation 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Water Use and Development Plan .......................................................... 5-3 5.3 Phasing and Funding of Projects with Champions ................................ 5-17 5.4 Watershed Management – Priority Watershed and Catalyst Project .... 5-21 References Appendices Appendix A – Oʻahu Water Management Plan Framework Appendix B – Plans, Policies, Guidelines, and Controls Appendix C – Oʻahu Water Use Permit Index Appendix D – Overview of Oʻahu Hydrogeology ii ʻEWA WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT May 2017 Figures 1-1 Oʻahu Development Plan Areas ..................................................................................... 1-1 1-2 Watershed Management Plans for Oʻahu, County and State Level Planning Framework Diagram .......................................................................................................................... 1-8 1-3 BWS Potable and Nonpotable Water Systems Demands: Actual 1970-2014 and Linear Projection to 2035 ........................................................................................................ 1-18 1-4 BWS Gallons per Capita Day Demand Trend 1980-2040 ............................................ 1-20 1-5 Department of Hawaiian Home Lands on Oʻahu .......................................................... 1-24 1-6 Agricultural Zoned Lands on Oʻahu .............................................................................. 1-27 1-7 Punaluʻu Stream Diversion and Piped Ditch ................................................................ 1-27 1-8 Oʻahu Aquifer System Areas ........................................................................................ 1-31 1-9 Oʻahu Surface Water Hydrologic Units ........................................................................ 1-34 1-10 Population and Potable Water Demand Distributions 2010 ......................................... 1-40 1-11 Estimated Population and Potable Water Demand Distribution 2035 .......................... 1-41 1-12 Seasonal Agricultural Water Use Supplementing Surface Water with Ground Water . 1-49 2-1 ʻEwa Development Plan Area Location .......................................................................... 2-1 2-2 Soil Orders on Oʻahu ...................................................................................................... 2-5 2-3 ʻEwa Soil Associations and Karst Locations .................................................................. 2-8 2-4 Cross-Section of ʻEwa Caprock and Ground Water Occurrence ................................. 2-10 2-5 Ground Water Hydrological Units and Sustainable Yields .......................................... 2-11 2-6 UIC and Pass-No Pass Lines ....................................................................................... 2-15 2-7 Surface Water Resources ............................................................................................ 2-18 2-8 Protected Areas ........................................................................................................... 2-28 2-9 Cultural Resources ....................................................................................................... 2-32 2-10 ʻEwa District Jobs by Employment Sector (2010) ........................................................ 2-40 2-11 ʻEwa District Projected Jobs by Employment Sector (2035) ........................................ 2-41 2-12 State Land Use Districts ............................................................................................... 2-43 2-13 City Zoning ................................................................................................................... 2-45 2-14 Large Land Owners ...................................................................................................... 2-46 2-15 Oʻahu Sugar Company Field Map (1990) .................................................................... 2-48 2-16 Active Agricultural Lands .............................................................................................. 2-49 2-17 ALISH Lands ................................................................................................................ 2-51 2-18 ʻEwa Development Areas and Other Land Uses .......................................................... 2-53 iii ʻEWA WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN PUBLIC REVIEW
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