a million voices for nature

CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2011 –2012 IN THE RSPB A n d y

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Contents

Conservation science in the RSPB Introduction ...... 6 Funding ...... 9

The application of science Casework science – informing the RSPB’s response to development ...... 11

Monitoring and indicators A national survey of common scoters ...... 15 The population size and distribution of Scottish crossbills ...... 17 Using remote sensing to assess species conservation status ...... 19 Estimating long-term bird population trends in a region with limited early data ...... 21

The ecology of threatened species Food limitation of urban house sparrows ...... 23 Dynamics of the white-tailed eagle population in Scotland ...... 25 A brighter future for Gurney’s pittas ...... 27 Twite breeding ecology in crofting areas ...... 29

Ecological process and issues research Evaluating the benefits of Higher Level Environmental Stewardship for farmland birds ...... 32 Wholecrop silage – re-introducing cereals to modern livestock systems ...... 34 Do increases in agricultural yield spare land for nature? ...... 36 Does climate change explain declines in common sandpipers? ...... 38 Protected area networks in the face of climate change ...... 40 Can species conservation management be adapted to cope with climate change? ...... 42 Birds and wind farms – mapped and written guidance for England ...... 44 Oil palm – a threat to biodiversity and climate ...... 46 Preparations for the eradication of invasive mice from Gough Island ...... 48

Publications Publications in scientific journals, proceedings and books ...... 51 Reports, theses and other publications ...... 61 A n d r e w

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Conservation science in the RSPB

The RSPB speaks out for birds and wildlife, tackling the problems that threaten our environment. Nature is amazing – help us keep it that way.

The RSPB prides itself on using the best scientific evidence available to guide its conservation policies and practice. Only by basing our work on such evidence can we be confident that our actions will be of benefit to birds and other wildlife.

For further copies of this report, or previous issues, please contact the Conservation Science Department, The RSPB UK Headquarters, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL. If you are in Scotland, please contact RSPB Scotland, 2 Lochside View, Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh EH12 9DH.

These reports are also available to download from www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/science 6

Introduction

Welcome to the eighth report on wildlife is our wind farm sensitivity that in Africa, at least, the IBA network the RSPB's scientific work. As in mapping. The RSPB is very is remarkably robust. About 90% of previous years, this report includes supportive of renewable energy, priority species will still be able to summaries of some of the projects because of the important role it find suitable climatic conditions in the we are involved in. While they plays in reducing greenhouse gas future in at least one of the IBAs in represent just a snapshot of our emissions. However, we are which they are currently found. overall scientific programme, we concerned that poorly-sited wind hope they demonstrate the depth farms can be bad for birds. The RSPB tries to ensure that its and breadth of the RSPB’s Because of this, we have produced work on birds is focused on those scientific work. two maps, one for Scotland (2007 species that need most help, report, pp 41–42) and one for particularly those that are threatened While a key role of conservation England (this report, pp 44–45) that because their population has scientists at the RSPB is to produce show where wind farms would pose declined. To ensure that we prioritise or review science, they also dedicate the greatest risk to sensitive bird the right species, we invest a substantial amount of time to species. These maps, which were substantial resources in monitoring ensure that science – their own or funded by Scottish Natural Heritage bird populations, often working with others’ – informs policy and practice. and Natural England, are designed to multiple partners. Several examples Nowhere is this more apparent help guide statutory agencies, local are given in this report. On pages than in the support provided by authorities, wind energy developers 15–16, we outline the results of a RSPB scientists to “casework”. and others in the early stages of any survey of the common scoter – a This all-encompassing term covers, wind farm planning application. very rare duck that, in the UK, only in particular, the work that the RSPB occurs on remote Scottish lochs. does to ensure that any planned While renewable energy will Worryingly, the survey confirmed our developments do not adversely unquestionably play a part in fears that this species is in decline, affect important sites for birds. mitigating climate change, there is with its numbers dropping by 45% For example, if a developer proposes now ample evidence of the impact since the first survey 12 years earlier. to expand a port on an estuary, or to that the changing climate is having Work is currently underway to try to build a new housing estate next to on biodiversity. Most obviously, determine why the species has heathland, or to establish a wind many species are shifting their declined so much in recent years. farm off-shore, then RSPB scientists geographical ranges as they try to will assist in responding to these track suitable climatic conditions. Although we are concerned by the proposals by identifying the likely In many parts of the world, BirdLife results of the scoter survey, those impacts on birds and other wildlife. International has mapped the most from the first ever survey of the While much of this work is important areas for birds (IBAs), and Scottish crossbill, the UK’s only reactive to individual developments, lobbies for these areas to receive endemic bird, are much more our response is strongly guided by formal protected area status if they reassuring (pp 17–18). This survey, reviews of the evidence of impacts do not already have it. But as the which used a sophisticated call from similar developments. Read climate changes, will those sites playback technique, developed by more about how science underpins retain the species for which they the RSPB and the University of our casework on pages 11–13. were originally identified and St Andrews, revealed that there were designated, or will the species simply about 6,800 pairs of Scottish crossbills One specific example of the work we move away? Research by the RSPB, in the UK, and therefore the world. do to reduce the potential for conflict and the Universities of Cambridge Although there were wide confidence between built developments and and Durham (pp 40–41) has shown intervals around this estimate, the 7

population is sufficiently large that it may be lost within the next half of all publications for 2008–2011 is is no longer considered a species of century. Such information has been provided at the back of the report, global conservation concern. used to reassess the conservation and for previous years is available at: status of several New Britain bird www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/science While the UK is blessed with an species without the need for abundance of information on the ground-based surveys. We would be delighted to hear of status of species, this is rarely the any ideas that you might have on case in biodiversity-rich but As an applied conservation how we could improve future issues resource-poor countries. In areas organisation, we need to disseminate of this report. where it is difficult or expensive to the results of our work to undertake species surveys, remote conservation practitioners as soon sensing may provide an additional as we are confident of them, while novel tool to assess species’ status. also maintaining the quality of our One such example (pp 19–20) is from scientific work by publishing it in Martin Harper New Britain, an island off the coast of peer-reviewed scientific literature. Director of Conservation, the RSPB New Guinea. Working with partners, Thus, while in most cases the we used satellite images to assess information in this report is based on the rate of forest loss between published work in peer-reviewed 1990 and 2000. This suggested, scientific journals, we have also for example, that all the forest within presented important preliminary Dr David Gibbons the altitudinal range currently results that have not yet been Head of Conservation Science, the RSPB occupied by Bismarck kingfishers published formally. A complete list M a r

Research has shown that golden plovers k

H a could be affected by climate change, m b l i renewable wind energy developments n

( r s and management practices on their p b - i upland breeding grounds in the UK. m a g e s . c o m ) A n d y

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Funding

The RSPB has a policy of keeping Cambridge Conservation Initiative only a few months’ running costs Countryside Council for Wales in its financial reserves. We must Darwin Initiative raise all our annual spend every year, and we depend on a range of Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs sources for this funding. Department for International Development Around 70% of the RSPB’s income comes from the ERDF – INTERREG IVB Atlantic Area generosity of individuals (our Transnational Programme 2007 –2013 members and supporters), and EuroGEOSS although this income can be European Commission – DG predicted with some certainty, Environment it is by no means guaranteed and EU Life Environment Fund the amount fluctuates. EU Life Nature Fund

The RSPB must continue to pursue Forestry Commission (England, Scotland and Wales) a wide variety of funding sources to continue our work, and grant German Ministry for the Environment funding is a vital source in the mix. (BMU), via the German state development bank (KfW) Many organisations (listed below) have funded specific science Hartley Anderson Ltd projects in 2011–2012 through, Natural England (including funding for example, research contracts and through the Action for Birds in England partnership) grants towards partnership projects. Many of those listed are also active Nationale Postcode Loterij, Netherlands partners in the research, or may have provided additional support and funds The Overseas Territories Environment Programme (OTEP) for wider conservation action. Scottish Natural Heritage In addition, the RSPB conducts Scottish Power Renewables science in partnership with many Scottish and Southern Energy other organisations and individuals. We thank all our funders and partners SITA Trust for their support and cooperation. University of Leeds

