A Description of Metaphors in Arctic Monkeys's Selected

Home , Alex Turner, Already Over, Arctic Monkeys, Baby I, Beautiful in White, Be Someone

A DESCRIPTION OF METAPHORS IN ARCTIC MONKEYS’S

SELECTED SONGS THROUGH AM ALBUM

A PAPER

WRITTEN BY

HAFNI ILYA GHAISANI REG. NO: 172202005

DIPLOMA 3 ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN

2020

Universitas Sumatera Utara

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am HAFNI ILYA GHAISANI, declare that I am the sole author of this Paper. Except where the references in made in the text of this Paper, this Paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a Paper by which I have qualified for awarded another degree. No other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this Paper. This Paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

Date : August, 2020

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Name : HAFNI ILYA GHAISANI Title of Paper : A DESCRIPTION OF METAPHORS IN ARCTIC MONKEYS‟S SELECTED SONGS THROUGH AM ALBUM

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I hope this Paper should be available for reproduction at the direction the Librarian of Diploma-III English Study Program of Cultural Studies USU on the understanding that users made aware to their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

Date : August, 2020

Universitas Sumatera Utara

ABSTRACT

This Paper is entitled,“A Description of Metaphors in Arctic Monkeys‟s Selected Songs through AM Album”. This Paper is aimed to describe and review the use of Metaphor and Associative Meaning found in song lyrics of AM album which was chosen as the problem of study to be discussed in this Paper and also it consisting to 12 songs. The method that used by the writer is descriptive method or qualitative research. Based on review‟s result, the writer has found 22 data for the use of types of Metaphors in accordance with theory of Leech which consisting of Concretive, Animistic, Humanizing or Antromorphic, and Synesthetic, also found 28 data for the use of Associative Meanings in accordance with theory of Leech which consisting of Connotative, Social, Affective, Reflected, and also Collocative. The album of AM is completely concerned to personal‟s love life experience in which the songwriter wanted to convey the messages into songs from this album is to express honest feelings and raw thoughts to the listeners. Hopefully, this Paper can be useful and also can be a reference for any readers in understanding to Metaphor and Associative Meaning particularly for students that interested to this subject. Keywords: AM album, arctic monkeys, assosiative meaning, metaphor, song lyrics

iii

Universitas Sumatera Utara

ABSTRAK

Kertas Karya ini berjudul “A Description of Metaphors in Arctic Monkeys‟s Selected Songs through AM Album”. Paper ini bertujuan untuk mengulas dan menjelaskan tentang penggunaan Metafora dan Makna Asosiatif yang terdapat pada lirik lagu dari album AM yang dipilih sebagai rumusan masalah yang akan dibahas dalam Kertas Karya ini, yang terdiri dari 12 lagu. Metode yang digunakan oleh penulis ialah metode deskriptif atau penelitian kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penjelasan, penulis menemukan 22 data untuk penggunaan Metafora menurut teori Leech yang terdiri dari Concretive, Animistic, Humanizing atau Antromorphic, dan Synesthetic, juga menemukan 28 data untuk penggunaan Makna Asosiatif menurut teori Leech yang terdiri dari Connotative, Social, Affective, Reflected, dan juga Collocative. Album AM ini sepenuhnya berhubungan tentang pengalaman kehidupan percintaan pribadi yang dimana penulis lagu ingin menyampaikan pesan-pesan lagu dari album ini untuk mengekspresikan perasaan serta pemikiran yang jujur dan apa adanya kepada para pendengar. Semoga Kertas Karya ini dapat bermanfaat dan juga dapat menjadi sumber refrensi dalam memahami Metafora dan Makna Asosiatif, khususnya kepada mahasiswa yang tertarik pada subjek ini. Kata kunci: album AM, arctic monkeys, lirik lagu, makna asosiatif, metafora

Universitas Sumatera Utara

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillahirabbil„alamin. I praise to the Almighty Allah who always blessing and give me health, convenience, ability and also opportunity to complete my own Paper. Then, invocation and greetings I deliver to the great Prophet Muhammad SAW. The author also like to say thank you very much to people who help during finishing this paper, they are:

I would like to thank you to Dr. Budi Agustono M.S. as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies.

I would like to thank you to Head of Diploma 3 English Study Program, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum. who gives me her time to share knowledge in my study process and also in writing of this Paper.

I would like to express my special gratitude to my Supervisor, Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum. for his time, advice, and guidance to correct this Paper during the process of writing.

I would like to thank you to all lecturers in English Diploma 3 Study Program for share brilliance knowledge, excellent experience, and also skills within the process of my study.

The most greatest and special thank I dedicated to my beloved nuclear family, especially for my great Father, Ivin Zulkarnaen Lubis and my dearest Mother, Elina Sari Harahap. They always do pray and embrace all the best for me and give me their loves, times, cares, affections, advices, mental supports system, motivation, financial and attention. Also, I would like to thank you to my brother, he is Yourianda Lazuardhy Lubis and to my beloved sister, she is Qonitah Dhia Alisha Lubis. They both are always enlightening over my days and activities. I do most love you all the time, I swear.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

I would like to say thank you very much for my whole beloved extended family of my Father parties and my Mother parties for always give me help, encouragement and support. I do love you!

Then, I would like to say thank you very much to my kindly closest friend. She is Bin Nur Nasution who always accompany and do help me no matter what happened, who always motivate, sharing and support to finish this Paper. Keep up the good work, girl!

I also would like to say thank you to my kindly pleasant friend. She is Febrina Dwi Kartika Lubis, A.md who always give me help no matter what happened, advice, encouragement, mental support and sharing about doing this Paper. You‟re rock, girl. Keep going!

Thank you very much to my beloved second-self and support system. They are Listia Cahya Amini, Fambia Noor Azizah, and Andini Dwita for virtual support, advice and sharing. I miss you, girls!

Thank you for Major of D3 BAHASA INGGRIS. Thank you for Student of English Diploma Association, and also to classmate of 2017 for unforgettable‟s 3 years experiences we had been through together.

The last but not least, thank you for Arctic Monkeys, particularly to Alexander David Turner who inspired me to write a Paper about the songs. Also, I thank to the reader for your time to read this Paper. I welcome for any suggestions.

Medan, August 2020 The Author,

Hafni Ilya Ghaisani Reg. No. 172202005

Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... ii ABSTRACT ...... iii ABSTRAK ...... iv ACKNOWLEGEMENTS ...... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1. 1 Background of the Study ...... 1 1. 2 Problem of the Study ...... 3 1. 3 Objective of the Study ...... 3 1. 4 Scope of the Study ...... 4 1. 5 Significance of the Study ...... 4 1. 6 Method of the Study ...... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... …6 2.1 Definition of Metaphor ...... 6 2.1.1 Types of Metaphor ...... 7 2.2 Definition of Semantic ...... 8 2.2.1 Associative Meaning ...... 10 2.2.2 Types of Associative ...... 10

2.3 Song ...... 12

2.4 Previous Research ...... 13

CHAPTER III. DESCRIPTION ...... 15 3.1 Metaphor that Occur in Song Lyrics Through the Album ...... 15 3.2 Associative Meaning that Occur in Song Lyrics Through the Album ….23

CHAPTER IV.CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 33 4.1 Conclusion ...... 33

vii

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2 Suggestion ...... 33

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 35

viii Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study Humans in languages have a variety of forms and ways. It is indivertible that language skills demand and also require sufficient vocabulary. The wealth of one's vocabulary also determines the quality of the person's language skills (Tarigan, 2009:2). Language is the most important aspect in life. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol by means of which social group cooperates (Lyons, 1981:3).We use language to express inner thoughts and emotions, make sense of complex and abstract thoughts, to learn how to communicate with others, to fulfill our wants and needs, as well as to establish rules and maintain our culture. Language can be defined as verbal, physical, biologically innate, and a basic form of communication. Language skills can be learned based on the context, depending on what is conveyed by the speaker. In fact, not a few people have difficulty in communicating due to lack of understanding of the meaning conveyed by the speaker during the conversation. The definitions of language above give us some understanding the purpose of language is to make people can understand each other in communication. It means that meaning is important part of language and through language we can know and understand meanings. The study of language is called Linguistics. Linguistics is study about sounds, the arrangement of words, and also meaning. One of the branch of Linguistics that studies of meanings is Semantic. Semantics is the systematic study of meaning. Linguistic semantics is the study of how language organize and express meanings. In semantics, meaning differentiated into Literal and Non-literal. Literal meaning means exactly what it says and we don‟t need to analyze the words or sentences to know the meaning,whereas Non-literal meaning is not properly meaning that we need to analyze the words or

