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The Case of the Leporids in the Epipalaeolithic

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The Case of the Leporids in the Epipalaeolithic The exploitation of small prey among the last hunter-gatherers in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula: the case of the leporids in the Epipalaeolithic Nadihuska Y. Rosado-Méndez ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. 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UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA FACULTAT DE GEOGRAFIA I HISTÒRIA DEPARTAMENT D’ HISTÒRIA I ARQUEOLOGIA SOCIETAT I CULTURA: HISTÒRIA, ANTROPOLOGIA, ARTS, PATRIMONI I GESTIÓ CULTURAL THE EXPLOITATION OF SMALL PREY AMONG THE LAST HUNTER-GATHERERS IN THE NORTHEAST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA: THE CASE OF THE LEPORIDS IN THE EPIPALAEOLITHIC PhD Thesis by: NADIHUSKA Y. ROSADO-MÉNDEZ Supervised by: Dr. JORDI NADAL and Dr. LLUIS LLOVERAS BARCELONA, 2017. ! Tempus fugit ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! To my family, I could not have achieved this without your support. Thanks for believing in me guys! TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Why develop a Ph. D. dissertation on Epipalaeolithic leporid accumulations in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula ………………………………………………………………… 5 PART 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………... 13 1. THE EPIPALAEOLITHIC PERIOD IN THE NORTHEAST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA: A BRIEF SYNTHESIS ………………………………………………………………………………….. 15 1.1. Why EpipalaeolithiC instead of MesolithiC? …………………………………………………... 16 1.2. The PleistoCene-HoloCene transition in the NE Mediterranean region: landsCape and chronocultural evolution………………………………………………………………………… 19 1.2.1. LandsCape evolution ……………………………………………………………………… 19 1.2.2. ChronoCultural evolution ………………………………………………………………….. 22 1.3. The importanCe of small prey in the EpipalaeolithiC period: the role of leporids …………. 25 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ………………………………………………………………………….. 31 3. LEPORIDS: ORIGINS AND CHARACTERISTICS ……………………………………………….. 35 3.1. Taxonomy and geographiC distribution ……………………………………………………….. 35 3.2. Leporidae origins ……………………………………………………………………………….. 36 3.2.1. Origins of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ……………………………… 37 3.2.2. Origins of the European hares (Lepus sp.) …………………………………………… 38 3.3. MorphologiCal desCription ……………………………………………………………………… 38 3.3.1. General CharaCteristics …………………………………………………………………... 38 3.3.2. Differences between genera …………………………………………………………….. 42 3.4. The European rabbit ……………………………………………………………………………. 43 3.4.1. Habitat …………………………………………………………………………………….... 43 3.4.2. Behaviour ………………………………………………………………………………… 44 3.5. Hares (Lepus sp.) ……………………………………………………………………………….. 45 3.5.1. Habitat ……………………………………………………………………………………… 45 3.5.2. Behaviour …………………………………………………………………………………... 47 4. LEPORID ACCUMULATIONS: FORMATION PROCESSES AND ALTERATIONS ………... 51 4.1. Intrusive origins ……………………………………………………………………………….. 52 4.2. Exogenous origins ……………………………………………………………………………. 54 4.2.1. Non-human acCumulations …………………………………………………………….. 54 4.2.1.1. Terrestrial Carnivores ……………………………………………………….. 56 4.2.1.2. Raptors ………………………………………………………………………. 64 4.2.1.2.1. Diurnal raptors ……………………………………………………… 65 4.2.1.2.2. NoCturnal raptors …………………………………………………… 72 4.2.2. AnthropiC aCCumulations ………………………………………………………………… 74 PART II: EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND TAPHONOMICAL ANALYSIS …………………… 81 PART II.A: EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ……………………………………………………………. 83 5. TOWARD THE CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENT BUTCHERY ACTIVITIES ON LEPORIDCARCASSESTHROUGHEXPERIMENTALSTUDIES………………………………… 85 5.1. IntroduCtion ……………………………………………………………………………………… 85 5.2. Materials …………………………………………………………………………………………. 