Experimental Study on Infiltration Pattern: Opportunities For
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Uncorrected Proof 1 © 2021 The Authors Water Science & Technology | in press | 2021 Experimental study on infiltration pattern: opportunities for sustainable management in the Northern region of India Vikram Kumar, Barkha Chaplot, Padam Jee Omar, Shaktibala S. and H. Md. Azamathulla ABSTRACT The infiltration process plays a key role in designing groundwater recharge, irrigation, and drainage Vikram Kumar Gaya College of Engineering, systems, and contamination evaluation is controlled by numerous factors, among which soil physical Gaya, Bihar 823003, India properties and land use & land cover (LULC) are the prime factors. A comprehensive understanding of the spatial water infiltration characteristics over the soil which is site-specific and more complex Barkha Chaplot (corresponding author) M J K College, BRA Bihar University, due to non-uniformity could enhance the agriculture water use efficiency and mitigate water-related Bettiah, Bihar 845438, India issues. The present study deals with the measurement of field infiltration characteristics using a mini E-mail: [email protected] fi disc in ltrometer in all 24 blocks of Gaya districts, Bihar, which covers a wide spectrum of soil types. Padam Jee Omar Results showed that the average cumulative infiltration rate (IR) for the study area varies between Motihari College of Engineering, Motihari, Bihar 845401, 0.38 and 2.20 cm/min with an average rate of 1.16 cm/min. The initial IR among all blocks was found India to be high but decreased gradually with each successive reading. Moreover, the land use under Shaktibala S. Independent Researcher and Ex-Faculty, forest cumulative IR was more than the cumulative IR for urban and grassland. Eight blocks (33.3%) Poornima Group of Institutions, have an IR more than the average infiltration of the area which is good for storing the water in the Jaipur 302022, India aquifer and suggested constructing a recharge structure. Further investigation revealed a small IR in H. Md. Azamathulla the inundated area, because of the maximum soil water table. The ready-to-use map showing the IR Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the West Indies, for the district is prepared which could be used by any decision-taking during the high or low rainfall, St Augustine, understanding the hydrological process, development of any reference guide for farmers for Trinidad increasing the agriculture productivity and soil-water management. Key words | agriculture, hydrological process, infiltration characteristics, soil-water HIGHLIGHTS • Detailed understanding of soil infiltration rate could help to increase the irrigation water use efficiency and decrease water losses in the agricultural system. • Study is carried out to have an idea about varying infiltration rates with varying soil types in Gaya district covering all 24 blocks. • Results showed that the average cumulative infiltration rate for the study area varies between 0.38-2.20 cm/min with an average rate of 1.16 cm/min. • An infiltration map produced in the study will be very useful for decision makers while dealing with flood management; also very handy in agricultural field regarding the judicious and timely irrigation. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits copying and redistribution for non-commercial purposes with no derivatives, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) doi: 10.2166/wst.2021.171 Downloaded from http://iwaponline.com/wst/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wst.2021.171/881874/wst2021171.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 Uncorrected Proof 2 V. Kumar et al. | Study on infiltration pattern for sustainable management Water Science & Technology | in press | 2021 INTRODUCTION The most recent modification of the UN World Urbaniz- being converted to runoff and a little scope of soil infiltra- ation Prospects envisages the world’s urban population to tion are indirectly reflected in the effects on mitigating rise by 1.4 billion somewhere by the year 2030, and high runoff and other hydrology components (Jury et al. around 60% of the population will be concentrated in ). Furthermore, urbanization (increased roads, paved urban parts (Handayan ). The increase in urbanization buildings, concrete parking lots, and armored rivers) could affect the soil properties, turbulence impact on the increases human influence on the soil characteristics and dynamics of the flow pattern and recharge of the ground- leads to alteration in the soil properties with an increase water (Ellis ; Omar et al. ; Pu et al. ). in contaminating the water in the watershed. Furthermore, in order to fulfill the existing and forthcoming Effect of urbanization on recharge of groundwater and population agriculture demand, pressure is built up to esca- surface direct runoff is being examined by Eshtawi et al. late the agriculture productivity in the limited land and () in an experimental watershed of Gaza Strip and recog- water resources with the present soil condition (Su et