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Prognostic Significance of Sarcopenia and Systemic Inflammatory Response in Patients with Esophageal Cancer

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Prognostic Significance of Sarcopenia and Systemic Inflammatory Response in Patients with Esophageal Cancer ANTICANCER RESEARCH 39 : 449-458 (2019) doi:10.21873/anticanres.13133 Prognostic Significance of Sarcopenia and Systemic Inflammatory Response in Patients With Esophageal Cancer TOMOYUKI MATSUNAGA 1, HIROSHI MIYATA 1, KEIJIRO SUGIMURA 1, MASAAKI MOTOORI 2, KEI ASUKAI 1, YOSHITOMO YANAGIMOTO 1, YUSUKE TAKAHASHI 1, AKIRA TOMOKUNI 1, KAZUYOSHI YAMAMOTO 1, HIROFUMI AKITA 1, JUNICHI NISHIMURA 1, HIROSHI WADA 1, HIDENORI TAKAHASHI 1, MASAYOSHI YASUI 1, TAKESHI OMORI 1, MASAYUKI OUE 1 and MASAHIKO YANO 1 1Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; 2Department of Surgery, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan Abstract. Background/Aim: The association between the recurrence is observed in more than half of patients who have presence of sarcopenia and systemic inflammatory response is undergone transthoracic esophagectomy, and the prognosis of unclear in patients with esophageal cancer. This study was patients with esophageal cancer remains poor (2-4). In performed to investigate the relationship between sarcopenia addition to various clinicopathological factors and the tumor and systemic inflammatory response and clarify the effect of stage, some other prognostic indicators have been discovered these factors on the prognosis in patients with esophageal in previous studies of esophageal cancer because of the poor cancer. Patients and Methods: This study included 163 patients prognosis (5-7). Inflammatory factors are reportedly with esophageal cancer. The patients’ body composition was prognostic factors of cancer, and the close correlation between assessed before esophagectomy using multifrequency cancer and inflammation was first discovered by Virchow in bioelectrical impedance. The relationship between sarcopenia 1863 (8). Many inflammatory markers that can be used to and inflammatory factors were investigated before surgery. predict prognosis have been reported, such as the C-reactive Results: Sarcopenia was significantly associated with a high protein (CRP)-to-albumin ratio (CRP/Alb ratio), modified C-reactive protein-to-albumin (CRP/Alb) ratio (p=0.046). Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte Patients with sarcopenia significantly associated with worse ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). These overall survival (OS) (p=0.025) and tended to show a worse markers reportedly associated with the prognosis of various recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p=0.065). A high CRP/Alb types of cancer, including esophageal cancer (9-14). ratio was significantly associated with worse OS and RFS. Sa rcopenia, which is characterized by loss of skeletal muscle Multivariate analysis revealed that among all inflammatory mass (SMM), has been mainly studied in older people and is factors, only a high CRP/Alb ratio was an independent known to impair physical performance and survival in this prognostic factor for RFS (p=0.022). Conclusion: Sarcopenia population (15-17). Sarcopenia has recently received great is associated with systemic inflammatory response such as high attention in the oncology field and is recognized as an important CRP/Alb ratio, while the latter is an independent prognostic factor in predicting long-term prognosis in patients undergoing marker in patients with esophageal cancer. surgery for various types of cancer (18-21). The reason for the relationship between sarcopenia and poor cancer prognosis Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive malignant disease remains unclear, but inflammation may play a role (22). and has a high metastatic potential (1). Despite the Previous evidence has supported the association of the systemic development of multimodal therapies such as surgery, inflammatory response with sarcopenia. More specifically, chemotherapy, and chemoradiation therapy, postoperative proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor- α ( TNF- α), were found to be mediators of anorexia and skeletal muscle proteolysis, the key components of cancer cachexia (23, 24). Proinflammatory Correspondence to: Hiroshi Miyata, Department of Gastroenterological cytokines and growth factors are released as part of the Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuou- systemic inflammatory response to tumors and have profound ku, Osaka 541-8567, Japan. Tel: +81 669451181, Fax: +81 669451885, e-mail: [email protected] catabolic effects on host metabolism, leading to muscle breakdown (25). This inflammatory cycle can, in turn, Key Words: Esophageal cancer, sarcopenia, C-reactive protein-to- enhance tumor aggressiveness or reduce treatment response, albumin ratio. impairing the transition into survivorship (26, 27). 