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SpeSpecialeciale CiclidiCiclidi PPLAYLAYFFISHISH Collaborano alla diffusione di Playfi sh: AFAE - AIAM - AIG Copadichromis AIK - AIPC - AT - AVS borley “mdoka” CICHLIDPOWER CIR - DCI - GAB GAEM - GAF GAP - GARB GAS - OC Copadichromis sp. Yellow Jumbo Copadichromis trevavasae Nyassachromis prostoma Copadichromis ilesi nkanda irregolari irregolari sce ad intervalli ad sce Foto di Vlado Arnautovic Vlado di Foto Anno 2006 Anno Diffusione libera e gratuita e libera Diffusione proprio in Stampato E Playfi sh Speciale Ciclidi Cari amici di Playfi sh, ringraziarli a nome di tutti gli ac- Questo è il secondo numero spe- quariofi li che seguono l’iniziativa Speciale ciale per quest’anno, dedicato inte- (che sono davvero tanti). ramente alla revisione del genere Vi sorprenderebbe sapere il nu- Copadichromis. Il tutto è frutto del mero di copie scaricate media- lavoro di una squadra affi atata, mente per ogni numero. Il numero alla quale per l’occasione si sono speciale AIPC, poi, è fi nito dritto aggiunti Gianmarco e Ivan, pro- dritto su un forum tedesco, mentre venienti dal forum “Cichlidpower” alcuni forum centroamericani mi La redazione di Playfi sh (www.cichlidpower.it), che da oggi chiedono se è possibile la traduzio- impaginazione entra di diritto a far parte dei so- ne in lingua spagnola. Graziano Fiocca stenitori di Playfi sh. Tutto ciò fa enorme piacere, ma correzione bozze e grafi ca Ivan Salvatori è l’autore di que- preferisco, e con me lo Staff, “vo- Chiara di Biase sto corposo lavoro di traduzione lare basso”, perchè Playfi sh è nato copertina e ricerca, mentre Gianmarco si è come un gioco e tale deve restare; Carlo Carraro Graziano Fiocca “sbattuto” come pochi per riuscire certo, mira sempre a raggiungere ad ottenere tutti i permessi per l’uso il massimo della qualità possibile, revisione Graziella Antonello e la pubblicazione delle foto e delle ma senza dimenticare che siamo Enrico Carraro immagini. Gianmarco ed Ivan, pur semplici appassionati e non pro- Stefano Della Puppa Paolo Casagrande disponendo di un forum molto se- fessionisti della carta stampata, guito e di un sito ben avviato, han- che siamo pur sempre acquariofi li Gli indirizzi e-mail per inviare articoli no scelto Playfi sh per questa loro e piantofi li, non scienziati o bota- redazione@playfi sh.it importante fatica, per dare modo a nici. La serie dei “numeri specia- per segnalazioni graziano@playfi sh.it tutti i gruppi di condividere il loro li” ha anche altre uscite in vista, per la grafi ca sforzo, e con l’obiettivo di renderlo ormai per il prossimo anno, dopo chiaradibi@playfi sh.it disponibile ad un maggior numero il calendario 2007, ma se qualche possibile di appassionati. gruppo o singolo avesse voglia di Da parte mia e dello Staff di lavorare su un numero speciale... Il sommario del numero: La revisione del genere Playfi sh non posso fare altro che Graziano Copadichromis pag. 3 Per inviare articoli sarebbe op- bile; l’invio dell’articolo e delle foto portuno entrare in contatto con a PF autorizza automaticamente una Associazione tra quelle che la loro pubblicazione attraverso il promuovono l’iniziativa, selezio- bollettino da parte delle altre as- nandone una dalla relativa pa- sociazioni. L’uso delle foto è con- gina sul sito www.playfi sh.it o in cesso dagli autori per il solo scopo ultima pagina di questo bolletti- della pubblicazione sul bollettino. no. In Italia queste Associazioni Qualsiasi altro uso deve essere au- sono numerose ed equamente di- torizzato. La pubblicità non trova stribuite lungo tutta la penisola spazio nelle pagine di PlayFish, e le isole maggiori. Potete anche perché le Associazioni che sosten- inviare uno scritto all’indirizzo gono il bollettino hanno ritenuto redazione@playfi sh.it di lasciare la massima libertà di Lo scritto deve essere corredato espressione possibile a chi scrive, da almeno un paio di foto di buona senza condizionamenti di sorta. qualità e non dovrebbe eccedere di La diffusione è libera e gratuita: 2 molto le 6000 battute. chiunque può stamparlo e diffon- Esso rimarrà di proprietà del suo derlo nei luoghi dove si “fa attivi- autore, il quale ne può disporre li- tà”: mostre, manifestazioni, nego- Come collaborare a Playfi sh Come collaborare a Playfi beramente, restandone responsa- zi, serre. Anno 2006 In uno studio pubblicato recen- Nello stesso studio, sono state di Ivan Salvatori Basato sul lavoro: temente (2006), compiuto da Jay descritte sei nuove specie, tutte “Review of Copadichromis, R.Stauffer e Adrianus F. Konings, del gruppo C. mbenjii: C. melas Jay R. Stauffer, Jr. and Adrianus F.Konings viene rivisto, fi nalmente, il genere (ex Copadichromis sp. “midni- Ichthjol.Explor.Freshwater” Copadichromis. Questo viene fat- ght mloto”), C. chizumuluensis