1 Universitas Sumatera Utara

sentences to know the meaning, because it has different meaning and we can‟t get the meanings word by word. There are a number of ways to delivering a meaning. Some of them are through the use of Figurative Language and Idiom. Figurative Language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. It uses exaggerations or alterations to make a particular linguistic point. Figurative Language is very common in in song lyrics, poetry, and also in non-fiction writing as well. There are many different types of Figurative Language such as Metaphor, Idiom, Simile, Personification, Hyperbole, Symbolism, Synecdoche, Cliché, Assonance, Metonymy, etc. Then, Idiom is a figure of speech established by usage that has a meaning not necessarily deductible from those of the individual words. Idiom is not always meant to be taken literally. Idioms express a particular sentiment, but it did not literally mean what the individual words themselves mean. The writer tries to reveal Metaphor as an object to analyze because the writer thinks it is worthy. Metaphor is one part of figurative language which is the most common word (David Crystal, 1999:16). Metaphor is the use of widening meaning. Metaphor is the imaginative use of word or phrase to describe something as another object in order to show that they have the same qualities and to make the description more forceful. Also, it is used to describe normal words in order to help other understand or enjoy the massage within. In literature, Metaphor as one of elements does not merely convey ideas, in addition it also functions as a tool for literary writers to embellish and give colors to their works. There are some kinds of literary works in which use Metaphor. Some of them are song lyrics, poetry, novels, non-fiction, etc. Based on the description above, the writer is interested to describingsong lyrics of Arctic Monkeys which is comprise any Metaphors and Associative Meaning in selected of song lyrics. In this Paper writing, the writer take on the title with,

Universitas Sumatera Utara

A Description of Metaphors in Arctic Monkeys‟s Selected Songs through AM Album. Song lyrics are an expression by someone about something that has been seen or experienced. In expressing their experiences, songwriters play any word-games to create the attraction and distinctiveness to the lyrics. As an example of a fragment of the song lyrics called „R U Mine‟, there is the sentence I am a puppet on a string (I am a puppet rope). The using of „puppet‟ word as a distraction from „me‟ because the concept of puppet is in accordance with what is intended by songwriter. The word of „doll‟ is representing of something that „has been controlled‟of this case. Also, the sentence comprise a connotative meaning which is one of a kind of Associative meaning. Because, the word of „doll‟ is not a phrase for funny thing or be like a doll that is much liked by everyone, but, the phrase was spoken by a man to his lover as though controlling his life and everything. This is also a kind of transfer sentence meaning, from normal meaning into transfer meaning or it called it as Metaphorical meaning. Therefore, that sentence is interpreted as metaphorically in which he was only became a doll in which has been controlled by his girlfriend. Arctic Monkeys is one of the British bands, or also known as The Death Ramps. The Death Ramps is the name of the first time for the band was formed, then after the first vocalist was retire, the name of this band was changed into Arctic Monkeys. The current vocalist is still Alex Turner. Arctic Monkeys was formed in 2002 at High Green, Sheffield district, England. The fifth album of Arctic Monkeys is AM in which was released in September 2013 by Domino Record. This album has been received various compliment that appeared in various media and also from music-critics even performed in many track lists as The Best Song of 2013. It has been also nominated for Best Album at the 2013 Mercury Prize Award‟s event and 2013 Best Album by NME Magazine. The AM album is one of the most successful top of the album charts in several countries and has been reached position of Top 10 Billboard. This album has also been recognized as The Decade's Best-Selling Record in which

Universitas Sumatera Utara

has been sold more than 27,000 units in July 2015. Arctic Monkeys uses a lot of metaphors on this album. According to songwriter of this album, it needs to be investigated because the meaning is very difficult to understanding by any listeners especially to listeners who are not native speakers.

1.2 Problem of the Study In describing Metaphor in Arctic Monkeys‟s AM Album, the problem will be focused into these main problems:

1. What types of Metaphors are used in selected songs by Arctic Monkeys‟s AM album? 2. What types of Associative Meanings of selected songs by Arctic Monkeys‟s AM album?

1.3 Objective of the Study There are two objectives which are expected to achieve from this analysis, those are:

1. To find out types of Metaphors that used in selected songs by Arctic Monkeys‟s AM album. 2. To describing types of Associative Meanings of selected songs by Arctic Monkeys‟s AM album.

1.4 Scope of the Study The scope of study has an important role in the writing of the Paper. It is used to limit the problem therefore the topic in this Paper is more focused. The writer just focuses this Paper on describe types of Metaphors and also Associative Meanings of Arctic Monkeys‟s selected songs through AM album.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Universitas Sumatera Utara

The writer hopes this paper may give any adventegeous to any readers, such as: 1. In practically, this study contributes to English students in their English studying process, also it gives additional knowledge to English students. 2. In theoretically, this study adds the literature in Linguistic about Metaphor which is kind of figurative language. 3. To enrich knowledge for any readers in understanding to Metaphors especially for students that interested to this subject.

1.6 Method of the Study The writer used descriptive qualitative method to complete of describing the song lyrics by Arctic Monkeys‟s AM album. In order to do write of this Paper, the writer should listening of selected songs and read the song lyrics well one by one from the album at first. Then, the writer do the quotations of the song lyrics, and also the writer do collect and select the quotations which is contained types of Metaphors and Associative Meanings. Therefore, the information which is accumulated is about; the definition, type and usage. First, the background of the Metaphorical expression are presented. Then, the Metaphors will be investigated to know what type they belong to and last constituents of the Metaphors and their meanings are described based on theory of Metaphor. Finally, Associative Meaning from these selected songs of AM album are described. In addition, the writer get sources from relevant theories, such as textbook, thesis, paper, dictionaries and web page to support this research of Paper.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Definition of Metaphor Metaphor is one of Figurative languages in which has used within our daily conversations or we may found within literature work such as song lyrics. In correlation to song lyrics, Metaphor can be viewed based on the context. According to Kennedy (1979:490), affirms that Metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which in a literal sense. Another statement to Metaphor, according to Lakoff and Johnson, Metaphor has permeated into human‟s daily life, not only in language but it is on itself mind and behavior (2003:3). Metaphor refers into 2 parallel complements, that is, Epiphor and Diaphor (Hester 1976: 16). Epiphor is Metaphor that express the existence of something, whereas Diaphor is Metaphor that imply the possibility of something. Furthermore, another statement which mentioned by Jaszczolt (2002: 347), it is the position of Metaphor within Figurative languages which can be classified into 2 parts, that is, (1) Metaphors in which positioned into wide understanding, towards all Figurative languages, also, (2) Metaphors in which positioned into narrow understanding. On one hand, Lakoff and Johnson has observed that all languages are using Metaphor in order to do communication either abstract or concrete levels. According to Linguistic‟s dictionary by Lewandowski (1985:708), explain that Metaphor is diversion of meaning which based on similarity of form, function, and usability. The diversion of meaning is a form of implicit comparison from two things. On one hand, Metaphor can be defined within other languages in form of depiction. For example, The Sky is Crying is a form of Metaphor from Rain. Fogelin (1988:82) states that Metaphors involve comparisons between entities which may or may not exist. The existing entities being compared must be the similarity. For example, “the root of evil is greed”, in this sentence there is similarity between the root and evil that they are origin the things to grow. A tree

Universitas Sumatera Utara

grows from its root and evil grows from the greed. However, the meaning of root from Metaphor is no longer the same as the meaning of root in the root of tree. In tree, it is the normal use but it is not normal in the other.

2.1.1 Types of Metaphor 1. Concretive Metaphor This Metaphor uses a concrete term to talk about an abstract thing, and vice versa. (Leech 1991:58). For example: ● Beautiful in white

In this sentence, it is spoken to the bride whom wearing bridal gown for the wedding. The word of Beautiful is definitely intended to a bride and it is an abstract thing. Therefore, the word of white is about bridal gown which it is a concrete thing.

2. Animistic Metaphor This Metaphor uses a term usually associated with animate things (living creatures) to talk about inanimate thing (Leech 1991:58). For example: ● Foot of hill

In generally as we know, Foot is part of human‟s body stands and moves, also, it is animate thing. The word for hill is inanimate thing in which generally has definition in Geography term is a natural elevation of the earth's surface and smaller than a mountain. Basically, foot of hill is the bottom position for hill.

3. Humanizing or Antromorphic Metaphor This Metaphor uses a term usually associated with human beings to talk about non-human thing (Leech 1991:58). For example: ● Lovely day

Lovely is an expression for nice, pleasant, delightful, beautiful, etc whereas day is period of 24 hours. The words for lovely day has the condition that someone has a beautiful or nice day.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

4. Synaesthetic Metaphor This is a Metaphor that crosses different senses to describe one entity in terms of another (Leech 1991:58). For example: ● Soft voice

The word of soft has the meaning as gentle, not rough/hard/coarse and smooth. In the words of soft voice shows that a certain person has one of any types of voice which it is called as soft voice.