449 ANTICANCER RESEARCH 39 : 449-458 (2019) To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to Statistical analysis. Continuous variables are expressed as 2 investigate the association between sarcopenia and systemic mean±standard deviation. The χ test or Fisher’s exact test was used inflammatory markers and clarify the effect of these factors to compare categorical variables. Student’s t-test was used to compare continuous variables. The Mann–Whitney U- test was used on the prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer. to compare sequential variables. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare continuous variables. Survival curves were calculated Patients and Methods using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences between survival curves were examined with the log-rank test. Cox regression was Patients and perioperative treatment. From January 2013 to used for univariate and multivariate analyses. The hazard ratio (HR) December 2015, 191 consecutive patients with thoracic esophageal and 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed with the Cox cancer underwent esophagectomy with radical lymph node dissection proportional hazards model. We used univariate and multivariate at the Osaka International Cancer Institute in Japan. Among them, 21 analyses of factors considered prognostic for recurrence-free patients did not undergo a preoperative assessment of body survival (RFS). All calculations were performed using the JMP composition and 7 underwent noncurative esophagectomy. After v9.0.1 software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and p- values excluding these 28 patients, 163 patients were enrolled in this study. of <0.05 were considered significant. Ninety-five patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 11 were treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Results Our treatment strategy for esophageal cancer was as follows: patients with ≥T2, non-T4, or node-positive tumors (Stage ≥1B) Clinical features of patients. The clinicopathological received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy, characteristics of patients with and without sarcopenia are and patients with T4 tumors suspected to have invaded other organs (T4b) received neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Tumor staging shown in Table I. The sarcopenia group comprised 82 was based on the 7th edition of the Union for International Cancer patients (50.3%), and the non-sarcopenia group comprised Control TNM staging system (28). 81 patients (49.7%). The body mass index and SMM were Patients were carefully followed up from the initial treatment significantly lower in patients with sarcopenia than without until March 2018. Physical examinations and blood tests were (p< 0.001). However, no significant differences were performed every 3 months after discharge from the hospital. observed in age, sex, smoking, tumor location, neoadjuvant Abdominal ultrasonography and/or computed tomography were therapy, histology, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node performed at least every 6 months to check for recurrence. metastasis, pathological stage, or incidence of complication Definition of inflammation-based factors. The nutrition- and between the two groups. inflammation- based prognostic scores used in this study were: the CRP/Alb ratio (CRP measured in mg/l and albumin measured in g/l Inflammatory factors related to sarcopenia . The association (29)); the mGPS, which was a combination of CRP and albumin of sarcopenia with various measures of the systemic (patients with a normal albumin level (≥3.5 g/l) and normal CRP inflammatory response in patients with esophageal cancer is level (≤10 mg/l) were allocated a score of 0, patients with an shown in Table II. Receiver operating characteristic analysis elevated CRP level (>10 mg/l) were allocated a score of 1, and revealed the optimal cut-off value of each inflammatory patients with both a low albumin level (<3.5 g/l) and elevated CRP level (>10 mg/l) were allocated a score of 2 (30)); the NLR (13); factor (CRP/Alb ratio, NLR, PNI, and PLR) (Table III). A the PLR (31); and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI), which was high CRP/Alb ratio (≥0.00375) was significantly more calculated by the formula 10 × albumin (g/dl) + 0.005 × lymphocyte frequent in the sarcopenia than non-sarcopenia group count/ μl (32). All indicators involved in the calculation of the (p= 0.046). Furthermore, the mGPS was significantly higher nutrition- and inflammation-based prognostic scores were evaluated in the sarcopenia group ( p= 0.041). The platelet count was preoperatively. also significantly higher in the sarcopenia group ( p= 0.016). The Youden index was calculated using the receiver operating However, no significant differences were observed between characteristic (ROC) curve to determine an optimal cut-off value for the recurrent status of esophageal cancer in association with each
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