e sul lavoro: “The cichlid diversity of Lake to attraverso la descrizione di un (ex Copadichromis sp.”chizumulu Malawi/Nyasa/Niassa: nuovo genere, il genere Mchenga, blu”), C. diplostigma (ex Copadi- identifi cation, distribution and taxonomy nel quale vengono inserite le spe- chrmis sp.”likoma blu”), C. insu- Jos Snoeks – Cichlidpress” cie: C. cyclicos, C. conophoros, C. laris (una parte di C. azureus), C. fl avimanus, C. inornatus e C. euci- cyanocephalus (ex Copadichromis nostomus, prima ascritte al genere sp.”verdujni bluface”) e C. parvus Copadichromis. (ex Copadichromis sp.”verdujni Inoltre, C. prostoma e C. boa- dwarf”). dzulu, vengono inseriti nel genere Prima però di entrare nel meri- Nyassachromis. to del discorso, bisogna aver suf- Le specie che rimangono nel ge- fi cientemente chiaro il signifi cato nere Copadichromis sono identifi - di alcune parole e misurazioni che cate come appartenenti a tre grup- sono alla base di uno studio del ge- pi. Il gruppo C. quadrimaculatus, nere. Cercherò di rendere questo il gruppo C. virginalis ed il gruppo discorso il meno tecnico possibile, C. mbenjii. ma ci sono comunque certi vocabo- Fig.1 1 - Lunghezza standard 2 - Altezza del corpo 3 - Lunghezza della testa 16 - Lunghezza della base della pinna dorsale 17 - Lunghezza della base della pinna anale 18 - Distanza pre-dorsale 19 - Distanza pre-anale 20 - Distanza pre-pettorale 21 - Distanza pre-pelvica 22 - Lunghezza del pedunco- lo caudale 23 - Altezza del peduncolo caudale 3 Playfi sh Speciale Ciclidi I dati meristici sono inve- Fig.2 ce quei dati presi in base 4 - Altezza della testa ai conteggi fatti su vari 5 - Larghezza interorbitale 6 - Lunghezza del muso elementi. Ad esempio sono 7 - Lunghezza della ma- dati meristici il numero di scella inferiore 8 - Lunghezza del pedicello raggi duri sulla pinna dor- premascellare sale od il numero di bran- 9 - Altezza della guancia 10 - Diametro dell’occhio chiospine. Nella fi gura 4, 11 - Larghezza lacrimale vengono spiegati certi vo- caboli che utilizzeremo in riferimento a dati meristi- ci. Altra cosa importante è capire cosa sono e dove si trovano certi organi del pe- Fig.2 sce, soprattutto quelli che si riferiscono all’apparato li che dovremmo utilizzare e quin- “masticatorio” che è preso di conoscere. Bisogna innanzi tutto avere pre- Fig.4 sente il signifi cato degli aggettivi “morfologico” e “meristico”. Fig.4 Le misurazioni, o i dati morfo- Ossa ed elementi dell’arco logici, sono appunto le misure o i branchiale rapporti tre esse, presi sul pesce. 1 - Osso feringobranchiale 2 - Osso epibranchiale Un esempio di dato morfologico è 3 - Osso ceratobranchiale la lunghezza standard o l’altezza 4 - Osso ipobranchiale 5 - Osso basibranchiale della testa o ancora il diametro 6 - Branchiospine dell’occhio. Per conoscere il signifi - 7 - Filamenti branchiali cato di alcuni dati morfologici dob- biamo far riferimento alle fi gure 1, 2 e 3 in grande considerazione per cata- Fig.3 logare le varie specie. In fi gura 5 vengono indicate le 12 - Lunghezza della mascel- posizioni degli elementi più impor- la fareingeale inferiore 13 - Larghezza della mascel- tanti che lo compongono. la fareingeale inferiore La fi gura 6 invece è importante 14 - Lunghezza dell’area dentigera (dei denti) per capire in modo particolare il 15 - Lunghezza dell’area signifi cato di alcuni vocaboli che dentigera useremo e che riguardano parti- colari ossa molto importanti nella 4 classifi cazione delle specie. Trewavasae ed Eccles nel 1989 Fig.3 hanno posto le basi dell’attuale classifi cazione dei ciclidi del Ma- Anno 2006 Fig.5 Schema dell’apparato ma- sticatorio di un ciclide 1 - Neurocranio 2 - Cavità oculare 3 - Mascella faringeale superiore 4 - Mascella faringeale inferiore 5 - Premascella 6 - Mascella inferiore 7 - Denti esterni Le aree in rosso indicano le fasce muscolari che fanno da supporto alle mascelle faringeali. Fig.5 lawi che è largamente basata sui le femmine e nei piccoli, un pedi- vari tipi di pigmentazione di base. cello premascellare allungato, che Questi sono senz’altro tra i carat- può essere esterofl esso in avanti teri più importanti per indicare i formando una bocca protrattile. rapporti di parentela tra i vari ge- Piccoli e fi tti denti sulla mascella neri. faringeale inferiore, ed un elevato Proprio nel 1989, Eccles e Trewa- numero (12-28) di branchiospine vas descrivevano il nuovo gene- sul primo ceratobranchiale. re Copadichromis (specie tipo Il genere inizialmente conteneva Fig.6 Haplochromis quadrimaculatus) 17 specie comprese le sette spe- Ossa della mascella e del Lago Malawi. Sono ciclidi, che cie originariamente descritte da del sospensorio di un si nutrono di plancton, di piccola Trewavas nel 1935: Haplochromis ciclidide. e media taglia. Gli ambienti che pleurostigma, H. eucinostomus, H. Abbreviazioni: frequentano sono sia quelli roccio- inornatus, H. cyaneus, H. prosto- AA, osso angoloarticolare; DN, osso dentale; si, sia la zona di transizione, sia ma, H. chrysonotus, H. quadrima- ECT, octoperigoide; l’acqua aperta. Sono caratterizzati culatus. END, endopterigoide; HM, iomomandibolare; dall’avere una bocca piccola, con Altre 10 specie, H. fl avimanus, MPT, metapterigoide; deboli mandibole, piccoli denti ri- H. mloto, H.
