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Technological and Educational Institute of Central Macedonia School of Technological Applications Department of Engineering Informatics Technological and Educational Institute of Central Macedonia School of Technological Applications Department of Engineering Informatics Master’s thesis on Medium Access Control (MAC) Standards for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) and Security Considerations Kiriakos Gavouchidis In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Communication and Information Systems Supervisor: Dr. Dimitrios Efstathiou March, 2016 Copyright © 2016 Kiriakos Gavouchidis 2 Acknowledgment A big Efxaristo (Thank you) to my supervisor, Assistant Prof. Efstathiou for the chance he gave me to write this Master Thesis in this very interesting and exciting area. He is always there, for help, for advice, for criticism, and feedback. With patience, and insightful. With encouragement, enthusiasm and many ideas. Thank you. 3 Abstract WBANs are a key element to the ubiquitous healthcare revolution. From the communication point of view, they are one of the most challenging elements for this application and also other application areas such as military, sport, or entertainment. New applications and requirements force the development of the WBAN technology, e.g. the MAC sublayer protocol and its existing and future standards. Every standard described in this Master Thesis represents an evolution of the previous standard according to the application needs with the goal to find solutions for the existing challenges in WBANs. One main issue in WBANs is to minimize energy consumption due to the fact that the nodes may be implanted in the human body, so batteries can not be replaced after a small time period. Minimal energy consumption is a critical factor for the survive of WBAN technology. This work consists of two parts. The first part describes the MAC sublayer standards for WBANs. The second part of the work analyzes the security of WBANs. The first part starts with the description of the different types of existing WBANs, we present the main application areas of WBANs and analyze their manifold requirements. Some of these requirements, mentioned here as an example, are: Long battery life, power consumption, scalability, network topology to be implemented, and WBAN co-existence. Then we refer to the services and the functionality of the MAC sublayer protocol for WBANs and to the different channel access methods such as TDMA and CSMA/CA. The analysis and description of the existing MAC sublayer protocol standards follows. The MAC sublayer is part of the Data Link Layer of the ISO-OSI standard. The MAC protocol is mainly responsible and regulates the WBAN access to the channel. We study the ΙΕΕΕ 802.15.1, the Bluetooth LE, the ΙΕΕΕ 802.15.4, the IEEE 802.15.4a, the IEEE 802.14.4j, the IEEE 802.15.6, and the SmartBAN standard. After their detailed description, especially of the IEEE 802.15.6 standard, we compare them with each other, and emphasize their advantages and disadvantages. The explanation of more than thirty MAC sublayer protocol implementations for WBANs are the next part of the work. Implementations like H-MAC, BodyMAC, TRAMA, LEACH, STEM, P-MAC, and also RuBee, and ANT+, complete the picture. The last section of the first part is dedicated to the challenges of this exciting technology. Security and privacy for WBANs are defined at the second part of this Master Thesis. We analyze three different types of WBAN attacks, the DoS attack type, attacks on secrecy and authentication, and attacks on service integrity. For the first and second type of attacks we describe concrete attacks from the WBAN praxis. Some of the presented attacks are the Flooding attack, the De-synchronization attack, the Sinkhole attack, the Misdirection attack, the Homing attack, the Collision attack, and the Unfairness attack. After every attack description we discuss the countermeasures against them and the weakness if any, to act against them successful. We analyze the differences between Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and WBANs having security in focus. At the end of part two we present the security characteristics of the MAC sublayer standards, with reference to their advantages, their disadvantages, and the challenges. A summary of the MAC sublayer protocol standards and the WBAN security concludes the Master Thesis. 