DOCSLIB.ORG

Ebrahim, Arwa (2016) the Effectiveness of the Implementation of International Women's Conventions in Muslims: Bahrain As a Case Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ebrahim, Arwa (2016) the Effectiveness of the Implementation of International Women's Conventions in Muslims: Bahrain As a Case Study Ebrahim, Arwa (2016) The Effectiveness of the Implementation of International Women©s Conventions in Muslims: Bahrain as a Case Study. Doctoral thesis, University of Sunderland. Downloaded from: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/6555/ Usage guidelines Please refer to the usage guidelines at http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/policies.html or alternatively contact [email protected]. The Effectiveness of the Implementation of International Women’s Conventions in Muslim Countries: Bahrain as a Case Study. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SUNDERLAND FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Arwa Ebrahim July 2016 “Out beyond the world of right doings and wrongdoings, there is a field… I will meet you there.” -Rumi. i Abstract: The debate regarding whether or not Islam is inherently discriminatory towards women is endless. Even though the Quranic verses emphasize equality between man and woman and the supremacy of human dignity, the interpretation of the Islamic texts related to women are often influenced by the values of patriarchal societies resulting in discriminatory practices against women in many Muslim countries worldwide. The Convention of the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is often referred to as the ‘women’s bill of rights’ as it is the first international legally-binding document that specifically deals with all areas related to women’s lives. This convention is believed to aim at achieving equality between men and women in every field and supports women’s access to equal opportunities in the political and social spheres trying to overcome the social and cultural obstacles that might exist so they can have full rights in areas of legal rights, education, employment, healthcare, politics and finance. However, the implementation of this convention in Muslim societies remains as an ineffective remedy to the problems of women due to a number of reasons mainly related to lack of real government will and strict social and religious values. Like most Muslim countries, Bahrain has ratified the CEDAW while putting reservations on its main articles, leaving the convention without any real effect. Bahrain is a Muslim state that is small in population but serves as a good representation of the dilemma that Muslim societies experience in general, which is their eagerness to adapt to modern values whilst clinging at the same time to their religious roots. This thesis studies the Bahraini ii society in terms of its application of the CEDAW and the legislations related to women in different fields by giving a special focus to the controversial issues in Islam that hinder a full implementation of the CEDAW. This research has taken the challenge of investigating the situation of women rights in Bahrain and its compatibility with the international laws. Through using a research strategy based on questionnaires and interviews with different stakeholders, the thesis was able to present the views the society in Bahrain holds about the situation of women and the challenges facing women hindering them to further develop their situation. The outcomes of the work undertaken will put recommendations to improve the situation for Muslim women as states or concerned stakeholders should not rely only on trying to fully apply the CEDAW, but should work towards renewing the religious mindsets, create social awareness, and have a genuine political will to achieve equality. In a nutshell, the main target for change is to work essentially towards making a change that comes from within. iii Acknowledgments: First and foremost, I would like to express my special thanks and appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Kathleen Koch-Kerr. It has been an honour to be one of her students. I appreciate all her contribution of time, ideas and support to my PhD. I am also thankful for the excellent example she has provided as a successful woman who made the great balance between her family life and work life, an example that all women thrive to achieve. I am also grateful to Dr. Ebrahim Yusuf Al-Abdullah, ambassador of the Kingdom of Bahrain to the Republic of Turkey and my boss at work. I thank him for his genuine encouragement and for helping me fulfil my obligations towards my work and studies. A special thanks to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my mother Bashira and Father Hassan, for encouraging and supporting me since I was a child in seeking knowledge and nurturing my eagerness for learning. I am also grateful to my brother Ali, whom I have been visiting in the UK throughout my years of study. He has been a great support for me and added fun and amusement to my stays in the UK. My cousin and life’s best friend Reem, has been of a great support and help, to her I am always thankful. Asma, Yaseen, Yousif, Abdulla Benshams, Hussain, Aysha, Bayan, Manal, Mahmud and Rahaf, my relatives and my friends, thanks for your support in every way. Finally, nothing of this would have been successfully accomplished without the love and support of my beloved husband Hamad. His patience, compassion and willingness to be there for me at any time I needed, gave me strength and power to continue till the end. To him and to every and each person who stood by my side throughout this journey, I will always remain grateful. iv Table of Contents: Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ii-iii Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. iv Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...v-vii Introduction………………….