2.2 Definition of Semantic The word of Semantic is originated from Greece which means as,„the point of meaning‟. The use of term in English, perhaps, can be traced back to use of the French term Semantique which was coined from Greek in the previous year. Semantic has long became an object of study within the philosophy. It is said that the term of Semantic itself was introduced into English at the end of the 19th century. Other names that have been used include Semasiology, Semology, Semiotics, Sememics, and Semics though scholars have often used some of these terms to suit their own interests and orientation. Semantic is generally defined as the study of the meaning (Lyons, 2008:9). Semantic is branch of Linguistics in which relates with meaning. Semantic is also known as one of Linguistics that we can found by the conversation we did every day. In addition, Semantic focuses on the meaning of words, phrases, or sentences of the language and it used to examines any symbols or sign that express of some meanings which is impact towards human and society. Therefore, Semantic is encompass about meaning and also modification of words. From the definitions, it can be concluded that Semantic is the scientific study of meaning. Based on the definitions, the varieties of meaning occurred due to a speaker may use a word to mean something different from what it denotes. In other words, what he/she has on mind differs to the word form he/she uses based on the main context, in which accompanies the utterances. Meaning can be divided into two kinds, Literal meaning and Non-literal meaning. Most words has several different meanings, but this variety causes no trouble to the average language, because the context usually makes it clear which meaning intended.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Black, for example, may mean several things in different contexts, and we can divide it to Literal and Non-literal meaning. If we look from Literal side, we may find that dark is with no or very little light, and from Non-literal side, Black may mean as Magic, Evil, or Fear. In song lyrics, it usually uses Non-literal meaning in order to enrich and give more senses in its meaning, and of course, it may cause some effects to the listener or the reader. The writer would like explain about Literal meaning and Non-literal meaning. According to Holman and Harmon (1986), Literal meaning or Denotation, is exact meaning of the original without embellishment. Literal meaning is the most exact, precise and limited meaning, without reference to secondary or symbolic or metaphorical meaning (Gray, 1984). It based on actual or real words which means not use figurative or symbolic. Also, it represents any explicit or referential meanings of a sign. It refers tothe „dictionary definition‟. Thus, when the speaker speaks in Literal, he/she does not have hidden meaning in his/her words. The usage of Literal meaning from following examples:

1. The window is open. 2. They are my best friends. 3. I live in Medan. 4. It is beautiful. 5. It is nice and smells good.

Non-literal meaning, Connotation, or Suggestive meaning, is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word. According to Abcarican (1984), “when the speaker speaks something like words or sentences, which implies the different meaning from its really mean, that is the time called as Non-literal meaning”. It is created when you mean something else, something that might be initially hidden. For example, the name of Hollywood connotes such things as glitz, glamour, celebrity, and dreams of stardom. In the same time, the name of Hollywood denotes an area of Los Angeles, or worldwide known as the center of the American movie industry.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

2.2.1 Associative Meaning Associative is one of Adjectives form out of „association‟ word (KBBI, 1989:53). The word of „association‟ is a kind of link that it means relationship‟s formation among ideas, memories, and sensory activities. According to Sarwiji (2008:77), Associative Meaning in Bahasa Indonesia, “bertalian erat dengan masyarakat pemakai bahasa, pandangan hidup yang ada dalam masyarakat, dan nilai-nilai moral”. Another statement about Associative Meaning, according to Leech (1981:18), is the meaning in which possessed by a lexeme or words that related to lexeme with circumstance thereout of the language.

2.2.2 Types of Associative According to Leech (1981:18),there are 4 main types of Associative Meaning that found: 1. Connotative Connotative is communicative value from an expression in accord with to what is referred to. There are additional characteristics that are referred to, either it is physical or social (Leech 1981:18). For example:  You are like a shining star. It means, you are the light of my life.

 You are a blessing from above. It means, you are the gift from God.

 Cause you are sky full of stars. It means, how beautiful you are.

 You are my downfall. It means, (1) I can‟t live without you. (2) My life is empty if you were gone

2. Social

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Social is a meaning which indicates of its social enviroment, that it can be the form of time, dialect, individuality, language, and speaker‟s origin based on geographical enviroment or social (Leech 1981:18). For example, in both Chinese and English, Black is associated with negative qualities such as Black Market, Blacklist, Black Sheep, Blackmail, etc.

On one hand, the term of Black Box is somewhat different. At first sight, we may assume it is about something black. However, it is called Black Box because Black is a symbol of calamity and misfortune. The choice of this term is connected to meaning, not the color. Then, the term of Black Box desribes about state of mind one can experience that is associated with pain, frustration, and other negative synonyms of the like.

Another example from term of Black is Black Hole. In addition, the terms of Black Hole in Astronomy‟s terminology can be associated to “The hole is black”. However, it is actually refers to the phenomenon of a celestial body.

3. Affective Affective is a meaning that associated into speaker‟s feeling toward other person, interlocutor, or to whom talking with. Affective may occur due to reader and listener‟s response or reaction in a use of language (Leech 1981:18). For example:  I am very grateful for having you The word of grateful is an expression of gratitude.

 “You, shut your mouth and leave!” he snapped at me. The words of shut your mouth are completely sounds rude which in generally it has meaning as scorn also curse to interlocutor.

4. Reflected Reflected may occur in case of multiple conceptual meaning or meaning‟s reflection that appear due to double concept of words.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Reflected is also known as kind of suggestion that found in usage of language (Leech, 1981:18). For example:  I pray that you will find your way and I ask God to protect you, always.  You brought joy to my soul and pleasure to my eyes.  My little girl and my baby girl.

5. Collocative Collocative is a meaning that contains of association which obtained by words as a result of other words‟s meaning tend to appear (or show up) within its society or enviroment (Leech, 1981:18). Thus, this is used to describes words that regularly appear together in common use (within certain contexts). In addition, words collocate or co-occur with certain words only. For example, Pretty and Handsome are indicates to good looking. However, they both are slightly contrast because of collocation or co- occurence. The word of Pretty collocates with girls, woman, flowers, garden, etc. On the other hand, the word of Handsome collocates with boys, men, etc.

2.3 Song

The writer try to explain about Song. Basically, song is short piece of music that usually with words or song lyrics in which, it combines among melody and vocal though some composers have written instrumental pieces, or musical works without words, that mimic the quality of a singing voice. According to the Grolier, song is a short musical work set a poetic text with equal importance given to music and to the words. The Encyclopedia of Americana (1998), defines song as a short musical work set to a poetic text, with equal importance given to the music and to the words. It may be written for one or several voices and is generally performed with instrument accompaniment. In addition, according to Hornby (1995), defines song as a short poem or a number of verses set into music and intended to be sung.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

From the definitions of song above, the writer may concludes that song is one of any art-works that are intended to be sung either with or without instrumental accompaniments. A good song produces proportionate feelings relative to a given matter or experience. In addition, the power of a song is in how a melody and song lyrics work together to produce an emotion in regards to a particular matter. Also, plain lyrics can be vitalized by beautiful melodies.

A songwriter‟s creativity is brought to bear on the „relationship‟ between a song lyrics and a melody, also how different variations produce different emotions. Song lyrics are distinct from other creative forms of writing precisely because of their „relationship‟ to the music through in which the words are delivered. The emotion of poetry, for instance, is tied up to the words themselves, the sound they make when plainly spoken, and their relationship to one another.

2.4 Previous Research In this Paper, the writer will discover and probe some of informations from other previous studies as the comparisonin order to obtain previously available of information about the theory in which relating to the title used. Research of Metaphor has been researched for several times before. Based on two previous research of Metaphor, there are similarities and differences of research. The similarities are the same object, that is based on Song Lyrics. Also, the differences are using different theories. The first review related to this Paper with title, “A Description Study on Figurative Language Used in Celine Dion‟s Songs” in which had been researched by Mochamat (2006), and he took 15 of selected songs from A New Day Has Come album. Unfortunately, the writer didn‟t find a theory that used for analysis of that final paper. Therefore, as the comparison the writer try to take 12 of Arctic Monkeys‟s selected songs from AM album. Then, for second review there is from Joko Rahmanto (2017). This research has a title, “Figurative Language in Adele Album‟s 25” in which Rahmanto as a writer, he took 17 selected songs from album of 25 and he had been researched mainly based on Perrine‟s (1963) theory by dividing the types of Metaphor that has intended of songwriter. Therefore, as the comparison the writer

Universitas Sumatera Utara

try to use theory of Leech (1991). In this Paper, the writer need to analyze songs that had never been analyzed, that is, do analyze Metaphor and Assosiative Meaning in song lyrics of Arctic Monkeys through AM album.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER III

DESCRIPTION

3.1 Metaphor that Occur in Song Lyrics Through the Album

3.1.1 Concretive Metaphor This Metaphor uses a concrete term to talk about an abstract thing (Leech 1991:58). At this point, the writer wants to try to describe the song lyrics and data which has found from this type that occur in AM album.

1. In part of Do I Wanna Know song lyric, there is kind of transition of concrete into abstract things. There is found the word of feeling which is an abstract thing that own for every human. Whereas the word of flows from the verb of flow is a concrete thing because it can be seen for every human. But, it is not the actual meaning and it is about the feeling which flowing into two directions by the feelings of do not want to let go but try to let go at the same time due to the songwriter has broken up to his lover.