ACE UK University of Cambridge Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, University of Durham Northern Ireland Vogelsbescherming Netherland BirdLife International Welsh Assembly Government British Birdwatching Fair David Broadbent (rspb-images.com) E C N E I C S

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N O I T A C I L P P A

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Casework science – informing the RSPB’s response to development

The RSPB’s science teams provide priority; and advocacy, designed to to guidance on appropriate study technical support and advice on find and test environmentally techniques and research requirements . a range of environmental topics. sustainable solutions to a range of The level of involvement with different We advise our own staff, and those environmental challenges. projects varies greatly. Conservation at other organisations (such as based on evidence is the essence of BirdLife International), as well as In practice, this involves developing casework science. the statutory country conservation and maintaining knowledge on key agencies – Scottish Natural Heritage, conservation issues, bird ecology, Key topics include: Natural England, Countryside monitoring methods and research. • Renewable energy (wind, wave, Council for Wales and Northern A high proportion of the work is a tidal and bioenergy); notably wind Ireland Environment Agency. reactive response to enquiries, farms and their effects on birds, We also advise government but it also includes preparation of arising in particular from collisions departments (eg the Department critical reviews and guidance and displacement by disturbance. of Energy and Climate Change), documents, input to statutory • Industrial development, such as industry, and a range of other guidance, responses to consultations, port expansion on estuaries. organisations, either directly or and feedback on environmental • Proposals for housing developments via working groups. statements and other documents adjoining heathland. associated with specific cases. • Climate change adaptation. The focus is on scientific input to The extent of advice sought ranges • Land-use and land-use change casework; the RSPB’s involvement from information on potential impacts impacts on ecosystem services with development plans potentially of developments or different activities, (including climate change mitigation). affecting birds and sites of conservation and ways of avoiding such impacts, • Site and species protection. C

Human disturbance on Development in coastal areas can h r i s

heathlands can affect breeding have major impacts on wintering G o m

nightjars. Studies have shown waders and wildfowl. e r s a l l

that nesting birds avoid areas ( r s p

of high disturbance. b - i m a g e s . c o m )

Andy Hay (rspb-images.com) R o w e n a

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Dead juvenile white-tailed eagle, n g

12 s t

a collision victim at the Smøla o n wind farm.

Disturbance is a recurring topic for the best chance of positive problems arising, for example, from casework science, involving different outcomes for conservation. the predicted levels of collision with habitats and bird species. It may be We prefer to work constructively, wind turbines, or displacement due associated with recreational access but if we cannot find a satisfactory to disturbance caused by the to habitats that have high associated resolution, we will object and, presence of wind turbines and/or conservation value, or it may be the if necessary, maintain our objection associated construction and result of construction and maintenance through to Public Inquiry, which will maintenance work. work or specific built structures in test the strength of the cases for the environment. Disturbance has and against a development proposal. (2) The Smøla wind farm in been the subject of several research Norway was opposed by BirdLife projects by the RSPB in collaboration Two examples of this collaborative International, primarily because of with other partners, prompted by the work relate to wind energy. the risk of collision for white-tailed demands of casework. eagles, a species which occurred (1) In several cases relating to bird there at high breeding density. The RSPB seeks to be involved at an species of conservation priority, Nonetheless, the wind farm was early stage to try to head off major we have worked closely with constructed, leading to the expected problems, or at least to highlight the developers and their environmental collision fatalities and reduced issues that are most relevant to consultants, as part of an expert breeding productivity in the eagle particular development projects. panel, to develop monitoring and population around the wind farm. Early involvement offers the greatest research projects to improve the In this case, we have collaborated chance of collecting appropriate data, evidence base for decision making. with the Norwegian Institute for and the identification and mitigation We have also negotiated Nature Research (NINA) in a research of associated problems, and offers modifications to proposals to reduce programme at this site to learn as R o w e n a

L

The Smøla wind farm, a n g

s 13 northern Norway. t o n

Drewitt AL and Langston RHW (2008) Collision effects of wind-power generators and other obstacles on birds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1134: 233 –266.

Langston R (2010) Offshore wind farms and birds: Round 3 zones, extensions to Round 1 & Round 2 sites & Scottish Territorial Waters. February 2010. RSPB Research Report No. 39, RSPB, Sandy.

Langston R, Drewitt A and Liley D (2007) Bird conservation and access: coexistence or compromise? British Wildlife 19: 1 –9.

Langston RHW, Liley D, Murison G, Woodfield E and Clarke RT (2007) What effects do walkers and dogs have on the distribution and much as we can to improve our Our wide range of casework science productivity of breeding Nightjar understanding of the actual effects involves collaboration with and Caprimulgus europaeus? Ibis 149: of wind farms on white-tailed eagles. funding from a wide range of other 27 –36. Available to download free organisations. We thank them all. from www.blackwell-synergy.com The RSPB’s casework science draws on relevant literature and experience Bright J, Langston R, Bullman R, Pearce-Higgins JW, Stephen L, worldwide and is not restricted to Evans R, Gardner S and Langston RHW, Bainbridge IP and involvement in UK casework. Guiding Pearce-Higgins J (2008) Map of Bullman R (2009) The distribution of and underpinning our responses to bird sensitivities to wind farms in breeding birds around upland wind development and land-use change is Scotland: A tool to aid planning and farms. Journal of Applied Ecology a key role for RSPB science and conservation . Biological 46:1323 –1331. scientists. This is truly ”applied Conservation 141: 2342 –2356. science” in its strongest sense; See also: Conservation Science in our scientists working alongside Drewitt AL and Langston RHW the RSPB 2002: 32; 2004: 34; 2007: developers, policy makers and (2006) Assessing the impacts of 41; 2009: 36. conservation practitioners to wind farms on birds. Ibis 148 achieve the best results for wildlife (Supplement 1): 29 –42. and the environment. Available to download free from www.blackwell-synergy.com For more information contact: [email protected] A n d y

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14 b - i m a g e s . c o m MONITORING ) AND INDICATORS

The RSPB is involved in a wide variety of monitoring schemes and surveys of birds and, to a lesser extent, other wildlife.

Helping to develop monitoring schemes outside the UK is increasingly important, as is the growth in the use of monitoring data, to produce policy-relevant indicators that measure the changing state of the environment. 15

A national survey of common scoters

Although large numbers of in Central Scotland and in Dumfries 20 km of sites that had been common scoters winter around and Galloway. Since then, further occupied during or since 1995. the coasts of the UK and Ireland, declines have been documented We estimated the Scottish (and the breeding population is in and around the RSPB’s Forsinard hence UK) population of common small and declining, and so it Flows reserve in the Sutherland scoters in 2007 to be 52 pairs. is red-listed as a species of Flows – a large area of blanket bog Comparison with the estimated conservation concern. with many lochs, and one of the 95 pairs found in the 1995 national Breeding common scoters are most important areas for breeding survey suggested a decline of 45% found on remote Scottish lochs common scoters in the UK. overall, or approximately 5% per in the Sutherland Flows, in the year. Declines were more severe in Highlands and on the Isle of Islay. In 2007, we resurveyed the the Highland sites (excluding Islay) population for the first time since than in the Flows sites. The decline In 1995, the first full national survey 1995 to determine whether this in the Islay population is particularly estimated that the UK population decline had continued. The survey worrying. Numbers in this outlying consisted of only 95 pairs, all in involved three visits to suitable lochs population had fallen from 12 pairs Scotland. There were a further between the end of April and the in 1995 to just a single pair in 2007. 100 pairs in the Republic of Ireland, start of June. All lochs with records which was also surveyed. Declines of breeding scoters were surveyed, This decline is of conservation were already evident and the species together with a random selection of concern, particularly because the had ceased to breed on Shetland, other suitably sized lochs within Scottish breeding population is very M a r