………………………….……………………………………………...…………………...….......1 Open Problem……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Objectives of the Thesis………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 3 Contributions of the Thesis………….……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Structure of the Thesis………...………………………………………………………………………………………………...5 Chapter One: An Overview of Literature Written on Women Rights, Women in Islam and Women Rights in Bahrain.....................................................…..................................................................... 9 1.1 The Status of Women in Islam…………………………………………………………………………………………..…10 1.2 The Effectiveness of the Application of the CEDAW in Muslim Countries…………………...……….…..18 1.3 Women Rights in the Kingdom of Bahrain: An Overview.………………………………………………………35 1.3.1 An Overview of Bahrain………………………………………..…….………...………………………..……..35 1.3.2 A Review of the Status of Women in Bahrain…………………………………………………….…….42 Chapter Two: The Methodology……………………………………..……………………………………………..……..62 2.1 The Research Paradigm……………………………………………………………………………………………………….63 2.1.1 In-Depth Discussion of Feminism Research…………………………………………………….………67 2.2 The Research Design……………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….81 2.3 The Research Strategy…………………………………………………………………………………………………………85 2.3.1 The Fieldwork Undertaken in the Research…………………………………………..………………..89 2.4 Reliability, Replication and Validity……………………………………………………..………………………………96 Chapter Three : Understanding the Modern Definition of Human Rights and the Emergence of the Concept of Women Rights…………………………………………………………………..……………………...98 v 3.1 The Concept of Human Rights in Older Civilizations........................................................................................98 3.2 The Concept of Human Rights at Early Modern Times................................................................................103 3.3 The Concept of Human Rights Emergence within the Context of the United Nations……….……108 3.4 The Formation of the Women Rights Concept and the Emergence of the United Nation’s First Women’s Convention..........................................................................................................................................................115 3.5 Formation of the Convention of Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)An overview……………………………………………………………………………………………………………131 Chapter Four: Women in Bahrain: Their Position in Reality and within the CEDAW………....146 4.1The Position of Bahrain within the CEDAW…………………..………………………………………………….….146 4.2 Bahrain’s CEDAW Report to the Human Rights Council in 2014……………………………………….…155 4.3 Analysis of the Questionnaire Entitled, ‘The Effectiveness of Implementing International Conventions for Improving the Situation of Women’s Rights in Muslim Countries: Bahrain as a Case Study..........................................................................................................................................................................................164 4.3.1 Analysis of Female and Male Responses to the Close-ended Questions 1-9 ………..……..…164 4.3.2 Female and Male Responses to the Open-Ended Questions 10-11 and 12……………....……187 4.4 Analysis of Female and Male Responses to the Advantages and Disadvantages for Women in Bahrain by Breaking Them into Separate Categories………………………………………………….………….….197 4.4.1 Bahraini Women in the Workforce…………………………………………………………………………….197 4.4.2 Bahraini Women and Education…………………………………………………………………….…………..206 4.4.3 Bahraini Women and Political Participation and Decision Making………………………...…….208 4.4.4 Bahraini Women and the Ability to Drive a Car and Travel…………………………………………213 4.4.5 Bahraini Women and Freedom of Speech/Expression……………………………….…………….….215 4.4.6 Bahraini Women and Access to Health Care System…………………………………………..…….….217 4.4.7 Bahraini Women and the Right to Housing…………………………………………………………...…….219 4.4.8 Bahraini Women and Owning Property and Inheritance ………………………………………..…..221
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Women and Muslim Family Laws in Arab States AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 2
    Women and Muslim Family Laws in Arab States: A Comparative Overview of WOMEN AND MUSLIM FAMILY LAWS WOMEN AND MUSLIM FAMILY LAWS Textual Development and Advocacy combines an examination of women’s rights in Muslim family law in Arab states across the Middle East with IN ARAB STATES discussions of the public debates surrounding the issues that are raised in processes of codification and amendment. A number of states have A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF TEXTUAL recently either codified Muslim family law, or Women and Muslim Family Laws in have issued significant amendments or new DEVELOPMENT AND ADVOCACY Arab States: A Comparative Overview laws on the subject. This study considers these of Textual Development and new laws along with older statutes to comment Advocacy combines an examination. on patterns and dynamics of change both in Lynn Welchman the texts of the laws, and in the processes by women’s rights in Muslim family which they are drafted and issued. It draws IN ARAB STATES law in Arab states across the Middle on original legal texts as well as on extensive East with discussions of the public secondary literature for an insight into practice; debates surrounding interventions by women’s rights organisations and other parties are drawn on to identify women’s rights in Muslim family areas of the laws that remain contested. The law in Arab states across the Middle discussions are set in the contemporary global East with discussions of the public context that ‘internationalises’ the domestic debates the issues that are raised. and regional discussions. ISIM SERIES ON CONTEMPORARY LYNN WELCHMAN MUSLIMISIM SERIES SOCIETIES ON CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETIES Lynn Welchmann is senior lecturer ISBN-13 978 90 5356 974 0 in Islamic and Middle Eastern Laws, School of Law at SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies) at the University of London.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Sense of Daesh in Afghanistan: a Social Movement Perspective
