Resource Management for Multimedia Services in High Data Rate Wireless Networks
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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING Ruonan Zhang Lin Cai Jianping Pan Resource Management for Multimedia Services in High Data Rate Wireless Networks 123 SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10059 Ruonan Zhang • Lin Cai • Jianping Pan Resource Management for Multimedia Services in High Data Rate Wireless Networks 123 Ruonan Zhang Lin Cai School of Electronics and Information Department of Electrical and Computer Northwestern Polytechnical University Engineering Xi’an, Shaanxi, China University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Jianping Pan Department of Computer Science University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia, Canada ISSN 2191-8112 ISSN 2191-8120 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering ISBN 978-1-4939-6717-9 ISBN 978-1-4939-6719-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-6719-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016953468 © The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 Overview ...................................................................... 1 1.1 Background.............................................................. 1 1.2 Wireless Resource Management Basics ............................... 3 1.3 Multimedia Traffic Characteristics and Performance Metrics ........ 4 1.4 Challenges and Issues................................................... 6 1.5 Monograph Outline ..................................................... 7 2 MAC Protocols for High Data-Rate Wireless Networks ................. 9 2.1 Wireless Local Area Networks ......................................... 9 2.2 Wireless Personal Area Networks ...................................... 23 2.3 Wireless Body Area Networks ......................................... 35 2.4 Summary ................................................................ 41 3 Contention-Based Medium Access Control ............................... 43 3.1 Channel Access Mechanism ............................................ 44 3.1.1 Traditional Contention-Based Medium Access Control ...... 44 3.1.2 Prioritized Contention-Based Medium Access Control....... 50 3.2 Performance Evaluation ................................................ 54 3.2.1 Simulation Settings ............................................. 54 3.2.2 Prioritized Access by Differentiated AIFS .................... 56 3.2.3 Prioritized Access by Differentiated CW Size ................ 59 3.3 Analytical Modeling for Contention-Based MAC..................... 62 3.3.1 Analytical Modeling Principles ................................ 62 3.3.2 Classic Analytical Frameworks and Models .................. 72 3.4 Summary ................................................................ 75 4 Resource Reservation........................................................ 77 4.1 Introduction ............................................................. 77 4.1.1 Channel Reservation Principles ................................ 77 4.1.2 Challenges and Issues .......................................... 82 4.2 Distributed Channel Reservation Mechanisms ........................ 83 4.3 Modeling and Analysis ................................................. 87 v vi Contents 4.4 Performance Evaluation ................................................ 92 4.5 Reservation Performance Improvement................................ 96 4.5.1 New Reservation Mechanisms ................................. 97 4.5.2 Performance Evaluation ........................................ 98 4.6 Summary ................................................................ 100 5 Hybrid Medium Access for Multimedia Services ........................ 103 5.1 Hybrid Approach........................................................ 104 5.1.1 Hard-Reservation Dual-Buffer Hybrid Medium Access ...... 104 5.1.2 Soft-Reservation Hybrid Medium Access ..................... 108 5.2 Mean Value Analysis ................................................... 109 5.2.1 Hard-Reservation Hybrid MAC with Saturated Stations ..... 109 5.2.2 Hard-Reservation Hybrid MAC with Unsaturated Stations .. 113 5.2.3 Soft-Reservation Hybrid MAC with Unsaturated Stations ... 115 5.3 Performance Evaluation ................................................ 120 5.4 Case Study: Supporting HDTV ........................................ 126 5.5 Summary ................................................................ 130 References......................................................................... 133 Chapter 1 Overview Wireless local area networks (WLANs) have swept across the globe in recent years as an inexpensive and convenient means for ubiquitous Internet access, thanks to the popularity of devices such as smart phones and tablet computers. By wireless communications and the Internet backbone technologies, WLANs provide services to both mobile and fixed users and have enabled a variety of applications. Given the lower cost and relatively higher throughput compared to cellular networks, WLANs are increasingly used to provide multimedia services such as video streaming. How- ever, multimedia services have posed new requirements and significant technical challenges on the treatment of traffic within WLANs, to provide users seamless coverage and quality-of-service (QoS). The resource management of WLAN has become a very crucial part for future generation of wireless and mobile networks. Nevertheless, QoS is only partially supported in current WLANs, which has become an obstacle to supporting multimedia applications nowadays. In this chapter, we present an overview of the essential concepts of QoS, fundamental principles and challenges of QoS provisioning, and the resource management mechanisms for WLANs. 1.1 Background The wireless and mobile Internet is quickly emerging as a reality, thanks to the exponential rise in the usage of mobile devices and the fast evolution of the wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies. WLANs provide the same functionality as wired LANs, but with much better flexibility and mobility without physical location constraints and the costs of installing wires. WLANs have been not only widely installed in hot-spot locations, from markets, airports, and campus to retail, hospital, and corporate buildings, but also in residential buildings to support © The Author(s) 2017 1 R. Zhang et al., Resource Management for Multimedia Services in High Data Rate Wireless Networks, SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-6719-3_1 2 1Overview Internet access. WLANs can also be utilized in places that are difficult to wire, for example, trading floors, manufacturing facilities, and warehouses. Hence, WLANs have become ubiquitous and an integral part of the Internet. Given the license-free usage of spectrum and high data rates, the main usage of WLANs is no longer limited to data services such as Web browsing, file transfer, and Emails. Convergence of WLANs and the Internet has promoted a variety of applications for mobile users including real-time multimedia services such as the delivery of video streaming or video on demand (VoD), voice telephony or voice over IP (VoIP), teleconferencing, and instantaneous monitoring. There are mainly two driving forces. First, network service providers are racing to roll out new value-added services over the Internet, such as Internet protocol television (IPTV). Second, consumers demand for multimedia streaming to their handheld devices. For example, when using WiFi and cellular-enabled dual-mode phones, people more likely switch to WiFi connectivity in the range of an access point (AP) for much lower costs and higher data rates. As a result, recent years have seen explosive growth of VoIP over WLAN, where compressed voice data are encapsulated into IP packets and transferred to the subscribers through the Internet instead of the traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN). Multimedia applications often have stringent quality-of-service (QoS) require- ments on throughput, delay, delay jitter, and delivery ratio. For example, with the state-of-the-art video coding technologies, the average data rates of high- quality, high-definition (HD) video streams are reduced significantly, but the more aggressive source coding