Common scoters k

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small, which means the common scoter is now very vulnerable to UK common scoter breeding population estimates in 1995 and 2007, extinction as a breeding species in for the three main breeding areas. Data are the estimated number of the UK. Identification of the cause of breeding females. these declines is vital, and research is underway. The values above the bars show the percentage change in the breeding population between the two survey periods. For more information contact: [email protected] 50 -46% 45 The 2007 national common scoter 40 -28% 1995 survey was a partnership between 35 2007 the RSPB, The Wildfowl & Wetlands s

e 30 l

Trust and Scottish Natural Heritage. a

m 25 e f

The survey was supervised by

g 20 n Arjun Amar. i -92% d

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B 10 5 0 Sutherland Flows Highlands Islay S t e v e

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A loch within the Flow Country of Northern Scotland – one of the key remaining breeding areas for common scoters in the UK. 17

The population size and distribution of Scottish crossbills

The Scottish crossbill is currently C considered to be Britain’s only h r i s endemic bird species. It is G o m

red-listed as a species of high e r s a l conservation concern in the UK. l

( r s

However, its status was uncertain p b - i due to a lack of information about m a g e its population size, and it was s . c o considered ”data deficient” under m ) IUCN criteria. To address this deficiency and provide the first estimate of the global population size, a survey of Scottish crossbills was carried out in conifer woodland in northern Scotland, from January to April 2008.

Crossbills were lured to systematically selected sample points by surveyors broadcasting excitement calls for 10 minutes from a loudspeaker, in four directions. Male Scottish crossbill Responding birds were counted (the most common group size was R

two birds), sexed (the sex ratio was o n

S

close to even) and their calls u m recorded for later call-type (species) m e r identification from sonograms. s Common crossbills and parrot crossbills were also recorded.

Scottish crossbills were located at 144 of the 852 survey points, within a total survey area of 3,506 sq km. They had a disjunct distribution, occurring largely within Moray, Banffshire and Aberdeenshire, but also in southern Sutherland. There were notable absences from the native pinewoods of upper Deeside and Strathspey. Taking into account the declining probability of Crossbill surveyor using the lure, luring birds at greater distances, with the tape recorder ready. and the amount of woodland around 18

the sample points, the population is also needed to inform Summers RW and Buckland ST size was estimated as 13,600 (95% management of native and planted (2011) A first survey of the global confidence intervals: 8,130–22,700), conifer forests, and thereby ensure population size and distribution of equivalent to about 6,800 a secure future for what is currently the Scottish Crossbill Loxia scotica. (4,065–11,350) pairs. These figures the UK’s only endemic bird species. Bird Conservation International 21: suggest that the Scottish crossbill is 186 –198. no longer a species of global For more information contact: conservation concern, and has been [email protected] See also: Conservation Science classed as of ”least concern” by in the RSPB 2001: 23; 2006: 15; the IUCN. The numbers and The study was part-funded by 2007: 36. distribution of crossbills are likely Scottish Natural Heritage, and to vary between seasons and years carried out in collaboration with the depending upon the size of the Centre for Research into Ecological cone crops of different conifers: and Environmental Modelling, all were producing cones in 2008. University of St Andrews, and Forest Therefore, it is quite likely that the Research, Roslin. distribution will shift within a larger range for the population. This will Buckland ST, Summers RW, Borchers only become apparent after further DL and Thomas L (2006) Point transect surveys. More information on the sampling with traps or lures. Journal habitat requirements of this species of Applied Ecology 43: 377 –384.

The distribution of Scottish survey points in 2008. Black circles indicate survey points occupied by Scottish crossbills.

100 km 19

Using remote sensing to assess species conservation status

Monitoring is essential to assess To assess the impacts of these altitudinal range of the Bismarck the conservation status of species activities on birds, the RSPB, kingfisher may be lost within less and inform conservation priorities, together with members of the than 50 years. Montane forests but many species and habitats, BirdLife International network, appear less threatened and, particularly in biodiversity-rich but Conservation International, and the although the absolute extent of resource-poor countries, are not European Commission Joint montane forests available is small, monitored. This was the case on Research Centre, developed a novel the species within them may have the remote island of New Britain method for assessing species faired rather better. (off New Guinea), where the conservation status from satellite impact of forest clearance on the images, exploiting the increased Using the known altitudinal range of unique avifauna was unknown. availability of remote sensing data. each species and the rates of deforestation recorded, the IUCN New Britain supports 37 range Changes in forest cover were Red List status of species that restricted species, 16 of which are assessed from Landsat data and occur in this Endemic Bird Area found nowhere else. Little is known showed that approximately 12% of were re-evaluated. Five species about these species, but the forests forest was lost between 1990 –2000, (red-knobbed and Finsch’s they rely on are known to be under including more than 20% of lowland imperial-pigeons, violaceous coucal, serious threat. Reports indicated that forest. Consequently, lowland pied cuckoo-dove and Bismarck lowland forest was being cleared for forest species were hardest hit. melidectes) were uplisted from timber, conversion to small-scale For example, extrapolation of the Least Concern to Near Threatened, agriculture, and larger-scale current rates of loss suggest that all two species (blue-eyed cockatoo and plantations of trees such as oil palm. forest habitat within the narrow russet hawk-owl) were uplisted from

Satellite images from New Britain illustrating forest clearance for oil palm plantations between 1989 (left) and 2000 (right).

1989 2000 20

Least Concern to Vulnerable, and the New Britain goshawk changed Area of forest in 1989 (blue bars) and percentage of forest lost from Near Threatened to Vulnerable. between 1989 and 2000 (red bars) in relation to altitude across Two species for which little was New Britain. previously known were moved from Data Deficient to Vulnerable t

s 60 o l (Bismarck masked-owl and a e

r 50 a

Bismarck thicketbird). e g a

t 40 n e c

Following the success of this study, r

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similar methods are now being /

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regions and could make a major 1

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contribution to the development of r

A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a global biodiversity monitoring 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ------1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 0 - - - - - 0 0 system based on remote sensing. 0 0 0 0 0 0 > 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 9 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 For more information contact: Altitude (m) [email protected]

Buchanan GM, Butchart SHM, Dutson G, Pilgrim JD, Steininger MK, Bishop D and Mayaux P (2008) Using remote sensing to inform

conservation status assessment: G

Oil palm plantation in lowland New Britain, with degraded forest on u y estimates of recent deforestation A

the slopes behind. n d rates on New Britain and the e r s o impacts upon endemic birds. n Biological Conservation 141: 56 –66.

See also: Conservation Science in the RSPB 2006: 22; 2009: 28. 21

Estimating long-term bird population trends in a region with limited early data

During the 1970s and 1980s, into practice by asking local unexpected results. Tree sparrows dramatic farmland bird population ornithologists to repeat Winter and linnets, for example, which have declines were documented at Atlas style surveys in a sample of both been red-listed on account of the UK level, based on long-term Scottish 10 km squares, used for long-term UK population decline, monitoring plots of the BTO’s a concurrent bird-habitat study. showed positive trends in these Common Birds Census (CBC). This sample held the squares that, Scottish study areas, contrasting during the Winter Atlas period, with UK trends. Factors such as the These plots were concentrated in were most important for wintering retention of spring cropping (and the south-east of the country, seed-eating passerines, a key group winter stubbles) in much of arable leading some to question the of farmland birds. The squares were Scotland may be behind this prevelance of similar declines in mainly in arable or mixed farming difference. Many regions, including more poorly monitored regions of areas of eastern Scotland. within the British Isles, have limited the British Isles, such as Scotland. long-term bird population monitoring Although Scotland holds few CBC More than 100 volunteers took part data – this study illustrates how plots, it was completely covered in in the repeat surveys, contributing long-term trends can nevertheless the 1981 –1984 Atlas of Wintering more than 1,000 hours of be estimated using early surveys Birds in Britain and Ireland. observations. Results showed that based on simple methods. The Winter Atlas recorded not only seed-eating passerine trends in the distribution, but also simple study areas were broadly similar Hancock MH, Smith T, Chamberlain abundance measures, based on the to those of the rest of the UK. DE, Wilson JD and Lack PC (2009) number of birds of each species Winter counts of corn buntings, Using repeated winter surveys to seen per day. Carrying out repeat for example, declined by 62% estimate changes in abundance of surveys, using the same method, between the early 1980s and late seed-eating passerines. Bird Study would therefore allow an 1990s, mirroring their Scottish range 56: 65 –74. approximate estimate of long-term decline and UK population decline. population change. We put this idea However, there were also some