    \ WORKING PAPER 6\ 2017 Making sense of Daesh in Afghanistan: A social movement perspective Katja Mielke \ BICC Nick Miszak \ TLO Joint publication by \ WORKING PAPER 6 \ 2017 MAKING SENSE OF DAESH IN AFGHANISTAN: A SOCIAL MOVEMENT PERSPECTIVE \ K. MIELKE & N. MISZAK SUMMARY So-called Islamic State (IS or Daesh) in Iraq and Syria is widely interpreted as a terrorist phenomenon. The proclamation in late January 2015 of a Wilayat Kho- rasan, which includes Afghanistan and Pakistan, as an IS branch is commonly interpreted as a manifestation of Daesh's global ambition to erect an Islamic caliphate. Its expansion implies hierarchical order, command structures and financial flows as well as a transnational mobility of fighters, arms and recruits between Syria and Iraq, on the one hand, and Afghanistan–Pakistan, on the other. In this Working Paper, we take a (new) social movement perspective to investigate the processes and underlying dynamics of Daesh’s emergence in different parts of the country. By employing social movement concepts, such as opportunity structures, coalition-building, resource mobilization and framing, we disentangle the different types of resource mobilization and long-term conflicts that have merged into the phenomenon of Daesh in Afghanistan. In dialogue with other approaches to terrorism studies as well as peace, civil war and security studies, our analysis focuses on relations and interactions among various actors in the Afghan-Pakistan region and their translocal networks. The insight builds on a ten-month fieldwork-based research project conducted in four regions—east, west, north-east and north Afghanistan—during 2016. We find that Daesh in Afghanistan is a context-specific phenomenon that manifests differently in the various regions across the country and is embedded in a long- term transformation of the religious, cultural and political landscape in the cross-border region of Afghanistan–Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Law with the Qur’Ĉn and Sunnah Evidences
    Islamic Law with the Qur’Ĉn and Sunnah Evidences (From ٖanafţ Perspective) Dr. Recep Dogan FB PUBLISHING SAN CLEMENTE Copyright © 2013 by Dr. Recep Dogan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including photocopying, recording, and information storage and retrieval systems—except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews—without permission in writing from its publisher, FB Publishing. Published by: FB Publishing 645 Camino De Los Mares Suite 108-276 San Clemente, CA 92673 Visit our website at www.fbpublishinghouse.com Cover design: Cover Design: Gokmen Saban Karci Book Design: Daniel Middleton | www.scribefreelance.com ISBN: 978-0-9857512-4-1 First Edition, July 2013 Published in the United States of America CONTENTS PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... IX TRANSLITERATION TABLE ......................................................................................... xi FIQH ................................................................................................................................ 12 THE LITERAL MEANING OF FIQH ........................................................................... 12 M) ................................................................................... 14 THE LEGAL RULES (AٖK LEGAL CAPACITY (AHLIYAH) IN ISLAMIC LAW ..................................................... 15 M-I SHAR’IYYA) ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Divided Sea: a Study of Bahrain's Identity Conflict and Identity Formation
    Master’s Thesis 2018 30 ECTS Department of International Environment And Development Studies Prof. Stig Jarle Hansen A Divided Sea: A Study of Bahrain’s Identity Conflict and Identity Formation Bashar Marhoon International Relations LANDSAM The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments. The Noragric Master theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Master programme “International Environment Studies”, “International Development Studies” and “International Relations”. The findings of this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, contact Noragric. © Bashar Marhoon, May 2018 [email protected] Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 67 23 00 00 Internet: https://www.nmbu.no/fakultet/landsam/institutt/noragric I Declaration I, Bashar Marhoon, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigations and findings. Sources of information other than my own have been acknowledged and a reference list has been appended. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for award of any type of academic degree. Signature……………………………………………. Date…………………………………………. II III Acknowledgements This research would not have been possible without the existence of many individuals in my life, some of whom I must briefly thank.
