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4 1. Aquaculture Production by Species This Study Includes All

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4 1. Aquaculture Production by Species This Study Includes All 1. Aquaculture production by species This study includes all European countries without the successor states of the former Soviet Union (Map 1). The study covers the following entities: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia FR. Map 1 Europe The very beginning of European aquaculture is hard to determine exactly, however, it is proven that smaller ponds were constructed, or natural waters were used for fish culturing already in the Roman Empire. Accordingly the European – such as the Asian – aquaculture has more than a thousand years’ long traditions. The boom of European aquaculture started the late 19th century, and it reached its full extent during the 20th century when the technical and biological background of new technologies became available. Both in the past and present intensive and extensive methods were used simultaneously. In Central-and Eastern Europe extensive and semi-intensive pond fish culture specialised in cyprinids were characteristic, while in Northern and Southern Europe various methods (cage-, pond-, recirculation-system) of intensive marine, fresh- or brackishwater aquaculture were practised. 4 The continuously decreasing marine and freshwater fish-catches, due to rapidly declining natural fish stocks is a tendency observed both globally and in Europe, at the same time consumer demand for fish and fishery products is continuously increasing. Another tendency is the increasing population resulting in new challenges for food production both in quantity and quality. In areas of economic welfare – such as in the European Union – the quality, while at the less developed areas of the Europe the quantity is the key element. In order to permanently meet new consumer demands in fish and fishery products the development of the aquaculture industry – and increasing of its share against conventional capture fisheries – is to be emphasised. The role of recreational fisheries in aquaculture is more and more important. It is a general tendency that the development of a country and the increasing living standards result in the waning of the time spent on work and increasing the time spent recreation. People will be engaged in more hobby activities that will require new industries and services. Typical examples for this are the recreational-, and sport-fishing, already highly significant in Western Europe. This industry became especially appreciated during the past three decades as an ever increasing market for the European aquaculture through the continuous stocking of sport- fishing grounds. Beyond the recreational fish supply and food-fish production, the requirements of nature conservation (e.g. for restocking rare or endangered fish-, crayfish- and mollusc species into their original habitats) is another significant market for European aquaculture. A long-term tendency is the growing importance of recreation and nature conservation within the triple purpose of aquaculture (economic, recreational, nature conservation) with the increasing well being of a country. European aquaculture production is presented in this chapter both in terms of quantity and value, detailing the most important species groups and the current situation in the aquaculture production in each of the European countries. Summarised data1 are presented in figures and tables, while correlation and tendencies are aimed to be lined up and evaluated. This study does not cover the European successor states of the former Soviet Union (Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Rep. of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine). 1 The statistical data presented are primarily based on FAO, FishStat Plus 1999. 5 Aquaculture production is important to many countries of the European region because, on the one hand, it is a rather important food supply and, on the other hand, it can be a source of employment. European aquaculture production represented 4.6% of total world production in quantity and 7.5% in value in 1997 (Figure 1,2,3). 