Scottish winter count trends (this study) vs UK breeding population 1.4 ) t

n 1.2 trends. Each point represents a u r o e

t Goldfinch c

seed-eating passerine species. n 1 r i e w t

The majority of species have n i

h 0.8 s i w t

similar trends from the two t h

o 0.6 s i c

t Linnet t datasets (points near the dotted S

o 0.4 9 c - S x=y line), but some have markedly 7

Tree sparrow 9

4 0.2 Greenfinch - 9 Yellowhammer 1 more positive trends in Scotland 1 Reed bunting ( 8

0

9 Chaffinch

1 0

(above the dotted line). 1 House sparrow Skylark / g t

o Bullfinch n -0.2 L u Redpoll o c -0.4 Corn bunting -0.6 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

Log 10 (1998 national breeding population index/ 1982 national breeding population index) B o b

22 G l o v e r

( r s p b - i m a g e s . c

THE ECOLOGY OF o m THREATENED SPECIES )

Research into the ecology of threatened species has been at the core of RSPB conservation science for many years, and continues to provide a wealth of information to guide our own conservation work and to influence others. Outside the UK, the emphasis of our ecological research is on globally threatened bird species and their habitats in RSPB “focal” countries. Within the UK, where there are few globally threatened bird species, research is directed mainly at those species that have declined most. We are also supporting research on threatened species in other taxonomic groups, particularly those occurring on our own nature reserves. 23

Food limitation of urban house sparrows

The disappearance of house We found that many chicks were since 1994. Mealworms were sparrows from many towns and starving during the first week after provided throughout the breeding cities has stimulated much debate hatching and, in two out of three season at 33 sparrow colonies as to possible causes. Habitat loss, years studied, breeding success was spread across Greater London. predators, vehicle emissions and too low to sustain local populations. We monitored breeding success disease have all been proposed as Nestling sparrows require an and adult numbers at fed and plausible hypotheses. Here we insect-rich diet and can suffer high unfed colonies. report on recent work suggesting mortality when adults resort to that lack of food may be part of feeding them vegetable material, Mealworm provision substantially the problem. such as peanuts and household increased breeding success at small scraps. Nestling mortality was also and medium-sized colonies, and this Since the late 1980s, house sparrow higher when the abundance of led to increases in adult numbers, populations have declined markedly aphids (one key food type) in the but only at smaller colonies. These in many European towns and cities. surrounding area was lower. These findings suggest that management to The causes of these declines are findings suggest that lack of suitable boost invertebrate abundance during still unclear and our initial study invertebrate prey in suburban areas the long sparrow breeding season aimed to determine whether suburban limits the breeding success of should help urban sparrows raise house sparrows are raising enough house sparrows to levels that are more young, and potentially allow young to sustain local populations. probably unsustainable. breeding populations to increase. To answer this question we monitored the outcomes of breeding attempts To test this idea further, we With funding from SITA Trust, the in nest boxes erected in and around conducted a supplementary feeding RSPB is now working with several the city of Leicester, where sparrow experiment in London where house London local authorities and agencies numbers were known to be declining. sparrow numbers have fallen by 60% testing measures to boost A n d y

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House sparrow taking mealworm from experimental feeder in London. 24

invertebrate and seed resources in parks across London. Advice on Wild flower meadows wildlife-friendly gardening is and other habitats available at www.rspb.org.uk/hfw have been established in London parks to For more information contact: improve invertebrate [email protected] food supplies for sparrows. The Leicester study was carried out jointly with De Montfort University and Natural England. The London experimental feeding study is funded by the RSPB. The London House Sparrow Parks Project is funded by SITA trust, ICB and the Northern Trust.

Peach WJ, Vincent KE, Fowler JA and Grice PV (2008) Reproductive success of house sparrows along an urban gradient. Animal Conservation 11: 493 –503.

Andy Hay (rspb-images.com)

Results from the Leicester study: relationship between daily chick mortality (+/- se) and (a) the percentage of vegetable material in faecal samples and (b) the relative abundance of aphids within 100 m of nests during June and July 2003. Aphid scores are grouped into four categories reflecting low (0) to high (3) relative abundance.

(a) (b)

12

12 ) ) % % ( (

e e t 8 t a a r r

y y 8 t t i i l l a a t t r r o o m m

4 y y l l 4 i i a a D D

0 0

0-10 10-20 20-30 30-50 >50 0123

Vegetable material (%) Aphid abundance 25

Dynamics of the white-tailed eagle population in Scotland

White-tailed eagles became extinct in Britain in 1918, following Effect of breeding experience (number of years on territory) and origin on prolonged habitat loss and fledging success of white-tailed eagle pairs (modelled figures shown). persecution. Declines continued across their Eurasian breeding k

c 1 range for much of the 20th i

h No breeding experience c

century, due to habitat loss, e persecution and pollution. n 10 years’ breeding experience o

Intensive conservation efforts t s a have included the reintroduction e l

t

of the species to Britain through a

g

two phases of release of n i 0.5 Norwegian fledglings in western g d e l

Scotland, starting in the 1970s. f

f o

y t

The population growth and breeding i l i success of white-tailed eagles in b a b

Scotland have been monitored o r closely. Most released birds, P 0 and a high proportion of wild-bred Released Wild-bred Mixed nestlings, have been individually Origin marked using wing tags. Re-sightings of these birds have Annual survival rates (probability of surviving from one year to the next) been used to estimate annual of released and wild-br ed wh it e-tailed eagl es in wes tern Scotland. survival rates for different age-classes of both released and 1 wild-bred birds. We used that Released information, together with rates Wild of breeding success recorded by 0.9 annual monitoring, to model e population growth. t a r

l 0.8 a v i v

Breeding success in the Scottish r u s

population has increased over l a 0.7 u time as the average age, and n n therefore experience of individuals A in the population, has increased. 0.6 Success tends to be higher where one or both adults are wild-bred, but this effect was not as strong as 0.5 that of experience (number of years 12345+ on territory). Current levels of Age (years) breeding success (0.70 young fledged per territorial pair per year) 26

are lower than in countries around Our results suggest that in future the Baltic Sea, but similar to those reintroduction programmes for in Norway where weather conditions white-tailed eagles, and potentially and food availability are likely to be other raptors, steps to maximise the more similar to Scotland. success and output of the earliest breeding attempts would help ensure Survival rates in Scotland are the most rapid shift to a population similar to those recorded elsewhere composed largely of wild-bred birds, (73.6 ± 7.7% for first-year birds; which should then have a higher 96.6 ± 1.4% for wild-bred adults). rate of increase. However, we found that survival rates of released birds were lower For more information contact: than those of wild-bred birds, [email protected] especially during the first three years of life. Although this appears to have Evans RJ, Wilson JD, Amar A, Douse limited the overall population growth A, MacLennan A, Ratcliffe N and rate during earlier stages of Whitfield DP (2009) Growth and reintroduction, the recent rate of demography of a re-introduced growth of the Scottish population population of White-tailed Eagles remains high compared with other Haliaeetus albicilla . Ibis 151: 244 –254. recovering populations across Europe . A

A juvenile white-tailed eagle being released in Eastern n d y

Scotland as part of a new reintroduction project to H a y

( expand the range of this species in the UK. This recent r s p b -

reintroduction has built on the experience gained from i m a the studies reported here. g e s . c o m ) 27

