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The Nazi Period in Italy Giovanna Boursier

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The Nazi Period in Italy Giovanna Boursier PrOJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA | HiSTOry ROMA CHILDREN COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L´EUROPE IN EUROPE THE NAZI PERIOD 5.2 IN ItALY The Nazi Period in Italy Giovanna Boursier The Race Question | From Theory to Practice | Internment | The Camp | After the Armistice In Italy the victims of the fascist dictatorship also included the Roma. Today, whilst historical investigation of the subject is only just beginning and has to contend with over half a century of more or less deliberate neglect and “memory lapses”, we can say with certainty that the Roma were tracked down, put on file and imprisoned by the fascist government of the time. Those interned endured cold, hunger and disease which in some cases resulted in their deaths. INTRODUCTION 1 GOTHIC LINE (1945) 1 OCCUPIED TERRITO- In Italy research on the persecution RIES BY THE REICH (SEPTEMBER 1943) and internment of the Roma remains GUSTAV LINE (1944) very thin on the ground – especially academic research – and there has been RAVENNA little study of internment in a country, which is reluctant to acknowledge its ITALIAN ROMA CAMPS complicity with the Nazis and conse- OR CAMPS WITH ROMA A P E N N I N E quently its shared responsibility for INTERNEES the policy of extermination. Ill. 1 (based upon Boursier 1999, p. 24) A B R U Z Z I For this same reason, there are TrEMITI many gaps in facts and figures on the TOSSICIA ISLANDS fascist persecution of the Roma in Italy, CAMPOBASSO AGNONA and it is only now, thanks to the tenaci- not definitely be categorised as part of BOIANO ty of a few historians and researchers, a racist policy on the part of the re- that this forgotten story is starting to gime, aimed, like Hitler‘s, at actually be told. Unfortunately, figures on the exterminating the groups in question, PERDASDEFOGU number of victims are not yet known. the fact remains that the Roma were (Sardinia) Nor is it possible as yet to be clear on always discriminated against, singled the reasons for the persecution. But out and persecuted as “zingari” (“Gyp- FErrAMONTI we have to appreciate that even if the sies”). And that definitely means so- fascist persecution of the Roma can- mething. by a policy of imperialistic domination September, the racial laws against the THE RACE QUESTION which also drew on racist theory and Jews were approved, a clear reflection practice. of the regime’s violently anti-Semitic In 1938 fascism revealed the policy. On October 28, 1922, the fascist full violence and ugliness of its racist In terms of the law, at least, the Blackshirts marched on Rome and, the face, particularly against the Jews. The Roma do not seem to have been included next day, King Victor-Emmanuel III Race Manifesto was published in July, in the regime’s racial policies. For that asked Benito Mussolini to form a new spelling out the “differences” between reason it has always been denied that government. This ushered in the period the human races in clear terms, and this they were racially discriminated against of fascist dictatorship, characterised by was soon followed by the establishment in Italy. But they were, right from the the elimination – including physical eli- of the Department for Demography and outset, targeted by policies on law and mination – of all opposition groups and Race and the Race Tribunal. Then, in order. Italy too had a “Gypsy problem” The Race Question From Theory to Practice Internment The Camp After the Armistice TyPES OF INTERNMENT Roma prisoners were of course subject to the general rules of internment in Italy, which con- sisted of two types of procedures: internment in “concentration camps” and compulsory resi- dence in a designated locality (they had to stay within that locality and were not allowed to lea- ve it). The two types of internment were prac- tised almost exclusively in remote areas and Ill. 2 (Detail) small villages, in harsh living conditions where The ministerial internment order of September 11, 1940: prisoners were subject to an endless number of strict and often cruel rules for their control and ”… due to the fact that they sometimes commit serious crimes because of their innate supervision. The Ministry of Interior ordered nature and methods of organisation and due to the possibility that among them there that the camps were to be established in dere- are elements capable of carrying out anti-national activities, it is indispensable that all lict or rarely used buildings, far from strategi- Gypsies are controlled … It is ordered that those of Italian nationality, either confirmed cally important centres and wherever possible or presumed, who are still in circulation are to be rounded up as