If this feeling flows both ways (9th line)

Also, there is the word of heart which is an abstract thing whereas the word of open is a concrete thing because it usually used within conversation by the sentence as well as open the door. But, the word of open has the meaning as an expression whether is there still a feeling to the songwriter or opposite, because the songwriter‟s relationship actually has already over.

Been wondering if your hearts still open (24th line)

2. In part of R U Mine song lyric, there is kind of transition of concrete into abstract things. There is found the word of she which is an expression for woman and it is a concrete thing whereas phrase of lone ranger from

Universitas Sumatera Utara

American movie about hero, is an abstract thing. As we know that a hero indicates for „someone has been waiting for‟. At that time, the songwriter was really admired her/his lover which constantly dreamed of it even in daydream that always came to haunt.

She's a silver lining Lone ranger riding through an open space (5th line & 6th line)

Also, there is the word of she is an expression to indicates and also it is a concrete thing whereas the word of climbing is an abstract thing which it usually used in sentence in order to do sport or activity of ascending cliffs. On the other hand, it also be interpreted as „step into‟ due to there is sentences of on my desire subsequent to climbing word. The point is, a woman whom the songwriter has already found or met is a woman which exactly suitable or based on the songwriter‟s woman type or standard.

She's a silver lining climbing on my desire (19th line)

3. In part of One for the Road song lyric, there is kind of transition of abstract into concrete things. There is found the word of bottom which is a concrete thing that usually used to show the existence of lowermost as well as seabed, whereas the word of heart is an abstract thing which it legitimately has owned by human. It is kind of deepest expression to love and affection so that the songwriter actually has already know or even he could felt from his lover‟s heart, like it seems cannot be maintained and also hesitate to defend it.

From the bottom of your heart (3nd line)

4. In part of Arabella song lyric, there is kind of transition of concrete into abstract things. There is the word of kisswhich is something or activity

Universitas Sumatera Utara

that humans usually do each other using their lips and it is also a concrete thing whereas the word of constellation is an abstract thing. Constellation is a term for a group or cluster of stars in space. The point is, the aim of this song is telling about the songwriter which has already found a girl with sexy lips as if her lips were like beautiful and sparkling stars where it stood. And her kiss the colour of a constellation falling into place (17th line)

5. In part of No. 1 Party Anthem song lyric, there is the word of mind which is a concrete thing and it owned by every human, whereas the word of blower is an abstract thing. But, the phrase of mind blow has the meaning as the expression for a brilliant or genius person. The aim of this song is telling about the songwriter who were really admire a genius woman while the songwriter were not. That genius woman is really intelligent among her friends at club party house which also attended by the songwriter, therefore the songwriter were really wanted to have her for build a relationship and living a life.

She's a certified mind blower, knowing full well that I don't (18th line)

6. In part of Mad Sounds song lyric, there is kind of transition of concrete into abstract things. There is the word of you whichis a concrete thing whereas the word of life is an abstract thing, because the word of life has the meaning as „spirit or passion‟. The point of back to life which found in Mad Sounds song lyric is about a song that makes you feel spirited or excited. The songwriter is expected to any listeners could be more excited for listen this song due to each person must be have their favorite songs.

They bring you back to life (2nd line)

7. In part of Why’d You Only Call Me When You’re High, there is the word of you’re which is a concrete thing whereas the word of high is an

Universitas Sumatera Utara

abstract thing. The word of high is an expression as if indicates that the songwriter who wanted to get in contact to ex-lover due to the songwriter feel irritated on his ex-lover in which just do talk or call whenever she is getting drunk, or when in temporary.

Hi, why'd you only call me when you're high? (14th line)

8. In part of Snap Out of It song lyric, there is kind of transition of concrete into abstract things. The word of your which is a concrete thing whereas the word of world is an abstract thing. The word of world has the meaning as state of someone‟s mind which it is not telling about a big world. The point is, the songwriter is wondering what was really happened ever since the songwriter found her/his crush. The songwriter was really adore on her/his crush.

What's been happening in your world? (1st line)

Also, there is the word of you which is a concrete thing. Whereas the word of blind is an abstract thing which it usually used to the conversation for indicates that a person who cannot see clearly or cannot see anything. But, the word of blind has the meaning as an expression which the songwriter wanted to convey that he/she were in blinded or also really adore on someone else until he/she was ignoring on around.

Darling, how could you be so blind? (25th line)

9. In part of Knee Socks song lyric, there is kind of transition of concrete thing into abstract thing. There is the word of kissing which is a concrete thing in which usually do by each person. The word of gloom is an abstract thing and it has an actual meaning as dark or pain in which kissing‟s activity could be the cure of pain or misery. Because, when the

Universitas Sumatera Utara

songwriter had just broken up and felt disappointed, then at the same time there were another beautiful woman as the cure for the songwriter‟s misery, cut through his darkness and also glooms situation.

And you're kissing to cut through the gloom (3rd line)

Also, there is the word of cured which is a concrete thing. Whereas the word of blues is an abstract thing which indicates about color. But, the word of blue is telling about sad or sorrowful expression. The point is, the songwriter wanted to convey that there was another beautiful woman as the cure when the songwriter felt pain and also broken up on January, which she could treat him well with new hope, affection, and love so that he could felt remedied by her existence.

Well you cured my January blues (13nd line)

3.1.2 Animistic Metaphor

This Metaphor uses a term usually associated with animate things (living creatures) to talk about inanimate thing (Leech 1991:58). At this point, the writer wants to try to describe the song lyrics and data which has found from this type that occur in AM album.

1. In part of R U Mine song lyric, there is the word of puppet which is telling about a funny thing and also it could be played as a toy. The word of I’m is an expression for animate thing or it is intended to human. This song lyric is an example from type of Animistic Metaphor due to the word of puppet is depicted as someone, that is about the songwriter. The meaning of I’m is “puppet on a string”, which has the meaning as if someone has been controlled or played as though a doll with a string so that the songwriter was obey to his/her lover as the boss. I’m a puppet on a string (1st line)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

2. In part of I Want It All song lyric, there is the word of fireball which has an expression as an „encouragement‟. And the word of my sweet is an expression to someone special. This lyric is indicating that his/her lover was an encouragement for his/her life due to the songwriter is too happy and thankful that had been have a lover suitable or based on his/her expectation and also as an encouragement to live a life.

My sweet fireball (5th line)

3. In part of I Wanna Be Yours song lyric, there is the word of vacuum cleane rwhich found is an inanimate thing as if it intended to someone special or ex-lover. And the word of I is indicating to someone or living creature that it intended for the songwriter. The meaning of this song lyric is telling about „a sweet-talk‟ that throw to someone which the songwriter wanted to give all breaths to this person, or, simply he wanted to give all his life and build a relationship. In this point, the songwriter was trying to seduce someone that beautiful and lovely. The songwriter was liken his- self as the vacuum cleaner because he really wanted to face his life only with this person or it simply says as wanted to be together for all time long. I wanna be your vacuum cleaner (1st line)

Also, there is the words of Ford Cortina which is indicating to a classic or vintage car which it is legitimately an inanimate thing. It also be depicted as human or someone which we can see the word of I of this song lyric. The point of this song lyric is the songwriter wanted to be someone special which possibly required and try to telling to this person that do not be hesitated for ask anything. The songwriter was throw a sweet-talk with the word of Ford Cortina, he was trying to tell to this person that she is as though as a classic and most expensive car which it has the meaning as „love and affection‟ deepest expression that looks beautiful and priceless, so it will never be fade until the end of time.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

I wanna be your Ford Cortina (3rd line)

The writer also found the phrase of coffee pot whichis an inanimate thing which has a function as a container for making or serving coffee, whereas the word of me is intended to the songwriter or living creature as human. The songwriter is describe his-self as a coffee pot. The meaning of this song lyric is the songwriter wanted to convey that he would always be there and do shield to this person, that as though as the coffee within a coffee pot. Then, the songwriter basically take the word of coffee for a cup of coffee which coffee has the function to increase energy levels. The songwriter is describe this person as the coffee which has the meaning as an encouragement to start daily activities. Also, the songwriter is describe his-self as though as the shield and always make sure as the coffee pot to this person‟s life, so that she always stay warm in the songwriter‟s protection.

Let me be your coffee pot (6th line)

3.1.3 Humanizing Metaphor

This Metaphor uses a term usually associated with human beings to talk about non-human thing (Leech 1991:58). At this point, the writer wants to try to describe the song lyrics and data which has found from this type that occur in AM album.