A brighter future for Gurney’s pittas

Once thought extinct, then By 2003, the situation appeared In 2003 came the electrifying news rediscovered, then nearly desperate, with perhaps as few that the Gurney’s pitta had been lost again, the beautiful and as 10 pairs hanging on. The RSPB rediscovered in southern Myanmar elusive Gurney’s pitta has had decided to help by providing financial (Burma) and was apparently a chequered history. Now its and technical support to the Bird widespread there. Further surveys future seems brighter than Conservation Society of Thailand have shown that the species it appeared a few years ago, (BCST, the BirdLife Partner in occupies a wider altitudinal and thanks to an international Thailand) and to the National Parks latitudinal range than previously collaboration between the Department. With financial backing thought and despite alarming signs RSPB and BirdLife colleagues from the UK Government’s Darwin of rapid forest loss, again largely for in Thailand and Myanmar. Initiative, and in collaboration with oil palm, the population there may Chiang Mai University’s Forest number more than 20,000 pairs. A long absence of records of the Restoration Research Unit, species in the wild after 1950 led improved conservation measures, Research on habitat use in both to fears that it was extinct, until its forest restoration and a great deal countries shows that the Gurney’s rediscovery in 1986 in a few small of intensive research have led to pitta actually prefers disturbed forest remnant patches of forest in southern a stabilisation in the tiny Thai and can occupy a wider range of Thailand. Elation quickly turned to population. Disturbance from forest types than previously thought. despair as these forest patches humans and high nest predation However, it cannot survive in oil palm were rapidly felled, largely for by snakes remain a concern. and so remains at long-term risk as planting oil palm and rubber. this crop spreads across its range. K a

Male Gurney’s pitta in southern Thailand. n i t

K

This elusive species is rarely seen, even by h a n i researchers studying the bird! k u l

28

Ongoing efforts by BirdLife in Indochina to persuade the Burmese authorities to designate a large national park in the heart of the species’ range remain the best hope for the species.

For more information contact: [email protected]

Donald PF, Aratrakorn S, Thura Win Htun, Eames JC, Thunikorn S, Sribua-Rod S, Tinun P, Sein Myo Aung, Sa Myo Zaw and Buchanan GM (2009) Population, distribution, habitat use and breeding of Gurney’s Pitta Pitta gurneyi in Myanmar and Thailand. Bird Conservation Scatterplot of scores of the first two principal components of an ordination of International 19: 353 –366. point locations by vegetation variables. Black circles: unoccupied sites in Myanmar; red squares: occupied sites in Myanmar; green diamonds: occupied See also: Conservation Science in sites in Thailand. The lack of overlap between the clusters of red and green the RSPB 2005: 54. symbols shows that forests occupied by the Gurney’s pitta in Myanmar differ significantly in terms of structure to occupied sites in Thailand.

Oil palm plantations: the expansion of these is one of the most serious threats to Gurney’s pittas and other lowland forest birds in SE Asia. C l a r e

K e n d a l l

( r s p b - i m a g e s . c o m ) 29

Twite breeding ecology in crofting areas

The twite is a small, seed-eating Between 2003 and 2005, we studied Twites, being entirely granivorous, finch, red-listed as a species of breeding twites in a high density collected seed food mainly from conservation concern in the UK population on the Western Isles of pastures and fallow cultivated due to breeding population Scotland. We aimed to understand ground up to 2.5 km from nests, decline. More than 90% of the to what extent their ecology is but they rarely used adjacent UK population breeds in associated with the habitats and moorland. By comparison with Scotland, mostly in the Western food resources provided by crofting other studies of finches and and Northern Isles, the Inner management. We used transect buntings in UK agricultural habitats, Hebrides, and along the coasts surveys and intensive nest finding breeding performance was high in of west and north Scotland. to collect information on habitat two out of the three years of the These areas are often marginal associations, distribution, study. Breeding pairs fledged three in terms of agricultural land phenology, nest success and chicks per nesting attempt on capability, and are characterised nestling diet across the range of average, with individual females in by crofting – a small-scale agricultural habitats from coastal South Uist making up to three land-tenure system characterised dunes to moorland. successful nesting attempts per by extensive livestock production season. The main seed foods fed on common grazing land, Nesting twites were strongly to nestlings were dandelion, supplemented by small-scale associated with moorland edge annual meadow grass, blinks, cultivation of forage grasses or habitats adjacent to farmland, common sorrel, thistle, autumn cereals as winter feed. with most nests in heather and hawkbit, all seeds typical of small shelter-belt conifer plantations. pastures, and common stork’s-bill,

Adult twite in moorland nesting habitat. A n d y

H a y

( r s p b - i m a g e s . c o m ) 30

typical of first-year fallows. fields of improved grassland typically J

The mix of extensively grazed close to a farmstead) enhances e

Twite’s nest in heather at the r e pastures and cultivated machairs breeding productivity and halts m base of a stock fence. y

W

(wind-blown calcareous sandy soils) ongoing population declines. i l s o provides a variety of habitats rich n in weeds for adults collecting seed For more information contact: food for nestlings throughout the [email protected] breeding season. Wilkinson NI and Wilson JD (2010) Through further research, we are Breeding ecology of Twite in a now exploring the combinations crofting landscape. Bird Study 57: of grazing and arable husbandry 142 –155. needed in marginal upland agricultural systems to provide adequate seed sources to support See also: Conservation Science in breeding populations of twite. the RSPB 2002: 27. A study started in 2008 in the South Pennines, funded by Natural England and the RSPB, is testing whether or not management to protect nesting habitat and restore seed sources in nearby in-bye grasslands (enclosed

Seasonal variation in the diet of twite nestlings on South Uist.

Other

Invertebrates 100 Autumn hawkbit ) 90 % (

t 80 Compositae e i d

70

k Thistle c i 60 h c

Common sorrel

f 50 o

t Common storksbill n 40 e

n 30 o Blinks p

m 20

o Dandelion C 10 0 Grasses

May June July August Month 31

ECOLOGICAL PROCESS AND ISSUES RESEARCH

While studies of individual species will remain a cornerstone in the RSPB’s research portfolio, we are now studying an increasingly broad range of ecological processes and issues that affect birds. These include studies of habitat management and restoration, the impact of disturbance, predation and pollution on bird populations, and the wide-scale impacts of land uses such as agriculture. Overarching all these is the increasing need to understand and make allowance for the impacts of a changing climate. Wherever possible, our research seeks to design novel solutions to mitigate the effects of any harmful impacts. M a r k

H a m b l i n

( r s p b - i m a g e s . c o m ) 32

Evaluating the benefits of Higher Level Environmental Stewardship for farmland birds

The Environmental Stewardship Funded by Natural England, basic ELS WBM. In the West (ES) Scheme was introduced in the RSPB surveyed farms in the Midlands, there were low densities 2005, following a review of previous HLS scheme to assess how well of granivores on all WBMs and English agri-environment schemes. they, in comparison with farms in game covers. ELS WBM appeared Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) is the Entry Level (ELS) and non-ES to provide more food for finches, part of this scheme, aiming to control farms, provided the whilst the HLS WBM provided target conservation management limiting resources for declining resources for buntings and at specific habitats and species. farmland birds. tree sparrows. Of 175,000 hectares managed under HLS agreements, a significant In the winter of 2007–2008, we On cereal stubble fields, there was a proportion is targeted wholly or measured the density of seed-eating weak trend suggesting that skylarks partly towards six target arable songbirds on ES options designed were more abundant on ES than bird species (tree sparrow, corn to provide winter food, on farms non-ES stubbles. The small number bunting, yellow wagtail, lapwing, within ELS or HLS in East Anglia of fields available for surveying made turtle dove and grey partridge), and the West Midlands, and prediction of HLS stubble use and other birds of conservation compared them to non-ES habitats. unreliable, with very wide confidence concern. Monitoring has been ES Wild Bird Mixtures (WBMs) limits around the estimated values. set up to help assess whether held a higher density and a wider Interestingly, skylarks were more these conservation measures, range of seed-eating songbirds abundant on ELS option stubbles designed at the farm scale, than non-ES game cover crops. when these were on HLS farms, deliver measurable results at a In East Anglia the enhanced HLS than on ELS-only farms. There was landscape and population level. WBM was used no more than the little indication of a preference for J a