    [Show full text]
  • In Colonial Bahrain: Beyond the Sunni / Shia Divide
    THREATS TO BRITISH “PROTECTIONISM” IN COLONIAL BAHRAIN: BEYOND THE SUNNI / SHIA DIVIDE A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Arab Studies By Sarah E. A. Kaiksow, M.St. Washington, D.C. April 24, 2009 I would like to thank Dr. Judith Tucker and Dr. Sara Scalenghe for inspiration and encouragement. ii Copyright 2009 by Sarah E. A. Kaiksow All Rights Reserved iii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 Research Focus 2 Periodization 7 Archives 9 II. Background 12 The al-Khalifa and the British 12 Economy & Society of an island thoroughfare 17 Trade, pearls, date gardens, fish, and fresh water springs 17 Baharna, Huwala, Persians, Najdis, Thattia Bhattias, and Jews 20 III. Threats on the Ground: Saud-Wahabis in the Nineteenth Century 24 Uncertain allies (1830-1831) 24 First interventions (1850-1850) 26 Saud-Wahabis, Persia, and the Ottomans (1860-1862) 29 Distinctive registers 33 A new role for Britain (circa 1920) 34 The case for internal “reform” (1920-1923) 36 The “Najdi” crisis (April, 1923) 44 Debating the threats (May, 1923) 48 Forced succession (May 26, 1923) 50 Pearling industry and reforms (1915-1923) 52 Resistance to colonial reform (June – September, 1923) 55 Dawasir Exodus (October, 1923) 59 Consolidating the state (1926-1930) 61 IV. Persia and State Consolidation in the Twentieth Century 64 V. Conclusion 66 Bibliography 75 iv I. Introduction In the early months of 1923, the Under Secretary
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Brookings Institution Is There a Widening Sunni-Shia
    1 THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION IS THERE A WIDENING SUNNI-SHIA SCHISM? Washington, D.C. Friday, February 22, 2013 PARTICIPANTS: Welcome and Introduction: DURRIYA BADANI, Deputy Director Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World The Brookings Institution Moderator: SUZANNE MALONEY, Senior Fellow Saban Center for Middle East Policy The Brookings Institution Panelists: BRUCE REIDEL, Senior Fellow Saban Center for Middle East Policy The Brookings Institution GENIEVE ABDO, Fellow Middle East/Southwest Asia Program The Stimson Center * * * * * ANDERSON COURT REPORTING 706 Duke Street, Suite 100 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone (703) 519-7180 Fax (703) 519-7190 2 P R O C E E D I N G S MS. BADANI: Thank you everyone for joining us today. My name is Durriya Badani. I'm the deputy director for the Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World here at the Brookings Institution. It's quite a mouthful as all of you see. I want to thank you for braving the wintry weather and coming in and joining us on a Friday afternoon. For those of you who follow this conflict, many of you know that the tensions between the Sunni and the Shia communities have become escalated recently. While we've been continually aware of this conflict in Saudi Arabia, in Iraq, in Lebanon, in Bahrain, in Syria and in Pakistan, what's been surprising lately has really been the level of violence and the acuteness as it's unfolded recently particularly in Pakistan. It's a subject that hasn't received a great deal of attention here in Washington in part I think because it's very complex in the way that it manifests itself in different countries, the internal dynamics of each of those countries and the interplay as this unfolds across the MENA and even in South Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa
    HARD-WON PROGRESS AND A LONG ROAD AHEAD: WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA by Sanja Kelly As the governments of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) under- take the diffi cult process of enacting social and political change, the unequal status of women presents a particularly formidable challenge. In Iraq, deliberations over women’s legal status have been as contentious as negotiations over how to structure the government. In Jordan, measures to increase penalties for so-called honor crimes faced strong resistance by ultraconservative parliamentarians and ordinary citizens who believe that tradition and religion afford them the right to severely punish and even murder female relatives for behavior they deem immoral. These debates are not just legal and philosophical struggles among elites. They are emo- tionally charged political battles that touch upon fundamental notions of morality and social order. In order to provide a detailed look at the conditions faced by women in the Middle East and understand the complex environment surrounding efforts to improve their status, Freedom House conducted a comprehen- sive study of women’s rights in the region. The fi rst edition of this project was published in 2005. The present edition offers an updated examination of the issue, with a special focus on changes that have occurred over the last fi ve years. Although the study indicates that a substantial defi cit in women’s rights persists in every country in the MENA region, the fi ndings also include notable progress, particularly in terms of economic opportu- nities, educational attainment, and political participation.