87 5.3. Method …………………………………………………………………………………………… 89 5.3.1. ButChery ………………………………………………………………………………….. 89 5.3.2. Sample preparation and analysis ……………………………………………………… 90 5.4. Results …………………………………………………………………………………………… 91 5.4.1. Defleshing ……………………………………………………………………………….. 92 5.4.2. Scraping ………………………………………………………………………………….. 93 5.4.3. Tendons removal ………………………………………………………………………… 94 5.5. DisCussion ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 94 5.6. ConClusions ……………………………………………………………………………………… 96 6. ANALYSIS OF MODERN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BURNT BONES BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR-KBr) …………………………………….. 105 6.1. IntroduCtion …………………………………………………………………………………….. 105 6.2. Materials and method…………………………………………………………………………. 107 ii 6.3. Results ………………………………………………………………………………………… 109 6.4. DisCussion …………………………………………………………………………………….. 114 6.5. ConClusions …………………………………………………………………………………… 118 PART II.B: APPLIED METHODOLOGY FOR THE TAPHONOMICAL ANALYSIS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ………..………………………………………………………………… 121 7. APPLIED METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………… 123 7.1. Material proCessing and data reCording …………………………………………………… 123 7.2. TaxonomiC determination …………………………………………………………………… 124 7.3. Determination of age of death ……………………………………………………………… 125 7.4. AnatomiC representation and differential Conservation ………………………………….. 125 7.5. Breakage patterns and types of fraCtures …………………………………………………. 130 7.6. Bone surfaCe alterations …………………………………………………………………….. 133 7.6.1. Digestion ……………………………………………………………………………….. 133 7.6.2. Tooth/beak marks ……………………………………………………………………… 134 7.6.3. Cut marks ……………………………………………………………………………….. 137 7.6.4. Burnt marks …………………………………………………………………………….. 138 7.6.5. Other alterations ……………………………………………………………………….. 139 7.6.5.1. Tampling ……………………………………………………………………… 140 7.6.5.2. Rodent gnawing …………………………………………………………….. 141 7.6.5.3. ModifiCations by miCroorganisms …………………………………………. 142 7.6.5.4. Root marks …………………………………………………………………… 145 7.6.5.5. Weathering …………………………………………………………………… 148 7.6.5.6. Abrasion ……………………………………………………………………… 150 7.6.5.7. Dissolution …………………………………………………………………… 150 7.6.5.8. ConCretions ………………………………………………………………….. 151 7.6.5.9. Manganese oxide staining …………………………………………………. 151 iii 8. BALMA DEL GAI ……………………………………………………………………………………. 153 8.1. Location and arChaeologiCal background …………………………………………………... 153 8.2. StratigraphiC units ……………………………………………………………………………... 154 8.3. Chronology and material Culture …………………………………………………………….. 159 8.4. ReCovered remains ……………………………………………………………………………. 160 8.4.1. LithiC industry and habitation features ……………………………………………….. 160 8.4.2. Antler and bone industry ………………………………………………………………. 160 8.4.3. Floral remains ………………………………………………………………………….. 161 8.4.4. Faunal remains …………………………………………………………………………. 161 8.5. Analysis results ………………………………………………………………………………… 164 8.5.1. TaxonomiC determination …………………………………………………………….. 165 8.5.2. Age of death ……………………………………………………………………………. 165 8.5.3. AnatomiC representation and differential Conservation …………………………… 166 8.5.4. Breakage patterns and types of fraCtures …………………………………………… 169 8.5.5. Bone surfaCe alterations ………………………………………………………………. 175 8.5.5.1. Digestion ……………………………………………………………………… 175 8.5.5.2. Cut marks …………………………………………………………………….. 175 8.5.5.3. Tooth/beak marks ……………………………………………………………. 176 8.5.5.4. Burnt marks …………………………………………………………………. 179 8.5.5.5. Other alterations ……………………………………………………………. 180 8.6. DisCussion ……………………………………………………………………………………... 180 8.7. ConClusions ……………………………………………………………………………………. 195 9. COVA DE LA GUINEU …………………………………………………………………………….
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