Wintering yellowhammers and tree sparrows n

S e are two species that benefit from seed food v c i k

provided by Envionmental Stewardship options. ( r s p b - i m a g e s . c o m ) 33

any stubble type by other seed-eating species. Density of seed-eating songbirds in HLS and ELS wild bird mixtures and non-ES game cover crops At the field scale, this work has demonstrated that some 45 Environmental Stewardship options 40 do provide valuable winter food resources for birds. However, it is 35 currently not known whether this

e 30 r a

can have a positive effect on t c 25 e

population trends of farmland h

r birds. To test this for HLS options, e 20 p

s

we re-surveyed farms in summer d r 15 i

2011 to see if changes in breeding B 10 bird numbers over time had been more positive in areas under HLS 5 management. The results will be 0 compared with those for farms HLS WBMs ELS WBMs Non-ES game covers not in the Environmental Stewardship scheme. This study will also investigate the use of HLS options designed to provide breeding season resources (food and nesting sites) to farmland birds of conservation concern. Skylark density in stubble fields on ELS, HLS and non-ES farms For more information contact: [email protected] 20 [email protected] 18 West Midlands 16 Field RH, Morris AJ, Grice PV and

e East Anglia r 14 a

Cooke A (2010) Evaluating the t c e 12 h

English Higher Level Stewardship r e p scheme for farmland birds. Aspects 10 s d r of Applied Biology 100: 59 –68. i 8 B 6 Field RH, Morris AJ, Grice PV and 4 Cooke A (2011). The provision of 2 winter bird food by the English Environmental Stewardship scheme. 0 Ibis 153: 14 –26. HLS stubbles ELS stubbles Non-ES stubbles 34

Wholecrop silage – re-introducing cereals to modern livestock systems

The loss of arable cultivation to provide a sterile habitat because Buntings, finches and tree sparrows from grass-dominated landscapes of the need for effective weed control. preferred to feed in wheat and barley is one of the main causes of crops during summer, where they farmland bird declines in the UK. Wholecrop cereals grown for animal gathered insects and ripening grain. Growing cereals as wholecrop silage can provide many of the Foraging swallows had a strong silage for cattle is one way of benefits of traditional grass-arable preference for the spring barley getting cereal production back rotations. The cereals are grown in fields. The stubbles that followed into livestock systems. Trials in the normal way, harvested two to the spring-sown barley provided the West Midlands suggest this three weeks early and preserved in a rich source of weed seeds and is cost-effective for the farmer a silage clamp before being fed to were strongly favoured in winter and beneficial for birds. livestock. A weed burden can be by a suite of seed-eating passerines tolerated and the following stubbles including yellowhammers, reed The specialisation of livestock can provide seed-rich habitats for buntings, tree sparrows, skylarks farming has resulted in the loss of many seed-eating farmland birds. and meadow pipits. Grass, winter traditional grass-arable rotations, We assessed the costs and benefits wheat and maize stubbles lacked which would have provided nesting of wholecrop cereals to farmers and seed resources and supported few habitat and year-round feeding farmland birds on 16 dairy farms in seed-eating birds during winter. opportunites for a wide range of the English West Midlands, and farmland birds. Maize production considered winter wheat and Wholecrop cereal silages provide is now the main form of arable spring barley wholecrop against high and predictable yields to cultivation on many livestock farms the predominant silage crops of livestock farmers, and can be grown in England and Wales, but it tends maize and ryegrass. in all regions of the UK. Growing W i l l

Prof Val Brown (Defra) and Steve Dodd (RSPB) P e a

inspecting weed-rich stubbles following a barley silage c h crop with narrow-spectrum herbicide application. 35

costs are similar to those of maize, and substantially lower than those of Usage of different silage crops by yellowhammers and reed buntings grass. Farmers in England can now during summer (top) and winter (bottom). Usage differed between receive payments under the Entry early and late season in summer. Error bars are +/- standard error. Level Scheme to grow wholecrop cereals with following winter stubbles. Where late-nesting species, such as corn buntings or (a) Summer yellow wagtails, nest in the crop, additional benefits would be gained 0.6 by delaying the crop harvest.

t early summer

For more information contact: n u

o late summer

c 0.4 [email protected] n a e m

This study was conducted by d e t c the RSPB, the Centre for i d e

r 0.2

Agri-Environment Research (CAER) P at the University of Reading and Harper Adams University College, and was funded by Defra (Project BD1448). We are very grateful to the 0 farmers who grew the silage crops barley wheat maize grass and provided access to project staff.

Mortimer S, Westbury D, Dodd S, Brook A, Harris S, Kessock-Philip R, Chaney K, Lewis P, Buckingham D and Peach W (2007) Cereal-based (b) Winter whole crop silages: potential 0.6 biodiversity benefits of cereal production in pastoral landscapes. d e s u

Aspects of Applied Biology 81: 77 –86. g n i e b

0.4

Peach W, Dodd S, Westbury D, d l e i f

Mortimer S, Harris S, Brook A, f early winter o

Lewis P, Buckingham D and Chaney y t i

l late winter i

K (2007) Cereal-based wholecrop b a

b 0.2 silage: a potential conservation o r measure for farmland birds in P pastoral landscapes. Pages 58 –63 in Hopkins JJ (ed) High Value Grassland: providing biodiversity, 0 a clean environment and premium barley wheat maize grass products . British Grassland Society. 36

Do increases in agricultural yield spare land for nature?

The human population is set to produce a higher yield per unit area examine recent trends in the area grow by about 50% by 2050 and, of cropland or pasture. of cropland in different countries, with changes in the diet of people in relation to changes in human in developing countries already However, if more can be grown per population and agricultural yield per underway, the requirement for unit area of farmed land, it might unit area. In developing countries, food from agricultural products is require a smaller area of natural the area used to produce staple likely to double. In an attempt to habitat to be converted to farmland food crops per head of population reduce greenhouse gas emissions to produce what is needed. This has tended to decrease in those from fossil fuel burning, more land is the concept of land sparing, countries where there have been will also be used to grow biofuels. which suggests that high-yielding large increases in the yield of these farming may be beneficial to crops. However, the potential land These changes put birds and other biodiversity conservation because sparing effect has been reduced, wildlife under increased pressure. it allows more wild areas to survive. because farmers increased the area More forests, grasslands and Theoretical studies show that of land used to grow other less wetlands will be converted to high-yielding agriculture, if combined essential crops, in addition to the farmland and pasture, displacing with land sparing, might indeed offer staples. Even so, there is a weak species that depend upon these the best prospect for conserving the tendency across developing natural habitats. The ability of some most species. countries for increases in the yield species to survive in agricultural of staple crops to be associated with landscapes may also be reduced as One way to check whether land a lower area per head of population more intensive methods are used to sparing happens without help is to of all types of cropland. M

Can conservation of tropical a r c o

forests be best achieved through L a m

making global agriculture more, b e r t i or less, intensive? n i

( r s p b - i m a g e s . c o m ) 37

However, although increasing crop because the land potentially spared The research upon which this yields may reduce the demand is often used for something other article is based resulted from a for more agricultural land, natural than nature conservation. collaboration between the RSPB, habitats may still succumb to other However, analysis of forest loss the Department of Zoology of the pressures, such as conversion to rates indicates that it can have University of Cambridge, the Institute urban land, fires and logging of positive outcomes by reducing the of Zoology at the Zoological Society native forests for timber. To test for pressures on natural habitats. of London and the Smithsonian this, the rate of loss of natural forest Therefore, the encouragement of Tropical Research Institute. was compared across countries. high-yielding farming methods has In countries where the yields of the potential to allow more land Green RE, Cornell SJ, Scharlemann staple food crops increased most, to be conserved for wild nature, JPW and Balmford A (2005) Farming smaller losses of natural forest but whether this potential benefit and the Fate of Wild Nature. Science cover occurred. Indeed, on average, for habitat protection actually occurs 307: 550 –555. there was no forest loss in countries still depends upon the policies of where the yield of staple food crops governments and the behaviour of Balmford A, Green RE and increased by 20% or more over a local people. Scharlemann JPW (2005) Sparing 20-year period. land for nature: exploring the For more information contact: potential impact of changes in This research suggests that land [email protected] agricultural yield on the area needed sparing associated with increased for crop production. Global Change crop yields is a weak process, Biology 11: 1594 –1605.