1. In part of R U Mine song lyric, there is the word of diamond which is non-human thing. It described as sparkling jewelry that very beautiful and it also identic to used by woman. However, this part of song lyric is describe as though as animate or human thing which it could make become heartaches. The meaning of this song lyric is, there is a beautiful woman which has found by the songwriter but she made him become doubt. Then, the meaning of heartache and doubt are, the songwriter was gotten confused to this beautiful woman whether was she really in serious or

Universitas Sumatera Utara

opposite about their relationship, or it would become more painful to the songwriter if she was not really in serious of it.

Diamond cutter-shaped heartaches (3rd line)

2. In part of No. 1 Party Anthem song lyric, there is the word of house which has the meaning as the building for human habitation and the word of house is non-human thing. However, within this song lyric, the word of house is described as though as animate or human thing. Then, the word of fun is an expression for a thing that makes us become happy. The meaning of this song lyric is about the songwriter wanted to convey that the atmosphere at the party club would become more comfy and fun in case this song could be played.

The house of fun the number one party anthem,oh.. (38th line & 39th line)

3.1.4 Synaesthetic Metaphor

This is a Metaphor that crosses different senses to describe one entity in terms of another (Leech 1991:58). At this point, the writer wants to try to describe the song lyrics and data which has found from this type that occur in AM album.

1. In part of No. 1 Party Anthem song lyric, there is the word of drunken which is the state when someone is getting dizzy. However, drunken is felt with the word of monologues which has the meaning as a situation where a person is getting nervous and also only can talk silently so that they are getting confused besides do not know what have to do. In this point, the songwriter was gotten feeling mumble and confused what should he did while he met crush at the house party.

Drunken monologues, confused because... (23nd line)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

2. In part of Mad Sounds song lyric, there is the word of mad which is about an expression about being excited of something. Also, there is the word of sound which is indicating about music or thing that can be heard by sense of sound or ear. The meaning of this song lyric is about being excited to a brilliant music which can give an encouragement for any listeners. In this point, the songwriter expected to any listeners could be more excited when listen to this song due to each person must be have their favorite songs.

Mad sound in your ears, they make you feel alright (1st line)

3.2 Associative Meaning that Occur in Song Lyrics Through the Album

3.2.1 Connotative Meaning

Connotative is communicative value from an expression in accord by what is referred to. There are additional characteristics that are referred to, either it is physical or social (Leech 1981:18). At this point, the writer wants to try to describe the song lyrics and data which has found from this type that occur in AM album.

1. In part of Do I Wanna Know song lyric, there is found the word of open which it is not a literal meaning. According to the context, the word of open has the meaning that the songwriter is curious and wondering to his ex-lover whether does she still give a chance to get back together or no at all. In this point, the songwriter is indeed expecting to get back together to his ex-lover due to he could not do move on even though he have tried.

Been wondering if your heart still open (24th line)

2. In part of R U Mine song lyric, there is found the word of puppet which it is not a literal meaning. Based on the context, the word of puppet has the meaning that a person whom controlled and played by ex-lover that controll anything as the boss. Therefore, the songwriter has written of I’m

Universitas Sumatera Utara

3. a puppet on a string in that song lyric due to the songwriter was really gotten disappointed and also gotten hurted at his ex-lover, so that he could not forgetting what she was done to the songwriter.

I’m a puppet on a string (1st line)

4. In part of One for the Road song lyric, there is found the word of dark which it is not a literal meaning. According to the context, the word of dark has the meaning that the songwriter has assumed to his ex-lover, she does not care at all to the songwriter which the word of dark has the meaning as it is the real attitude by his ex-lover. Also, the songwriter was considering that she does not feel comfy and pleasant anymore to the songwriter so that it really made feel pathetic to the songwriter.

I thought it was dark outside (9th line)

Also, there is found the word of cards which it is not a literal meaning. According to the context, the word of cards has the meaning that the songwriter has already know it will be a warning card or telling about some problems among the songwriter and his ex-lover due to the songwriter can watch his ex-lover‟s attitude that could evoke some problems, that is, separation among them.

I knew this would be on the cards (15th line)

5. In part of Mad Sound song lyric, there is found the word of mad which it is not a literal meaning. According to the context, the word of mad has the meaning that the songwriter is expecting of this song has been written in order to it could be a moodbooster or could be more excited which can give an encouragement for anyone whom listen to this song.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Mad sounds in your ears, they make you feel alright (1st line)

Also, there is found the word of wild which it is not a literal meaning. According to the context, the word of wild has the meaning as there is something happened that made the songwriter losing complete track of time and he was not even controlled by moment at that night. Actually, this song lyric is telling about the relationship‟s condition moment among the songwriter and his lover when they were really in love.

Love buckles under the strain of those wild nights (6th line)

6. In part of Why’d You Only Call Me When You’re High song lyric, there is the word of high which it is not a literal meaning. The meaning of high from this song lyric is a person who getting drunk due to affected by alcohol. In this point, this song lyric is telling about an overall drunk dialing which the songwriter try to get in contact to his ex-lover although the songwriter knows deep down that his ex-lover probably ignoring him until he realized that his ex-lover only want to do talk or call when she is getting drunk or high,toward the songwriter.

“Hi, why’d you only call me when you’re high?” (14th line)

7. In part of Snap Out of It song lyric, there is found the word of world which it is not a literal meaning. The meaning of world of this song lyric is about manner or attitude of a person. In this point, the songwriter is wondering to lover that what was really happened which it made the songwriter be more confused.

What’s been happening in your world? (1st line)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Also, there is found the word of blind which it is not a literal meaning. The meaning of blind from this song lyric is about a question which want to try to questioning to someone whom is really in blinded or it is also about a person whom doesn‟t care to anything around her/him besides on what she/he really admires.

Darling, how could you be so blind? (25th line)

8. In part of Knee Socks song lyric, there is found word of gloom which it is not a literal meaning. In this point, the writer may conclude that this song lyric is telling about the condition when the songwriter in pain until the songwriter found a new better person which with her/his kiss, it was like cutting through a dark-world or sadness.

And you’re kissing to cut through the gloom (3rd line)

Also there is found the word of blues which it is not a literal meaning. According to the context, the meaning of blues of this song lyric is telling about situation of sadness or sorrowful because there is also the word of cured so that the writer may conclude to overall which it has the meaning as, a new person that could be a healer or as the cure for the songwriter when the songwriter was felt in pain and misery on January.

Well, you cured my January blues (13rd line)

9. In part of I Wanna Be Yours song lyric, there is phrase of coffee pot which it is not a literal meaning. According to the context, the phrase of coffee pot has the meaning that the songwriter is willing to protect and also make sure to always be there for someone special as well as bunch of coffee within coffee pot. ...let me be your coffee pot (6th line)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

10. In part of Arabella song lyric, there is phrase of galaxy’s edge which it is not a literal meaning. According to the context, the phrase of galaxy’s edge has the meaning as the stars in the space, which this song lyric is telling about an expression of the songwriter whom really craving on a woman and whenever the songwriter seeing her sexy lips then it was as though as see beautiful and sparkling stars up above the space.

And her lips are like the galaxy’s edge (16th line)

11. In part of I Want It All song lyric, there is phrase of blind faith which it is not a literal meaning. According to the context, the phrase of blind faith is telling about the songwriter wanted to build a relationship to a person he admires, try to go through of unpredictable fate or whether fate would bring them up to level of new beginning (also known as, level of marriage) or opposite, due to there is the word of blind which has the meaning to emphasize as unclear fate and future.

Blind faith.. (1st line)

12. In part of I Want It All song lyric, there is the word of fireball which it is not a literal meaning as a ball with fire. According to the context, the word of fireball which it has the meaning as an „encouragement‟. In this point, this song lyric is telling about a person who is really in love to lover and also thinks that he/she is an encouragement and motivation to start activities day by day. My sweet fireball (5th line)

3.2.2 Social Meaning Social is a meaning which indicates of its social enviroment, that it can be the form of time, dialect, individuality, language, and speaker‟s origin based on geographical enviroment or social (Leech 1981:18). At this point, the writer wants

Universitas Sumatera Utara

to try to describe the song lyrics and data which has found from this type that occur in AM album.

1. In part of One for the Road song lyric, there is the word of bottom which take possession of each locution that used to a sentence. According to the context, the word of bottom has the similar meaning as well as „down‟ or „inside‟. The writer may conclude that the songwriter is choose the word of bottom in order to make more understandable to any listeners which the word of bottom can also interpreted as a „base‟.

From the bottom of your heart, (1st line)

2. In part of Why’d You Only Call Me When You’re High song lyric, there is the word of high which take possession of each locution that used to a sentence. According to the context, the word of high has the similar meaning as well as „up‟ and „fly‟. The word of high has the meaning as a person who getting drunk due to affected by alcohol, which it is not the circumstances at altitude.