    [Show full text]
  • Bahrain: Civil Society and Political Imagination Contents
    Research Paper Jane Kinninmont and Omar Sirri Middle East and North Africa Programme | October 2014 Bahrain: Civil Society and Political Imagination Contents Summary 2 Introduction 3 Political Disputes and Failed Dialogues 7 Bahraini Civil Society, Youth and Informal Political Processes 16 The International Context 28 Conclusions 33 About the Authors 36 Acknowledgments 36 1 | Chatham House Bahrain: Civil Society and Political Imagination Summary • Bahrain’s political crisis continues, following the failure of dialogue efforts since 2011. That crisis is not only damaging the country’s economy and social fabric; it is also contributing to a deepening of sectarian tensions and an increased risk of violence. • The failure of the dialogue efforts to date is radicalizing the opposition and weakening the reformist elements within the government. At the same time, tight restrictions on freedom of association, speech and political activity are not silencing the most vocal and radical of the political opposition; rather, they are squeezing out the very moderates with whom the authorities will eventually need to work if they are to reach a sustainable political resolution to the crisis. • Because of the stalemate, many Bahrainis expect the future of their country to be determined by the government’s interactions with larger powers – especially the United States, Iran and Saudi Arabia – adding to the sense of disempowerment among the population. But those countries have many other priorities; and it is unclear whether they have a clear vision for the future of Bahrain. • Despite the stalling of the formal dialogue, Bahrain’s traditionally active civil society could make a valuable contribution to sincere efforts to reach a political resolution – if, that is, it were given the political space to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • Exp. of the Hadith of Jibril About Islam – Sh. 'Abd Al-Muhsin Al-'Abbad
    Explanation of the Hadlth of Jibrll About the Teachings of Islam AI-’Allamah ’Abd al-Muhsin Ibn Hamad al-’Abbad Professor at the Islamic University of al Madlnah. Saudi Arabia REVISED SECOND EDITION 2 © 2010 Sunnah Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this Book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form, or by any electrical, mechanical or other means now known, or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, without prior permission from the publishers. Second Edition: i44iH/April 2020CE Translation: Maaz Qureshi Cover Design: Usui Design ISBN: 978-0-9828084-8-1 Published by: Sunnah Publishing Grand Rapids MI, USA [email protected] Our Website: Http://www.SunnahPublishing.net Http://www.MasjidSunnah.org 3 Transliteration Chart Library of Congress/ALA From From Isolated Middle Roman Name Right Left ll L —— 7 a/*/** alif — -f b ba O J t ta k & - th tha jlm c Er j h ha c c- — - kh kha t c- — —— d dal i —— dh dhal J —— r ra j > —— z zay u— —_ s sin * k k O" oi'- sh shin CP- s sad J° J=- —si? d dad J, Jx. 7 >_ J* t ta is A_ Js z za _c- 1 ‘ayn t t -~- _C- ghayn t t — gh f fa’ 3 6- —a- _s q qaf jl eL j>L s k kaf J J- J 1 lam f r — —A m mlm o 0- — n nun 5/0 ta / ha/ta -4- h /t/’ marbutah J J- — -- w / u waw lJ- s- -i y / I ya LS" —— a alif maqsurah S 6 A Word about the ligatures for Arabic Invocations mam Yahya Ibn Sharaf al-Nawaw! (d.676H) - Aifcjsj - said, “ It is highly Irecommended to invoke Allah’s pleasure and mercy upon the Companions and the tdbiin and those that came after them from the Scholars, righteous worshippers and the rest o f the people o f excellence.