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  • Body Depth and Pectoral Fin Ecomorphology Coevolve in Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes

    Body Depth and Pectoral Fin Ecomorphology Coevolve in Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes

    Erschienen in: Ecology and Evolution ; 8 (2018), 23. - S. 11945-11953 Received: 1 July 2018 | Revised: 22 September 2018 | Accepted: 1 October 2018 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4651 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4651 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Dissecting a potential spandrel of adaptive radiation: Body depth and pectoral fin ecomorphology coevolve in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes Christopher D. Hulsey1 | Roi Holzman2 | Axel Meyer1 1Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Abstract 2School of Zoology, Faculty of Life The evolution of body shape reflects both the ecological factors structuring organis‐ science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel mal diversity as well as an organism’s underlying anatomy. For instance, body depth and The Inter‐University Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, Israel in fishes is thought to determine their susceptibility to predators, attractiveness to mates, as well as swimming performance. However, the internal anatomy influencing Correspondence Christopher D. Hulsey, Department of diversification of body depth has not been extensively examined, and changes in Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, body depth could arise as a by‐product of functional changes in other anatomical Germany. Email: darrin.hulsey@uni‐konstanz.de structures. Using an improved phylogenetic hypothesis for a diverse set of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes, we tested the evolutionary association between body depth Funding information National Science Foundation, Grant/Award and the height of the pectoral girdle. To refine the functional importance of the ob‐ Number: IOS‐0919459; United States–Israel served substantial correlation, we also tested the coevolution of pectoral girdle Bi‐National Science Foundation, Grant/ Award Number: 2011067 height and pectoral fin area.
  • Automated Measurement of Long-Term Bower Behaviors in Lake Malawi

    Automated Measurement of Long-Term Bower Behaviors in Lake Malawi

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Automated measurement of long‑term bower behaviors in Lake Malawi cichlids using depth sensing and action recognition Zachary V. Johnson1, Manu Tej Sharma Arrojwala1, Vineeth Aljapur1, Tyrone Lee1, Tucker J. Lancaster1,2, Mark C. Lowder1, Karen Gu1, Joseph I. Stockert1, Rachel L. Lecesne3, Jean M. Moorman3, Jefrey T. Streelman1,2* & Patrick T. McGrath1,2,4,5* In the wild, behaviors are often expressed over long time periods in complex and dynamic environments, and many behaviors include direct interaction with the environment itself. However, measuring behavior in naturalistic settings is difcult, and this has limited progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying many naturally evolved behaviors that are critical for survival and reproduction. Here we describe an automated system for measuring long‑term bower construction behaviors in Lake Malawi cichlid fshes, in which males use their mouths to sculpt sand into large species‑specifc structures for courtship and mating. We integrate two orthogonal methods, depth sensing and action recognition, to simultaneously track the developing bower structure and the thousands of individual sand manipulation behaviors performed throughout construction. By registering these two data streams, we show that behaviors can be topographically mapped onto a dynamic 3D sand surface through time. The system runs reliably in multiple species, across many aquariums simultaneously, and for up to weeks at a time. Using this system, we show strong diferences in construction behavior and bower form that refect species diferences in nature, and we gain new insights into spatial, temporal, social dimensions of bower construction, feeding, and quivering behaviors. Taken together, our work highlights how low‑cost tools can automatically quantify behavior in naturalistic and social environments over long timescales in the lab.