“Hi, why’d you only call me when you’re high?” (14th line)

3. In part of Do I Wanna Know song lyric, there is the word of gowhich take possession of each locution that used to a sentence. According to the context, the word of go has the similar meaning as well as „lost‟ and „apart‟. The writer may conclude that the songwriter is choose the word of go in order to make more understandable to any listeners which go can also interpreted as „get out‟ from the songwriter‟s life due to the relationship among the songwriter and ex-lover has already over. Sad to see you go.. (12nd line)

3.2.3 Affective Meaning

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Affective is a meaning that associated into speaker‟s feeling toward other person, interlocutor, or to whom talking with. Affective may occur due to readerand listener‟s response or reaction in a use of language (Leech 1981:18). At this point, the writer wants to try to describe the song lyrics and data which has found from this type that occur in AM album.

1. In part of Mad Sounds song lyric, it indicates that the word of alright is classified as one of types in Affective Meaning. It is due to the word of alright has the similar meaning as „well‟, „nice‟, and „good‟. Also, it indicates as a positive expression which is related into reaction for any listeners whom listen to this song with a good feeling that makes be more excited.

Mad sound in your ears, they make you feel alright (1st line)

2. In part of Do I Wanna Know song lyric, it indicates that there is the sentence of think of you whichhas the meaning as an interest, it could be as a person who crave on or longing for someone. The sentence of think of you can give rise to reaction for any listener whom listen to this song and also the writer may conclude, that is the songwriter actually has and also reminiscented of some happy memories toward her/his ex-lover when the songwriter was create of this song.

Cause there's this tune I found That makes me think of you somehow... (8th line & 9th line)

3. In part of One for the Road song lyric, it indicates that there is phrase of sinking feeling which has the meaning as an emotional expression that felt or perceived when people being angry or disappointed. Also, it related into reaction for any listener whom listen to this song from the context, that is a feeling of emotionally fragile and broken which arouse a discomfort and

29 Universitas Sumatera Utara

anxious so that it could make become more emotional and sentiment that it cause of separation in relationship.

Don't get that sinking feeling, don't fall apart (25th line)

3.2.4 Reflected Meaning

Reflected may occur in case of multiple conceptual meaning or meaning‟s reflection that appear due to double concept of words. Reflected is also known as kind of suggestion that found in usage of language (Leech, 1981:18). At this point, the writer wants to try to describe the song lyrics and data which has found from this type that occur in AM album.

1. According to No. 1 Party Anthem song lyric, there is the sentence of invite you to approach which it classified as one of types in Reflected Meaning. In part of this song lyric, it indicates that there is the sentence of invite you to approach which is reflected from the word of signal. This song lyric is telling about a person as though as give the signal which intend to be approached.

As all the signals are sent, Her eyes invite you to approach (11st line & 12nd line)

Also, there is found the word of confused which is reflected that appear from the words of drunken monologues. The meaning of this song lyric is telling about the songwriter that getting confused besides do not know what have to do and blabbering in monologue at the same time. In this point, the songwriter was gotten feeling mumble and confused what should he did while he met crush at the house party.

Drunken monologues, confused because.. (22nd line)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

According to Snap Out of It song lyric, there is the word of blind which is reflected that appear from the word of hypnotized. The meaning of this song lyric is telling about there is a beautiful woman that found by the songwriter has been hypnotized because the songwriter was falling in love to this beautiful woman and it was uncontrollably.

Under a spell you're hypnotized, Darling how could you be so blind? (24th line & 25th line)

2. According to Knee Socks song lyric, there is the word of alright which is reflected that appear from the word of cured. The meaning of this song lyric is telling about a new person that found by the songwriter which has made the songwriter feel better and blessed, particularly when the songwriter was felt in pain and misery on January.

Well, you cured my January blues, Yeah you made it all alright (13nd line & 14th line)

3.2.5 Collocative Meaning

Collocative is a meaning that contains of association which obtained by words as a result of other words‟s meaning tend to appear (or show up) within its society or enviroment (Leech, 1981:18). At this point, the writer wants to try to describe the song lyrics and data which has found from this type that occur in AM album.

1. In part of No. 1 Party Anthem song lyric, there is phrase of mind blower which it classified as one of types in Collocative Meaning due to mind blower have collocation with the words of knowing full that it has the meaning as a genius or brilliant person. The meaning of this song lyric is telling about the songwriter who were really admire a genius woman while the songwriter were not.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

She's a certified mind blower, knowing full well that I don't (18th line)

2. In part of Snap Out of It song lyric, there is phrase of your world which it classified as one of types in Collocative Meaning due to your world have collocation with the words of been up to which it has the similar meaning as „what was really happened on you?‟. The meaning of this song lyric is telling about the songwriter is wondering to lover which is made the songwriter to be more confused.

What's been happening in your world What have you been up to? (1st line & 2nd line)

3. In part of Fireside song lyric, there is phrase of hotel suite which it classified as one of types in Collocative Meaning due to phrase of hotel suite have collocation with the word of lived which has the meaning as „settled‟ and „stay‟. The meaning of this song lyric is telling about the songwriter is reminiscented of some memories to ex-lover so long settled in the songwriter‟s deep down.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion

Based on the discussion and result of research which have been conducted from the writer by describe of availability of the data, the conclusion can be drawn as follows:

1. There are 4 types of Metaphors which has found in Arctic Monkeys‟s selected songs through AM album. These types of Metaphors are Concretive Metaphor, Animistic Metaphor, Humanizing or Antromorphic Metaphor, and also Synesthetic Metaphor. The writer has found 22 amount data of Metaphors which is contained in the album. Based on 4 types of Metaphors, the writer has found that Concretive Metaphors are the most used which is 13 data yet the writer only found 2 data for Humanizing Metaphors and Synaesthetic Metaphors from this album. Also, there are 5 data which has found for Animistic Metaphors.

2. There are 5 types of Associative Meanings through AM album. These types of Associative Meanings are Connotative, Social, Affective, Reflected, and also Collocative. The writer has found 28 amount data of Associative in the album. Based on 5 types of Associative Meanings, the writer has found that there are 15 data in Connotative which this one are the most used in song lyrics. Then, the writer also has found that Social,Affective and Collocative are the rarest used which only has discovered as much as 3 data. Also, there is as much as 4 data for the use of Reflected.

4.2 Suggestion The writer has explained above about Types of Metaphors which are consisting of Concretive Metaphor, Animistic Metaphor, Humanizing or

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Antromorphic Metaphor, Synaesthetic Metaphor and also Types of Associative Meanings which are consisting of Connotative, Social, Affective, Reflected, and also Collocative. The writer wants to motivated the readers particularly for students to more understanding for theresearch of Metaphor and Associative Meaning and also use this Paper as their view or refrence in order to do analysis although in other selected song lyrics, poem, or even other short stories and novel. The writer also hopes that this Paper can provide additional knowledge for students and other researchers who will do analysis or research about types of Metaphor and Associative Meaning.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Diyanni, R. 2004. Literature: Approach to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. New York: McGraw-Hill

Potter, H. 1967. Figurative Language in Psychology, Psychotherapy and Education. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Hadges, J. C. 1967. Harbrace college handbook. New York.

Hornby, A. S. 1986. Oxford Advances Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press.

Hornby, A. S. 2000. Oxford Advances Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press.

Kennedy, X. J. 1979. Literature: an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama Second Edition. Boston: Little Brown and Company.

Kreidler, C. W. 1998 Introducing English Semantics. Roudledge.

Cohen, L. J. 2002. The Semantic of Metaphors. New York.

Rothbart, D. 1984. The Semantics of Metaphor and the Structure of Science. Chicago.

Moleong, L. J. 2009. Metodology Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.

Oxford. 2008. Learner‟s Pocket Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.

Risdianto, F. 2011. Introduction to Literature. Yogyakarta: Trust Media Publishing

Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press

Sapir, E. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York. USA: Harcourt, Brace, and Company.

Siswantoro. 2002. Apresiasi Puisi-puisi Sastra Inggris. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah

Universitas Sumatera Utara

University Press

Perrine, L. 1978. Sound and Sense; An introduction to Poetry. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.

Dale, R. E. (1996). The Theory of Meaning. New York: New York University.

Glucksberg, Sam (2001-07-26). Understanding Figurative language: From Metaphor to idioms: From Metaphor to idioms. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195111095. Retrieved 20 December 2012.

Surya, Ayu Amelia. (2009). Metafora Dalam Album Cinta Tahun 1970-an dan Tahun 2000-an. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.

Rahmanto, Joko. (2017). Figurative Language in Adele Album‟s 25.

Prasetia, N. L., Masulah, &Hamsia, W. (2014). Analysis Figure of Speech in Adele‟s Songs. Tell Journal, 2(1), 15–18.

Setiawati, W., &Maryani. (2018). an Analysis of Figurative Language in Taylor Swift‟s Song Lyrics. Professional Journal of English Education, 01(03), 261–268.