al. nized a 1% expansion in the urban territory would bring ; Kumar & Sen ). It has been assessed that agricul- about a 41% decrease of IR and 100% expansion in overland ture production records for 40% for the whole world while it flow as direct runoff. Also, Olivera & Defee () found that represents over 70% of the production in India (WWAP when the impenetrable zone of the White Osk Bayou water- ). Bell et al. () have carried out a study on enhancing shed arrived at 10%, the yearly runoff depth of the watershed the productivity per unit of water use and suggested that a increased by 146%, of which the urbanization commitment significant quantity of water can be preserved by minute rate was 77%. It should be noted that compaction of the growth in water-use efficiency. In order to effectively and soil is one of the fundamental explanations behind the expan- scientifically use water, understanding the flow of water in sion in urban impenetrability (Yang & Zhang ). Salahou the soil pores could play an important role (Omar et al. et al. () suggested a method that can diminish the necess- ; Pu et al. ). The infiltration of water into an aquifer ary estimations during the irrigation in the field which leads provides the volume of water that can be stored to sup- to less error in the infiltration measurement and particularly plement the agriculture production in Gaya where most of when the observed recession times were not accurate the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The (common situation under field conditions in large-scale role of infiltration in the agriculture process has been projects). studied by researchers of different domains of life (Milla & Various strategies have been generated for estimation of Kish ; Hsieh et al. ; Li et al. ; Ali & Islam ). soil infiltration, for example, the double-ring infiltrometer During rainfall, a portion of the rainfall becomes the technique, the adjusted double ring or Mariotte-double-ring direct runoff while another portion reaches the soil, one of strategy, artificial precipitation simulator, altered precipi- the major components of the hydrological cycle (Asdak tation simulator, the run off-on ponding technique, and the ; Yuan et al. ; Essig et al. ; Feki et al. ). straight source method (Singer & Blackard ; Peterson The vertical movement of water into the soil is firmly ident- & Bubenzer ; Wang & Zhang ; Viessman & ified with the soil structure or physical and organic Lewis ; Ogden et al. ; Bobe ; Mao et al. ). components of the soil (Radke & Berry ; Loáiciga & In the soil vadose zone, tension-disc infiltrometer and Johnson ). Besides the soil structure, the infiltration double-ring infiltrometer were commonly used (Youngs rate (IR) is also affected by the slope of the location, land ). Some studies have been focused to find out the use, and land cover (LULC), and soil management practices. values of different factors associated with the infiltration USDA () adds soil compaction, frozen surface, and models which could be used for validation on the different pores characteristics as other components that affect the soil types (Igbadun & Idris ; Pu et al. ; Adindu infiltration amount. The impact of LULC in the infiltration et al. ;Hernandezet al. 2017; Pu ). To resolve the process to assess the storage capacity is being studied by issue of presentation of the variability of soil infiltration prop- (Desoky ). The rapid increase in urbanization causes erties (Mubarak et al. ) developed the Geostatistical future challenges where the maximum portion of rainfall techniques which required a big data set of such infiltration Downloaded from http://iwaponline.com/wst/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wst.2021.171/881874/wst2021171.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 Uncorrected Proof 3 V. Kumar et al. | Study on infiltration pattern for sustainable management Water Science & Technology | in press | 2021 measurement (Machiwal et al. ). The spatial and tem- Table 1 | Summary of demographic details poral IR variations and rainfall effect on the subsurface Parameters Gaya Bihar India (Raine et al. ; Kumar & Sen ) also advance anxieties 2 regarding the capability of generalized prediction based on Area (Km ) 49.76 94163 3287240 the management guidelines for irrigating to enhance pro- Population 4379383 103804637 1210193422 ductivity. While knowledge of correct implications of the IR Male 2266865 54185347 623724248 in agriculture practice is common, procedures to control the Female 2112518 49619290 586469174 surface water system consistency and expanded irrigation effi- Rural 3803888 92075028 833087662 ciency arenot (Walker et al. ; Hsieh et al. ; Pu ). Urban 575495 11729609 377105760 Much investigation on IR of the soil in different slope, Population Density 880 1102 382 climate, land use-land cover had been carried out through- Decadal growth 26.08 25.1 17.6 out the different parts of the world (Ahmed & Michael Cropped area (lakh ha) 2.04 76.71 1951.04 ; Dunne et al. ; Haws et al. ; Hiraoka et al. ) but is still limited in India, (Joshi & Tambe ; *Source: Govt. of Bihar Report.