4 Περίληψη Η τεχνολογία των WBANs είναι μία τεχνολογία που εξελίσσεται με γοργούς ρυθμούς. Οι εφαρμογές της σε τομείς όπως η υγεία, τα σπορ, ή οι ένοπλες δυνάμεις, δίνουν ώθηση στην ανάπτυξή τους. Η εξέλιξη της τεχνολογίας WBAN είναι αλληλένδετη με τα standards που υπάρχουν. Το κάθε standard που ορίζεται σε αυτή την εργασία αποτελεί εξέλιξη του προηγούμενου standard με στόχο την καλύτερη κάλυψη των αναγκών στα WBANs. Μια βασική ανάγκη των WBANs είναι η εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας της μπαταρίας των αισθητήρων (nodes) λόγω της χρήσης τους εκτός των άλλων και μέσα στο ανθρώπινο σώμα, κάτι που σημαίνει ότι η εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας είναι καθοριστική για την επιβίωση και ανάπτυξη αυτής της τεχνολογίας. Η εργασία αυτή αποτελείται από δύο μέρη. Το πρώτο μέρος περιγράφει τα MAC sublayer standards για WBANs. Το δεύτερο μέρος της αναλύει την ασφάλεια των WBANs. Στην αρχή του πρώτου μέρους αναλύουμε τα διάφορα είδη WBANs που υπάρχουν, περιγράφουμε τις διάφορες εφαρμογές των WBANs και τις προϋποθέσεις που επιβάλλονται για την λειτουργία τους. Μερικές από αυτές τις προϋποθέσεις έχουν ως αντικείμενο το μέγεθος της ενέργειας που καταναλώνεται, την συνύπαρξη περισσοτέρων WBANs μεταξύ τους, η την τοπολογία δικτύου που πρέπει να χρησιμοποιηθεί. Μετά αναφέρουμε στις λειτουργίες και υπηρεσίες που προσφέρει το MAC πρωτόκολλο και στις διάφορες τεχνικές πρόσβασης στο κανάλι που μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε WBANs, όπως είναι η CSMA/CA και η TDMA. Κατόπιν αναλύουμε τα διάφορα standards τα οποία έχουν ως αντικείμενό τους το MAC sublayer πρωτόκολλο των WBANs. Αυτό βρίσκεται στο προτελευταίο layer του ISO-OSI πρωτοκόλλου, στο Data Link Layer. Το MAC πρωτόκολλο είναι κυρίως υπεύθυνο για την ρύθμιση της πρόσβασης στο μέσο διάδοσης. Αναλύουμε τα standards ΙΕΕΕ 802.15.1, Bluetooth LE, ΙΕΕΕ 802.15.4, IEEE 802.15.4a, IEEE 802.14.4j, IEEE 802.15.6, και το SmartBAN standard. Μετά την εκτενή περιγραφή τους συγκρίνουμε τα standards μεταξύ τους περιγράφοντας τα πλεονεκτήματα και τα μειονεκτήματά τους. Επίσης περιγράφουμε πάνω από τριάντα διαφορετικές εφαρμογές MAC sublayer πρωτόκολλα για WBANs, όπως το H-MAC, το BodyMAC, το TRAMA, το LEACH, το STEM, το P-MAC, καθώς επίσης το RuBee, το ANT+, και διάφορα άλλα. Στο τέλος του πρώτου μέρους κάνουμε αναφορά στις προκλήσεις που αντιμετωπίζει αυτή η συναρπαστική τεχνολογία. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της εργασίας περιγράφουμε τούς όρους της ασφάλειας (security) και της ιδιωτικότητας (privacy) στα WBANs. Αναλύουμε τα διάφορα είδη επιθέσεων κατά των WBANs όπως τις επιθέσεις κατά της διαθεσιμότητας του δικτύου (DoS), επιθέσεις κατά της μυστικότητας και της authentication καθώς και επιθέσεις κατά του service integrity. Για κάθε ένα από αυτά τα είδη επιθέσεων παρουσιάζουμε και περιγράφουμε συγκεκριμένες επιθέσεις, όπως την Flooding, την De- synchronization, την Sinkhole attack, την Misdirection, την Homing attack, την Collision attack, ή την Unfairness attack. Επίσης παρουσιάζουμε και τον τρόπο που αντιμετωπίζονται επιτυχώς αλλά και οι αδυναμίες αντιμετώπισης των επιθέσεων. Αναλύουμε τις διαφορές μεταξύ Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) και των WBANs από την οπτική γωνία της ασφάλειας. Στο τέλος της εργασίας αναλύουμε τα MAC sublayer standards εξετάζοντας τις λύσεις που δίνουν για το θέμα της ασφάλειας, αναφέρουμε τα πλεονεκτήματα τους, τα μειονεκτήματα τους και κάνουμε αναφορά στις προκλήσεις που πρέπει να αντιμετωπιστούν. Η εργασία τελειώνει με μία γενική επισκόπηση για τα MAC sublayer standards για τα WBANs και την ασφάλειά τους. 5 Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 21 1.1 Wireless Body Area Networks ................................................................................................ 21 1.1.1 Taxonomy of WBANs ..................................................................................................... 23 1.1.2 WBAN applications and Requirements ......................................................................... 25 1.1.2.1 WBAN applications .................................................................................................................. 25 1.1.2.1.1 Healthcare ......................................................................................................................... 26 1.1.2.1.1.1 Monitoring of parameters ......................................................................................... 26 1.1.2.1.1.2 Biofeedback ................................................................................................................ 27 1.1.2.1.2 Sport and Entertainment .................................................................................................. 27 1.1.2.1.3 Military and defense ......................................................................................................... 28 1.1.2.2 WBAN application requirements ............................................................................................. 28 1.1.2.2.1 Power Consumption .......................................................................................................... 28 1.1.2.2.2 Coexistence ........................................................................................................................ 28 1.1.2.2.3 Antenna and radio channel ..............................................................................................
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