1.6 Change in the extent of natural forest cover, adjusted to that 1.2 expected given the observed change in human population size

)

n (see text), for developing (filled o i

t 0.8

r circles) and developed (open o

p circles) countries in relation to the o 0 r 0 p (

0 0.4 change in the yield of staple

2 a – e 0 r crops. Change in forest area is for 8 a

9 t 1980–2000, whereas change in 1 s 0.0 e r m yield is for 1979–1999. Each point o o f r

f

n represents the value for a country. i

e -0.4 g Lines divide the graph into four n

a quadrants; countries located in h C the top right quadrant had the -0.8 predicted result – that forest cover increased as yield increased. -1.2 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Change in yield of staple crops. Log (yield ratio 1999:1979) 38

Does climate change explain declines in common sandpipers?

Long-distance migrants appear variation in annual survival rate become marginally better over time. to be declining widely across could be described by fluctuations Unlike studies on some other migrants Europe, and they may be in the winter North Atlantic (eg pied flycatchers), there was no particularly vulnerable to climate Oscillation index (NAO). The NAO evidence that productivity was change. In this study, we examined is a large-scale atmospheric affected by changes in the timing whether changes in survival and phenomenon that particularly affects of breeding, as predicted by May productivity in one such declining winter weather systems. Specifically, temperature, or an estimate of the migrant, the common sandpiper, the trend to a more positive value of mismatch between the timing of were correlated with measures the winter NAO in recent years, breeding and the timing of peak of climate from its West African resulting in warmer, wetter winters food abundance. wintering and UK breeding in north-west Europe, and cooler, grounds. To do this, we monitored drier conditions in the Mediterranean Therefore, the study population’s a population in the Peak District and extreme West Africa, correlated 59% decline is likely to be the that has been the subject of a with a decline in survival. result of lower adult survival rates, colour-ringing study since 1977, though the effect of NAO alone was and which has declined by 59% There was no decline in productivity not strong enough to account for this in that time. during the study. Indeed, given a decline. There was little evidence for positive relationship between correlations with other measures of Overall, adult birds had a high productivity and June temperatures, climate. This suggests that climate annual survival rate, averaging 69%. and a slight warming trend, change is not causing significant Although the effect is weak, breeding conditions may have declines in common sandpipers, A n d y

H a y

An upland stream with rocks ( r s p b

and shingle: breeding habitat - i m a

for common sandpipers in the g e s .

Peak District. c o m ) 39

and that future studies should focus on changes to the condition of migratory 25 stop-over or wintering locations. 20 )

For more information contact: s e i e r z i [email protected] o t s i 15 r n r e o i t

t a g l n u This work was done in collaboration i p d 10 e o e with Derek Yalden (Victoria University P r b of Manchester), Tom Dougall and ( Colin Beale (The Macaulay Institute). 5

Pearce-Higgins JW, Yalden DW, 0 Dougall TW and Beale CM (2009) 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Does climate change explain the Year decline of a trans-Saharan Afro-Palaearctic migrant? Oecologia Fluctuations in the size of the common sandpiper population (red) are well 159: 649 –659. predicted by a model based on variation in observed survival rates (blue), but not by a model based on variation in survival rates predicted by climate change, See also: Conservation Science in as measured by the NAO (green). the RSPB 2006: 37; 2008: 44. R a y

K e n n e d y

( r s p b - i m a g e s . c o m ) 40

Protected area networks in the face of climate change

Climate change is already having Recent work by the RSPB, Durham or lose climatic suitability for profound impacts on biodiversity, University and the University of particular species in the future. with many species starting to shift Cambridge, investigated the potential These projections are based on their geographical ranges as they impacts of climate change on climatic suitability alone, and ignore attempt to track suitable climatic European breeding birds. Building on the key questions of (i) whether conditions. Of critical concern for this work, with BirdLife International, suitable habitat for a particular conservation is the possibility that we have now developed models for species will also exist in the future, some species will move out of almost all of sub-Saharan Africa’s and (ii) whether species will be able protected areas (PAs) and therefore breeding birds (~1600 species), to disperse sufficiently to reach no longer benefit from, for example, including 825 species of particular newly suitable IBAs. the protection against hunting and conservation concern, to simulate habitat loss that most PAs afford. current range as a function of The results suggest that IBAs in Conversely, some species that climatic variables. We have combined some regions will experience a far currently occur outside PAs are these models with projections of higher degree of disruption than likely to move in, while a species future climate and detailed spatial others, in terms of the number of that vacates one PA may find information describing the location species potentially emigrating and refuge in another. How can we of each Important Bird Area (IBA) immigrating. Some species will likely begin to develop an understanding in the sub-Saharan African IBA be ”winners”, increasing the number of what this might mean in terms network. The results predict which of IBAs in which they occur, while of the continued effectiveness of species are likely to occur in each others will be ”losers”. For around PAs and PA networks? IBA now, and which IBAs could gain 10% of conservation priority species, D D a The Doherty’s bush-shrike a v v i i d d

H could well disappear from H o o l l e 50% of the IBAs in which e it currently occurs.

The violet turaco is projected to increase its representation by more than 100%. 41

suitable climatic conditions could The work on the African IBA network Huntley B, Green RE, Collingham YC, well disappear from all IBAs in was a collaboration between the Hill JK and Willis SG (2007) A which they are currently found, RSPB, BirdLife International and Climatic Atlas of European Breeding forcing them to move in order to Durham University and was carried Birds . Durham University, The RSPB seek out newly climatically suitable out by Dave Hole. and Lynx Edicions. sites. Nevertheless, around 90% of species will still find suitable climatic Hole DG, Willis SG, Pain DJ, Fishpool Willis SG, Hole DG, Collingham YC, conditions within at least one IBA LD, Butchart SHM, Collingham YC, Hilton G, Rahbek C and Huntley B in which they are currently found, Rahbek C and Huntley B (2009) (2009) Assessing the impacts of indicating that the network is Projected impacts of climate future climate change on protected remarkably robust. The conservation change on a continent-wide area networks: a method to simulate of this network into the future is protected area network. Ecology individual species’ responses. therefore critical. Follow-up research Letters 12: 420 –431. Environmental Management 43: now aims to work out how to 836 –845. develop specific adaptive Hole DG, Huntley B, Arinaitwe J, management strategies, to maximise Butchart SHM, Collingham YC, See also: Conservation Science in resilience against the negative Fishpool LDC, Pain DJ and Willis SG the RSPB 2008: 12. impacts of climate change. (2011) Toward a management framework for networks of protected For more information contact: areas in the face of climate change. [email protected] Conservation Biology 25: 30 –-315. [email protected]

Sub-Saharan African IBAs, showing the proportion of species predicted to change (both immigrants and emigrants) under the modelled climate change scenario (warmer colours represent IBAs projected to experience greater disruption). Some regions are predicted to experience much greater change than others. 42

Can species conservation management be adapted to cope with climate change?