100% Oceania 90% 80% Europe 70% Africa 60% 50% Former USSR area 40% Percentage (%) America, South 30% 20% America, North 10% Asia 0% 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Figure 1 Distribution of aquaculture production volume by continent Reference: FAO, FishStat Plus 1999 100% Oceania 90% 80% Europe 70% Africa 60% 50% Former USSR area 40% Percentage (%) America South 30% 20% America, North 10% Asia 0% 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Figure 2 Distribution of aquaculture production value by continent Reference: FAO, FishStat Plus 1999 6 Quantity Value 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Percentage (%) 4 3 2 1 0 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Figure 3 Share of European aquaculture production volume and value from total world aquaculture production Reference: FAO, FishStat Plus 1999 The share of European aquaculture from the World aquaculture production is continuously decreasing since 1984 (Figure 1, 2 and 3), while it grew in absolute terms. The reason for this is the difference in growth rates of European and the World aquaculture (in which the Asian production is significant). During the ten-year period from 1988 to 1997, aquaculture production in Europe increased from 11.5 million tons to 16.5 million tons (Table 1, Figure 5). The share of aquaculture from the total aquatic production is increasing in Europe throughout the 1980’s and also in the late 1990’s (Figure 4). Table 1 Total aquaculture production in Europe2 Quantity (1000 tons), Value (million US$) 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Quantity 1 150.5 1 171.2 1 234.0 1 227.8 1 189.1 1 195.5 1 342.4 1 486.0 1 592.0 1 655.3 Value 2 618.4 2 837.4 3 240.7 3 174.5 3 255.5 3 038.6 3 484.9 3 739.9 3 612.6 3 800.3 Reference: FAO, FishStat Plus 1999 2 Excluding the former USSR. 7 Share of aquaculture from total aquatic production Linear regression 14 y = 0,3131x + 7,0138 12 2 R = 0,843 10 8 6 Percentage (%) 4 2 0 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Figure 4 Contribution of aquaculture production volume to total aquatic production in Europe Reference: FAO, FishStat Plus 1999 1800 4000 Quantity 1600 Value 3500 Linear regression 1400 y = 47,601x + 881,13 2 3000 R = 0,8789 1200 2500 1000 2000 800 1500 Value (million US$) Value Quantity (1000 tons) 600 1000 400 200 500 0 0 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Figure 5 Growth of aquaculture production in Europe Reference: FAO, FishStat Plus 1999 8 According to the linear trend function shown in Figure 5 European aquaculture production will reach 1.8 million metric tons in five years (by 2002). If the 14 years’ data are examined it is seen that the European aquaculture production was increasing annually (save the years 1991-93). The slow growth of the aquaculture sector within the region, especially between the late 1980’s and the early 1990’s, was due to several factors, including the political and economic transition (shift from centralised to market economy) in Central and Eastern European countries and the consequent decline in carp production, the drastic fall in mussel production in Spain due the increasing occurrence of red tides, and to a lesser extent due to the progressive saturation of the mollusc markets in the region. Value of aquaculture production is growing much faster than its quantity, and this is especially so in the late 80’s. This dynamic growth is explained by increasing prices. In Figure 6 the change in price-level of a theoretical ‘average aquaculture product’ is shown, this is obtained by dividing the production value (US$) with the volume (kg). It can be clearly seen that the value was 1.5 US$/kg in the mid 80’s, and exceeded 2.5 US$/kg by the early 90’s. The peek has been reached in 1992 (2.74 US$/kg) afterwards the price decreased year by year, and dropped below 2.5 US$/kg in 1996. According to the trend function further decrease in the price-level of aquaculture products can be predicted in the coming years, down to the values similar to those of the 80’s. Naturally this does not apply to all of the products, since this is only an average indicative figure, thus the price of one product may increase while others will decrease. Price level of aquaculture product Polinom. regression 3,00 y = -0,018x2 + 0,3347x + 1,0699 R 2 = 0,9558 2,50 2,00 1,50 Price (US$/kg) 1,00 0,50 0,00 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Figure 6 Average price level of aquaculture products in Europe Reference: FAO, FishStat Plus 1999 9 In summary the volume of aquaculture production will increase, but its average value may decrease in the years to come. Individual countries contribute to the total aquaculture production to a different extent. At present the most significant producers are: Norway, France, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. The former European socialist countries (Albania, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Croatia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia Fed. Rep.) represent 5% of the total European production. The share of individual countries from the total European production is shown in Figure 7-10. Spain Greece Former European United Kingdom 14 % 3 % Socialist Country 8 % 5 % Other European Country 2 % Denmark 2 % Norway Finland 23 % 1 % France 17 % The Netherlands Germany 6 % 4 % Italy Ireland Total volume: 13 % 2 % 1 655 262 metric tons Figure 7 Distribution of aquaculture production by countries in Europe (1997)3 Reference: FAO, FishStat Plus 1999 3 Former European socialist countries: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Croatia, Yugoslavia Fed.
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