    [Show full text]
  • Earning Halal in Islam
    EARNING HALAL IN ISLAM Mufti Shoebullah Khan Abstaining from Haram, and benefiting from the Halal income is as much necessary for the Muslims as the observance of Salah and payment of Zakah. It is a very surprising thing to mention that there is a very small number in the Muslim community who differentiate between the Halal and Haram methods of earning wealth. Many of them are of the opinion that as long as the end justifies the means, they do not have to care how they earn their money. To make the matter all the more difficult, some people even dare to say: “Why is a particular thing prohibited in Islam? What is wrong with benefiting from something? Why is a certain thing labeled as forbidden in the Islamic Shariah?” While the fact remains that it is derogatory to the rank of a Muslim to raise objections about the Revelations of Allah, the Almighty and harbor any doubts in his mind regarding His injunctions and Commandments in the Holy Qur‟an. However, it is a shocking phenomenon, and a sad fact for the Muslim society that a large number of Muslims now do not discriminate between the Halal and Haram earnings. They are involved in earning money by hook or by crook and seeking employments in undesirable occupations. They are deeply occupied in adopting all methods of amassing wealth, through all unfair and unjust means at their disposal. For this reason, we want to enlighten the Muslim community on the do‟s and don‟ts of Islam where earning money is concerned, and employing themselves in questionable institutions to earn their livelihood for themselves and their families, and the punishment of accumulating wealth by unfair means, so that those who fear Allah may keep themselves from committing what is prohibited in Islam and adopt the ways that are hundred percent Halal, and in this way win the pleasure of Allah in both the worlds for it is a form of worship in Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • Largest U.S. Think Tanks by Spending*
    APPENDIX C: THINK TANKS Table of Contents Summary of Largest U.S. Think Tanks by Spending p. 2 RAND Corporation p. 3-5 The Carter Center p. 6-8 Brookings Institution p. 9-11 The Heritage Foundation p. 12-15 Council on Foreign Relations p. 16-18 Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace p. 19-22 East-West Center p. 23-27 Center for Strategic and International Studies p. 28-33 American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy p. 34-40 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace p. 41-44 Center for American Progress p. 45-50 Institute for International Studies (FSI) p. 51-56 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars p. 57-67 Manhattan Institute for Policy Research p. 68-74 2 Largest U.S. Think Tanks by Spending* Think Tank Spending % of Woman Emphasis on Scholars Gender-related Issues RAND Corporation $252.4 43% High The Carter Center** $158.2 31% Medium Brookings Institution $82.8 17% Medium The Heritage Foundation** $47.2 22% Medium Council on Foreign Relations $45.7 21% Low/Medium Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and $34.1 10% Medium Peace*** East-West Center*** $31.7 25% High Center for Strategic and International Studies $31.0 20% High American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy** $27.1 9% High Carnegie Endowment for International Peace $25.8 21% Low/Medium Center for American Progress** $25.1 33% High Institute for International Studies (FSI)*** $22.9 23% Medium/High Woodrow Wilson International Center for $20.5 36% High Scholars** Manhattan Institute for Policy Research** $12.4 19% High Total $816.9 24% NOTE.
    [Show full text]
  • Halal Vs. Kosher
    Halal vs Kosher - Difference and Comparisonvisited |on Diffe 2/20/2019n Page 1 of 8 Compare Anything ›› vs. GO Halal vs. Kosher Diffen › Philosophy › Religion › Judaism Halal and Kosher are terms often heard in the context of meat and dairy, and although it's common knowledge that the terms refer to guidelines on what can be consumed and what cannot, few know what either really means, let alone how they differ. "Is this kosher?" has become a common expression that has transcended the context of religion and food to the point that it simply means "Is this acceptable?" in a colloquial sense. Halal and Kosher refer to what's permitted by Islamic and Jewish religious laws respectively. Halal is an Islamic term that means lawful or permitted. Although halal in a broad sense can refer to anything that's permitted by Islam, it's most often used in the context of permissible dietary habits, specifically when it comes to meat consumption. Kosher is a similar term used to describe food that is proper or fit for consumption according to Kashrut, the Jewish dietary law. This comparison will restrict itself to the context of religious dietary laws. Comparison chart Differences — Similarities — Halal Kosher Introduction Ḥalal is anything that is Kosher foods are those that permissible according to Islamic conform to the regulations of law. The term covers and kashrut, the Jewish dietary law. designates not only food and drink as permissible according to Islamic law, but also all matters of daily life. Guidelines Follows Islamic dietary law Follows Jewish dietary law Etymology “Halal” in Arabic means Derived from the Hebrew word permissible or lawful.
    [Show full text]