Mochamat. (2006). A Description Study on Figurative Language Used in Celine Dion‟s Songs

Norbert Schmitt, An Introduction to Applied Linguistic, (United States of America:Arnold, 2002), p.234

Kennedy, X. J., and Dana Gioia. An Introduction to poetry. 13th ed. Longman Pub Group, 2007. Pg 594

Pettijohn, T. F., & Sacco, D. F. (2009). The Language of Lyrics. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 28(3), 297–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x09335259

Friedman, Encyclopedia of Americana Volume 19. (Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated, 1998)

“what is coffee pot?” https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/coffee- pot

Guerra, J. 2015. What is song, anyway. New York. https://www.jonguerramusic.com/blog/2015/5/6/what-is-a-song-anyway

Biography - Artic Monkeys: https://www.eventim.co.uk/artist/arctic-monkeys/

Universitas Sumatera Utara

https://www.allmusic.com/artist/arctic-monkeys-mn0000325357/biography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_(Arctic_Monkeys_album)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

APPENDIX

A. Biography of Arctic Monkeys

Arctic Monkeys is one of the British bands, or also known as The Death Ramps. The Death Ramps is the name of the first time for the band was formed, then after the first vocalist was retire, the name of this band was changed into Arctic Monkeys. Arctic Monkeys is an alternative rock band formed in High Green, Sheffield, England in year of 2002 after meeting at Stocksbridge High School. Arctic Monkeys consists of Alex Turner as vocalist and guitarist, Jamie Cook as guitarist, Nick O‟Malley as bassist, and Matt Helders as drumer.

Arctic Monkeys rise to success started in late 2004 or early 2005 when demo songs which had been handed out in CD form at gigs found their way onto the internet. These demos rapidly spread among message boards and friends leading to a growing fan base for the band, and were collected on the unofficial Beneath the Boardwalk, which the band recognizes on their website. Arctic Monkeys owe much of their success to viral buzz via the Internet, and have eschewed typical „commercial‟ channels, including refusing to appear on the UK‟s (now discontinued) Top Of The Pops music program, which was often seen as a gateway to success.

On November 27 2012, Arctic Monkeys has announced their first live appearances for the next year at various European festivals, indicating they will

Universitas Sumatera Utara

go on tour with their upcoming album in 2013. On June 18 2012, Arctic Monkeys has released the official video to "Do I Wanna Know?" through their Facebook page. The studio version of the song, along with accompanying visuals was also made available to purchase via iTunes, and entered at number 11 in UK singles chart.

On June 24, Arctic Monkeys has announced that their new album, entitled AM.On August 11 2013, the 3rd single from the album, "Why'd You Only Call Me When You're High?", was released, with B-Side 'Stop The World I Wanna Get Off With You'. It debuted at no. 8 on UK Singles Chart on 18 August 2013, making it the band's first UK Top 10 single since 2007's "Fluorescent Adolescent". The band streamed the album in its entirety 4 day ahead of it release.

The AM album was released on September 9, 2013. The album was recorded in Rancho de la Luna in Joshua Tree, California and features guest appearances from Josh Homme, Pete Thomas and Bill Ryder-Jones.After the release of AM album on September 9 2013, the album debuted at number 1 in the UK album charts, selling over 157,000 copies in its first week. As a result, Arctic Monkeys made history as the first independent label band with five consecutive number 1 albums in the UK.The album has also received critical acclaim, and brought the Arctic Monkeys their third nomination for Mercury Prize.The AM album is one of the most successful top of the album charts in several countries and has been reached position of Top 10 Billboard. This album has also been recognized as The Decade's Best-Selling Record in which has been sold more than 27,000 units in July 2015.

Also, Alex Turner described this AM album as the band's "most original album yet" merging hip-hop drum beats with 70's heavy rock. The frontman has said that the song "Arabella" expresses the two styles of the album most effectively in one track. On AM, Turner continued to experiment with unusual lyrics, and the album includes the words from poem "I Wanna Be Yours" by John Cooper Clarke. Alex Turner has stated that Homme's appearance on the song "Knee Socks" marks his favourite moment of the whole album.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

B. The Song Lyrics of Arctic Monkeys through AM Album

Do I Wanna Know Have you got color in your cheeks? Do you ever get that fear that you can't shift the type That sticks around like summat in your teeth? Are there some aces up your sleeve? Have you no idea that you're in deep? I've dreamt about you nearly every night this week How many secrets can you keep? 'Cause there's this tune I found That makes me think of you somehow and I play it on repeat Until I fall asleep, spillin' drinks on my settee

If this feelin' flows both ways? (Sad to see you go) Was sortahopin' that you'd stay (Baby, we both know) That the nights were mainly made For sayin' things that you can't say tomorrow day

Crawlin' back to you Ever thought of callin' when You've had a few? 'Cause I always do Maybe I'm too Busy bein' yours To fall for somebody new Now, I've thought it through Crawlin' back to you

So have you got the guts? Been wonderin' if your heart's still open And if so, I wanna know what time it shuts Simmer down an' pucker up, I'm sorry to interrupt It's just I'm constantly on the cusp of tryin' to kiss you

Universitas Sumatera Utara

I don't know if you feel the same as I do But we could be together if you wanted to

If this feelin' flows both ways? (Sad to see you go) Was sortahopin' that you'd stay (Baby, we both know) That the nights were mainly made For sayin' things that you can't say tomorrow day

Crawlin' back to you (crawlin' back to you) Ever thought of callin' when You've had a few? (had a few) 'Cause I always do ('cause I always do) Maybe I'm too (maybe I'm too busy) Busy bein' yours (bein' yours) To fall for somebody new Now, I've thought it through Crawlin' back to you

If this feelin' flows both ways? (Sad to see you go) Was sortahopin' that you'd stay (Baby, we both know) That the nights were mainly made For sayin' things that you can't say tomorrow day (Do I wanna know?) Too busy bein' yours to fall (Sad to see you go) Ever thought of callin', darlin'? (Do I wanna know?) Do you want me crawlin' back to you?

R U Mine I'm a puppet on a string Tracy Island, time-traveling Diamond cutter-shaped heartaches Come to find you four in some velvet morning Years too late, she's a silver lining Lone ranger riding through an open space In my mind when she's not right there beside me

Universitas Sumatera Utara

I go crazy 'cause here isn't where I wanna be And satisfaction feels like a distant memory And I can't help myself, all I Wanna hear her say is "Are you mine?" Well, are you mine? Are you mine? Are you mine? Oh, ah

I guess what I'm tryna say is I need the deep end Keep imagining meeting, wished away entire lifetimes Unfair we're not somewhere misbehaving for days Great escape, lost track of time and space She's a silver lining climbing on my desire

And I go crazy 'cause here isn't where I wanna be And satisfaction feels like a distant memory And I can't help myself, all I Wanna hear her say is "Are you mine?" Well, are you mine? (are you mine tomorrow?) Are you mine? (or just mine tonight?) Are you mine? (are you mine, mine?)

And the thrill of the chase moves in mysterious ways So in case, I'm mistaken,

I just wanna hear you say, "You got me, baby Are you mine?" She's a silver lining Lone ranger riding through an open space In my mind when she's not right there beside me

I go crazy 'cause here isn't where I wanna be And satisfaction feels like a distant memory And I can't help myself, all I Wanna hear her say is "Are you mine?"

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Well, are you mine? (are you mine tomorrow?) Are you mine? (or just mine tonight?) Are you mine? (are you mine tomorrow?) (Or just mine tonight?)

One for the Road One for the road, ooh ooh One for the road, ooh ooh

From the bottom of your heart The relegation zone I saw this coming from the start The shake, rattle and roll The cracks in blackout blinds Cast patterns on the ceiling but you're feeling fine I thought it was dark outside I thought it was dark outside

So we all go back to yours and you sit and talk to me on the floor There's no need to show me round baby, I feel like I've been in here before I've been wondering whether later when you tell everybody to go Will you pour me one for the road?

I knew this would be on the cards I knew you wouldn't fold I saw this coming from the start The shake, rattle and roll

One for the road, ooh ooh

Universitas Sumatera Utara

The mixture hits you hard Don't get that sinking feeling, don't fall apart Some out of tune guitar Soundtrack to disaster

Ooh ooh, one for the road Ooh ooh, one for the road Ooh ooh, one for the road Ooh ooh, one for the road

Arabella Arabella's got some interstellar-gator skin boots And a HelterSkelter 'round her little finger and I ride it endlessly She's got a Barbarella silver swimsuit And when she needs to shelter from reality she takes a dip in my daydreams

My days end best when this sunset gets itself Behind that little lady sitting on the passenger side It's much less picturesque without her catching the light The horizon tries but it's just not as kind on the eyes

As Arabella As Arabella Just might have tapped into your mind and soul You can't be sure

Arabella's got a seventies head But she's a modern lover It's an exploration, she's made of outer space And her lips are like the galaxy's edge And her kiss the color of a constellation falling into place

Universitas Sumatera Utara

As Arabella As Arabella Just might have tapped into your mind and soul You can't be sure

That's magic in a cheetah print coat Just a slip underneath it I hope Asking if I can have one of those Organic cigarettes that she smokes Wraps her lips round the Mexican coke Makes you wish that you were the bottle Takes a sip of your soul and it sounds like.

