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Amish Women: Work and Change – an Investigation Into the Lives AMISH WOMEN: WORK AND CHANGE – AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE LIVES OF AMISH WOMEN IN PENNSYLVANIA AND OHIO By Frances M. Handrick A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Theology and Religion College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham December 2018 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis describes and analyses the changes in the lives of some Old and New Order Amish women in Ohio and Pennsylvania from about 1970 to the present day. To do this, I used an ethnographic method, living with Amish families in both states for each of my three fieldtrips between September 2012 and October 2014. My work identifies and describes changes that have taken place in the lives of Amish women since 1970’s. It identifies ways in which the well-documented move out of farming by the Amish in both states, occurring at the same time as the growth of the tourist industry in Lancaster and Holmes County settlements led to opportunities for Amish women to work outside the home, and may additionally, have created the need for them to do so. I show how these changes have been able to happen in a community that might initially appear to be unchanging. Using Bauman’s Liquid Modernity, I give examples of how the same pressures that are affecting mainstream life are impacting the Amish community. My thesis fills a gap in the literature in that it concentrates on the lives of women and what has changed for them. It is the first PhD thesis to cover this material. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I want to thank Ben Pink Dandelion, my supervisor. I could not have done this without you. You provided unfailing support to me, encouragement and incisive feedback each time we met, throughout the last 7 years. Thank you. Secondly, I’d like to thank all the staff at Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre for all the encouragement, help and friendship they have provided. As a non-Quaker, I felt completely welcome and accepted throughout. Support from the student group at the Centre for Research in Quaker Studies, has been particularly valued, especially Frederique, (the other half of the Amish Studies department), Penelope, and Marion. Former students who were particularly encouraging included Jo, Maria and Mark Having access to a group of similarly placed mature students was important, and access to research skills training, student days, conferences and summer schools made the experience of part-time research at a distance enriching and enjoyable. Thank you to Douglas McKinnie for being willing to give up your wife to me. Monica McKinnie played a special role as my driver on my initial fieldwork trips I have some fond memories from that time. Thank you also to Yasi, Anna and Nandita who were with me at the beginning and encouraged me to do this. Without Reuben Beachy this would never have even been a project, so thank you to Reuben or starting me off on this journey and introducing me to your sister, who became one of my gatekeepers. Without the cooperation of so many Amish women, I would have had nothing to write about, and although few are likely to see this, please know I deeply appreciate the time you gave me. A few have asked to see the finished work, and I hope that you will think it tells the story of how life has changed and represents your community well. Special thanks to Elmer and Anna, who were special friends to us before, and thankfully, continue to be, now that the project is completed. It was very helpful to receive financial support towards my fees, from the University of Birmingham Department of Theology and Religion as well as research support for fieldwork trips to Pennsylvania and Ohio. I received the Marsland Award in 2014. Then, initiated by my supervisor, the Andreas Karnagy Award in 2015, for overcoming adverse circumstances during my studies. Lastly, unlimited thanks to my husband, Paul Handrick for his constant love and support, who always believed that I could do this, giving up vacation time to visit the Amish so that I could complete my fieldwork and spending many hours alone whilst I worked. You have gone through a lot during this time and I don’t underestimate it. Contents 1. SETTING THE SCENE ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Personal interest in the Amish .................................................................................... 2 1.3. Who are the Amish? .................................................................................................... 3 1.4. The Ordnung, Gelassenheit and Uffgeva .................................................................... 6 1.5. Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 8 1.5.1. Amish Society ....................................................................................................... 8 1.5.2. Amish Women .................................................................................................... 19 1.5.3. Liquid Modernity ................................................................................................ 25 1.6. A High Context Society .............................................................................................. 25 1.7. The Position of Amish Women .................................................................................. 26 1.8. Amish and Work ........................................................................................................ 27 1.9. Change or Drift? ........................................................................................................ 28 1.10. Community Life ...................................................................................................... 31 1.11. The Impact of Tourism ........................................................................................... 32 1.12. Thesis outline ......................................................................................................... 36 1.13. Summary ................................................................................................................ 37 2. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 38 2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 38 2.2. Research Design ........................................................................................................ 38 2.2.1. Method .............................................................................................................. 38 2.2.2. Research Location .............................................................................................. 40 2.2.3. Population .......................................................................................................... 41 2.2.4. Access to & Curiosity of the Group about my Research .................................... 42 2.3. Ethnography and Participant Observation ................................................................ 45 2.3.1. The Nature of Ethnography and Participant Observation ................................. 46 2.3.2. What Participant Involvement was like ............................................................. 47 2.3.3. Ethnography and Sensory Ethnography ............................................................ 50 2.3.4. Making Field Notes ............................................................................................ 52 2.3.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Participant Observation .............................. 53 2.4. Interviewing............................................................................................................... 54 2.4.1. ‘Choosing’ a sample and Conducting Pilot Interviews ....................................... 55 2.4.2. Arranging interviews .......................................................................................... 56 2.4.3. The Nature of Interviews ................................................................................... 59 2.4.4. Managing Personal Disclosure ........................................................................... 61 2.5. Insider/Outsider or Besider Research ....................................................................... 61 2.6. Consent and Ethics .................................................................................................... 65 2.7. Data Management and Analysis ............................................................................... 69 2.8. Summary ................................................................................................................... 71 3. STABILITY, FLEXIBILITY AND LIQUIDITY WITHIN AMISH LIFE ..........................................
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