quickly as possible in remote areas. Most of the camps were in the and concentrated under vigorous surveillance in a suitable locality in every province … regions of central Italy, particularly in the cen- apart from the more dangerous or suspicious elements who are to be sent to the islands tral Apennine valley and the Abruzzi. or regions…” Ill. 3 (excerpted from Boursier 1999, p. 18) which, as we shall see, took shape from orising on the supposed “Gypsy threat” Culture. Landra, like others before and 1926 onwards and became increasingly of the time, including the ideas of lea- after him, made the issue an unequivo- prominent after the outbreak of war. ding architects of fascist racial policy, cally racial one, not least by reference In any event, in recent years the like Guido Landra, head of the Office of to appraisals of the physical and moral archives have displayed much of the the- Racial Studies at the Ministry of Popular attributes of the “Gypsy race”. [Ill. 5] at Ferramonti, in Calabria, or the fact by virtue of the characteristic Gypsy FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE that some Italian Roma were sent to lifestyle”. The aim was to “strike at the Austria and Germany. In oral accounts very heart of the Gypsy organism.” survivors often recalled their places of On September 11, 1940, an ac- Most of those who have studied the imprisonment such as Agnona (in Moli- tual internment order was issued which question of the fascist persecution of se), Tossicia (in the Abbruzzi), the Tre- applied to Italians, too. This was a the Roma have not yet drawn on ar- miti Islands and Sardinia. [Ill. 4] circular from the Ministry of Interi- chive material, but have often based The fascists’ views are alrea- or to all prefectures, instructing them their research on scattered documents dy apparent in 1926, when a circular to round up “Gypsies” and hold them and oral testimonies collected over ordered the expulsion of all “foreign throughout the country “under strict time. Those documents have neverthe- Gypsies” from the kingdom in order supervision in the most appropriate lo- less provided a number of interesting to “cleanse the country of Gypsy cara- cation in each province”. It acted with facts, such as the detention of Roma in vans which, needless to recall, consti- great zeal to imprison the “Gypsies”. the biggest Italian concentration camp tute a risk to safety and public health [Ill. 2] with no one doing anything about them. wicker baskets or embroidered cloths, IntERNMEnt These are important testimonies which trying to live their lives despite being allow us to piece together the stories of hampered on all sides by rules and re- some Roma between the years 1928 to gulations which ultimately dragged them The identity of those arrested also 1943. The accounts describe the expe- into the tragedy of World War II. emerges from documents preserved in riences of men, women and children, iti- All of them, even those claiming the archives, particularly personal files, nerant market traders, horse breeders or to be Italian at the time of their arrest, dozens of which were left in the records coppersmiths, travelling around selling were expelled, re-arrested, and expelled COUNCIL OF EUROPE ROMA | HiSTOry PrOJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA CHILDREN IN EUROPE THE NAZI PERIOD 5.2 IN ItALY IN ITALIAN CAMPS – REMINISCENCES FROM ROMA IN ITALIAN CAMPS – One day, I don’t know how, a chicken found guards around, like a prison… we spent near- Rosa Raidic:R EM“MyIN daughterISCENCES Lalla F wasROM born ROMA in Sardinia on 7its Ja way- into the camp. I fell on it like a fox, ly two years there. My eldest son died in the nuary 1943, because we were in a concentration camp therekilled at it and ate it raw, I was so hungry. They camp. He painted well and was a bright lad.” the time”. Rosa Raidic: “My daughter Lalla was born in beat me and locked me up for six months for Antonio Hudorovic: “Once, whilst we were Mitzi Herzemberg:Sardinia “During on 7 January the war 1943, we becausewere in wea concentration were stealing.” at Tossicia, a German officer came. He took camp at Perdasdefoguin a concentration in Sardinia. camp there Everyone at the time”.was desperatelyZlato Levak: “In Italy we were in a concentra- our body measurements, even measuring our hungry. OneMitzi day, Herzemberg:I don‘t know “Duringhow, a chicken the war found we wereits way tioninto camp, with virtually nothing to eat. I was heads. He said it was for new clothes and a the camp. I infell a onconcentration it like a fox, camp killed at it Perdasdefoguand ate it raw, in I wasnear so Campobasso, with my family. There were hat.” Sardinia. Everyone was desperately hungry. a lot of us… in a convent, all closed in, with Ill. 4 Ill. 5 “Gypsy family” photographs from an article by Guido Landra.
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