Just might have tapped into your mind and soul You can't be sure

I Want It All Blind faith Heartache Mind games Mistakes My sweet fireball My sweet rigmarole I want it all I want it all

Old dogs New tricks Can you feel it? Space age country girl

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Stone cold miracle I want it all I want it all

And then suddenly it hit me it's a year ago Since I drank miniature whiskey and we shared your coke Ain't it just like you to kiss me and then hit the road Leave me listening to the stones 2000 light years from home

Shoo-wop, shoo-wop Shoo-wop, shoo-wop Shoo-wop, shoo-wop

I want it all I want it all I want it all I want it all

No. 1 Party Anthem One, two, three, four

So you're on the prowl wondering whether she left already or not Leather jacket, collar popped like antenna, never knowing when to stop Sunglasses indoors, par for the course Lights in the floors and sweat on the walls Cages and poles

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Call off the search for your soul or put it on hold again She's having a sly indoor smoke She calls the folks who run this, her oldest friends Sipping her drink and laughing at imaginary jokes As all the signals are sent Her eyes invite you to approach And it seems as though those lumps in your throat That you just swallowed have got you going

Come on, come on, come on Come on, come on, come on Number one party anthem

She's a certified mind blower, knowing full well that I don't May suggest there's somewhere from which I might know her Just to get the ball to roll Drunken monologues, confused because It's not like I'm falling in love, I just want you to do me no good And you look like you could

Come on, come on, come on Come on, come on, come on Number one party anthem Come on, come on, come on Before the moment's gone Number one party anthem, yeah, yeah

The look of love The rush of blood The "she's with me" The Gallic shrug The shutterbugs The Camera Plus The black and white and the color dodge The good time girls

Universitas Sumatera Utara

The cubicles The house of fun The number one party anthem, oh

Come on, come on, come on Come on, come on, come on Come on, come on, come on Come on, come on, come on Before the moment's gone Number one party anthem Number one party anthem Number one party anthem Yeah, yeah

Mad Sounds Mad sounds in your ears, they make you feel alright They bring you back to life Mad sounds in your ears, they make you get up and dance They make you get up Yeah, they make you get up

Love buckles under the strain of those wild nights Run but you cannot hide Mad sounds in your ears, they make you get up and dance They make you get up All night long they reappear They make you get up and dance Yeah, they make you get up

Suppose you've gotta do what you gotta do We just weren't feeling how we wanted to You sit and try sometimes but you just can't figure out what went wrong Then out of nowhere somebody comes and hits you with an Ooh la lala, ooh la lala

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Ooh la lala ooh Ooh la lala, ooh la lala Ooh la lala ooh

You got those mad sounds in your ears to make you get up and dance Mad sounds in your ears, they make you get up and dance Hold on to make you get up Ah yeah, they make you get up

Fireside

I can't explain but I want to try There's this image of you and I And it goes dancing by in the morning and in the night time

There's all these secrets that I can't keep Like in my heart there's that hotel suite and you lived there so long It's kinda strange now you're gone

I'm not sure if I should show you what I've found Has it gone for good? Or is it coming back around? Isn't it hard to make up your mind? When you're losing and your fuse is fireside

There's all those places we used to go And I suspect you already know But that place on memory lane you liked still looks the same But something about it's changed

I'm not sure if I should show you what I've found Has it gone for good? Or is it coming back around? Isn't it hard to make up your mind? When you're losing and your fuse is fireside

Universitas Sumatera Utara

And I thought I was yours forever Maybe I was mistaken but I just cannot manage to make it through the day Without thinking of you lately

I'm not sure if I should show you what I've found Has it gone for good? Or is it coming back around? Isn't it hard to make up your mind? When you're losing and your fuse is fireside

Why’d You Only Call Me When You’re High The mirror's image Tells me it's home time But I'm not finished 'Cause you're not by my side

And as I arrived I thought I saw you leaving Carrying your shoes Decided that once again I was just dreaming Of bumping into you

Now it's three in the morning And I'm tryna change your mind Left you multiple missed calls And to my message you reply "Why'd you only call me when you're high?" "Hi, Why'd you only call me when you're high?"

Somewhere darker Talking the same shite I need a partner Well are you out tonight?

It's harder and harder to get you to listen More I get through the gears

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Incapable of making alright decisions And having bad ideas

Now it's three in the morning And I'm tryna change your mind Left you multiple missed calls And to my message you reply (message you reply) "Why'd you only call me when you're high?" (Why'd you only call me when you're) "Hi, why'd you only call me when you're high?"

And I can't see you here, wonderin' where am I Sort of feels like I'm runnin' out of time I haven't found all I was hoping to find You said you gotta be up in the morning Gonna have an early night And you're starting to bore me, baby "Why'd you only call me when you're high?"

"Why'd you only ever phone me when you're high?" "Why'd you only ever phone me when you're high?"

"Why'd you only ever phone me when you're high?" "Why'd you only ever phone me when you're (high)?"

Snap Out Of It What's been happening in your world? What have you been up to? I heard that you fell in love Or near enough I gotta tell you the truth

I wanna grab both your shoulders and shake baby Snap out of it (snap out of it) I get the feeling I left it too late, but baby

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Snap out of it (snap out of it) If that watch don't continue to swing or the fat lady fancies having a sing I'll be here waiting ever so patiently for you to Snap out of it

Forever isn't for everyone Is forever for you? It sounds like settling down or giving up But it don't sound much like you girl

I wanna grab both your shoulders and shake baby Snap out of it (snap out of it) I get the feeling I left it too late, but baby Snap out of it (Snap out of it) If that watch don't continue to swing or the fat lady fancies having a sing I'll be here waiting ever so patiently for you to Snap out of it

Under a spell you're hypnotized Darling how could you be so blind? (Snap out of it) Under a spell you're hypnotized Darling how could you be so blind?

I wanna grab both your shoulders and shake baby Snap out of it (snap out of it) I get the feeling I left it too late, but baby Snap out of it (snap out of it) If that watch don't continue to swing or the fat lady fancies having a sing I'll be here waiting ever so patiently for you to Snap out of it

Knee Socks

Universitas Sumatera Utara

You got the lights on in the afternoon And the nights are drawn out long And you're kissing to cut through the gloom With a cough drop colored tongue And you were sitting in the corner with the coats all piled high And I thought you might be mine In a small world on an exceptionally rainy Tuesday night In the right place and time

When the zeros line up on the 24 hour clock When you know who's calling even though the number is blocked When you walked around your house wearing my sky blue Lacoste And your knee socks

Well you cured my January blues Yeah, you made it all alright I got a feeling I might have lit the very fuse That you were trying not to light You were a stranger in my phonebook I was acting like I knew 'Cause I had nothing to lose When the winter's in full swing and your dreams just aren't coming true Ain't it funny what you'll do

When the zeros line up on the 24 hour clock When you know who's calling even though the number is blocked When you walked around your house wearing my sky blue Lacoste And your knee socks

The late afternoon The ghost in your room that you always thought didn't approve of you knocking boots Never stopped you letting me get hold of the sweet spot by the scruff of your Knee socks

Universitas Sumatera Utara

You could be my baby You and me could have been a team Each had a half of a king and queen seat Like the beginning of Mean Streets You could be my baby

You and me could have been a team (all the zeros lined up) Each had a half of a king and queen seat Like the beginning of Mean Streets You could be my baby (but the number was blocked) You and me could have been a team Each had a half of a king and queen seat (when you've come undone) Like the beginning of Mean Streets You could be my baby

When the zeros line up on the 24 hour clock When you know who's calling even though the number is blocked When you walked around your house wearing my sky blue Lacoste And your knee socks

Knee socks Knee socks

I Wanna Be Yours I wanna be your vacuum cleaner Breathing in your dust I wanna be your Ford Cortina I will never rust If you like your coffee hot Let me be your coffee pot

Universitas Sumatera Utara

You call the shots babe I just wanna be yours

Secrets I have held in my heart Are harder to hide than I thought Maybe I just wanna be yours I wanna be yours, I wanna be yours Wanna be yours, wanna be yours, wanna be yours

Let me be your 'leccy meter and I'll never run out And let me be the portable heater that you'll get cold without I wanna be your setting lotion (I wanna be) Hold your hair in deep devotion (how deep?) At least as deep as the Pacific Ocean I wanna be yours

Secrets I have held in my heart Are harder to hide than I thought Maybe I just wanna be yours I wanna be yours, I wanna be yours Wanna be yours, wanna be yours, wanna be yours Wanna be yours, wanna be yours, wanna be yours, wanna be yours

I wanna be your vacuum cleaner Breathing in your dust I wanna be your Ford Cortina I will never rust I just wanna be yours (wanna be yours) I just wanna be yours (wanna be yours) I justwanna be yours (wanna be yours)

Universitas Sumatera Utara