Anthropogenic climate change to detect climate-related changes. detrimental effects of climate change is already affecting the ecology, Although the protection and creation on vulnerable species. It may help distribution and abundance of of core sites will remain essential to maintain populations in an many species, with even greater for species which depend upon increasingly unfavourable climate impacts predicted in the future. natural and semi-natural habitats, and maximise the likelihood of future Will climate change make the the species supported by individual range expansion. Climate change current suite of tools we use for sites may change in response to will not operate in isolation, and its species conservation obsolete? climate. The best sites may continue effects will need to be managed in A recent assessment suggests to support significant populations of the light of other pressures on not, although improvements the threatened species found there habitats and species, which it may and more effective large-scale now, but may also be colonised by affect. Finally, re-introduction and implementation will be needed. other threatened species currently translocation techniques may be found elsewhere. Such colonisation required to restore species’ Existing conservation priorities for will need to be facilitated by the distributions to their favoured climate. species and sites may need to be creation and maintenance of adjusted, to take account of the patches of suitable habitat within The RSPB is already trying to put anticipated climate sensitivity the wider countryside. adaptation theory into practice for of species and habitats. These several key species. For instance, adjustments should be informed by The management of sites will be we have recreated heathland to high quality monitoring programmes critical to reduce or delay the accommodate the northwards range D a v i d

T i p l i n g

( r s p b - i m a g e s . c o m )

Aerial photograph of the Flow Country in Scotland demonstrating the scale of drainage ditches that need to be blocked to restore hydrology and the creation of new moorland pools by intensive ditch-blocking activities. 43

expansion of the Dartford warbler. Green RE and Pearce-Higgins JW a population of a northern wader at We are also investigating whether (2009) Species management in the the southern edge of its range. ditch-blocking in the uplands can face of a changing climate. In Baxter Global Change Biology 16: 12 –23. restore the peat hydrology and make J and Galbraith C (eds), Species vulnerable habitats more resilient to Management: Challenges and See also: Conservation Science in climate change for species such as Solutions for the 21st Century . the RSPB 2008: 12 & 42. the golden plover. For the bittern, The Stationery Office, Edinburgh. our adaptation strategy includes both bolstering sea defences on the East Gregory RD, Willis SG, Jiguet F, Anglian coast, to prevent the most Vorisek P, Klvanova A, van Strien AJ, important breeding sites from being Huntley B, Collingham YC, Couvet D inundated with seawater, and and Green RE (2009) An indicator of creating a series of big new inland the impact of climate change on sites in preparation for the time European bird populations. PloS ONE when coastal sites can no longer 4, e4638. be defended. Pearce-Higgins JW, Dennis P, For more information contact: Whittingham MJ and Yalden DW [email protected] (2009) Impacts of climate on prey abundance account for fluctuations in B e n

H a l l

( r s p b - i m a g e s . c o m ) 44

Birds and wind farms – mapped and written guidance for England

The UK has a target to meet The careful location of wind farms Distributional data for these species 15% of its energy consumption is key to minimising their effects on was buffered by distances selected using renewable sources by birds. In light of this, in 2006, the following literature reviews on factors 2020. This requires a large RSPB produced a bird sensitivity such as foraging ranges, sensitivity increase in renewable energy map for Scotland indicating areas to collision and disturbance production, with wind energy where there is a greater probability displacement. Buffers were classified currently representing the fastest of risk to sensitive bird species. as ”high” or ”medium” sensitivity. growing renewable energy Scotland was considered a priority Single species maps were converted source. Climate change poses for a sensitivity map as it contains to a 1 km square grid and then the single greatest long-term the highest number of wind farm combined, with the highest threat to birds and other wildlife, applications of any UK country. sensitivity rating for any species and the RSPB recognises the for each 1 km square being used essential role renewable energy Following on from this, mapped and for the final map. In addition, Special plays in addressing this problem. written guidance has now been Protection Areas (SPAs), BirdLife However, poorly sited wind produced for England, as part of a Important Bird Areas (IBAs), selected farms can have negative effects joint RSPB/NE project. The map is Sites of Special Scientific Interest on birds, leading to potential based on distributional data for 12 (SSSIs) and Wetland Birds Survey conflict where proposals coincide species of conservation concern, (WeBS) principal sites were also with important sites for species considered to be sensitive to effects included to provide coverage for of conservation concern. of wind farms, namely collision and breeding waders, wintering displacement through disturbance. waterfowl and breeding seabirds. J e n n y

B r i g h t 45

The map is intended to help guide all those involved in the early stages of the Wind farm location guidance map for England. planning process, such as the staff of the RSPB, Natural England, local authorities and wind energy developers. Sensitivity rating It is not intended to represent simple Unknown ”no-go” areas, nor as a substitute for site-specific Environmental Impact Medium Assessments. It was not possible to High include all species on the map and for some species written guidance was considered more appropriate.

For more information contact: [email protected]

This project was funded by the RSPB and NE. Data for the map were provided by many groups and individuals, including the British Trust for Ornithology , Forestry Commission, the Game and Wildlife Conservancy Trust, the Hawk and Owl Trust, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Natural England, the Rare Breeding Birds Panel and the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust.

Bright JA, Langston RHW and Anthony S (2009) Mapped and written guidance in relation to birds and onshore wind energy development in England. RSPB Research Report No. 35. www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/policy/ windfarms/locationalguidance

Bright JA, Langston RHW, Bullman R, Evans RJ, Gardner S, Pearce-Higgins J 0 30 60 120 kilometres and Wilson E (2006) Bird Sensitivity Map to provide locational guidance for onshore wind farms in Scotland . RSPB Research Report No. 20. www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/policy/ windfarms/locationalguidance

See also: Conservation Science in the RSPB 2007: 41. 46

Oil palm – a threat to biodiversity and climate

Oil palm plantations have be regarded as a major and growing Recent work has shown that it would proliferated in recent years, threat to forests, particularly the take between 75 and 93 years for partly in response to increased severely depleted lowland Sundaic the carbon released by the loss of demand for biofuels. Much of this forests of southern Thailand, the original forest to be compensated expansion has been on land that Myanmar, Malaysia and Indonesia. by the fossil fuel emissions avoided was previously covered by natural Claims by the industry that oil palm by using biofuels. In other words, tropical forests. Recent research plantations are habitats of high it will take nearly a century for oil has shown that the conversion of value to wildlife have been proven palm plantations on previously forest to oil palm has devastating to be untrue. Recent reviews have forested land to break even. If the effects, not only on biodiversity, clearly demonstrated massive forests are on peat, as many are, but also on climate change. losses of biodiversity as forests are the compensation period is over converted to oil palms. The effects 600 years. The results show that Much of the recent expansion of oil are particularly severe for birds, planting oil palm plantations on palm plantations has taken place in with few forest specialists forested land leads to double South-East Asia, a region originally able to survive the change. jeopardy for biodiversity and climate. covered with some of the planet’s most biodiverse forests (see p19 Similarly, claims that biofuels are For more information contact: and p27). The extent to which oil an efficient way to combat climate [email protected] palm is directly responsible for the change have also been questioned, loss of forests, rather than simply particularly in relation to biofuels filling the spaces left by commercial produced from oil palms planted logging, varies regionally but it can on previously forested land. U l r i k e

A k l i r o

The rhinoceros hornbill is a s

( F o

characteristic species of lowland t o l i a

Sundaic forests in South-East Asia, ) a habitat under severe threat from the expansion of oil palm plantations. 47

Fitzherbert E, Struebig MJ, Morel A, Danielsen F, Bruhl CA, Donald PF Compensation point and Phalan B (2008) How will oil ) 1 - palm expansion affect biodiversity? a h 200 g Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: t s

M Emission reduction e (

538 –545. r n 100 o from biofuel use o F b r Oil palm vegetative part, average Danielsen F, Beukema H, Burgess a

C 0 ND, Parish F, Bruhl CA, Donald PF, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Murdiyarso D, Phalan B, Reijnder L, Struebig M and Fitzherbert EB Time after forest conversion (years) (2009) Biofuel plantations on forested lands: double jeopardy for The carbon balance over time for 1 ha of rainforest cleared by logging and biodiversity and climate. converted to an oil palm biofuel plantation. The graph shows the difference Conservation Biology 23: 348 –358. in carbon stocks, and the compensation from the difference in stocks, by cumulative net emission reduction when fossil fuels are substituted by oil See also: Conservation Science in palm biofuel (from Danielsen et al . 2009). A compensation point of 75 years the RSPB 2004: 39; 2005: 54. is a best-case scenario. C l a r e

K e n d a l l

( r s p b - i m a g e s . c o m ) 48

Preparations for the eradication of invasive mice from Gough Island

The UK Overseas Territory of 65 sq km . The total population of helicopters equipped with specialised Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha, 1.3 –1.4 million mice consumes bait-hoppers and guided by differential is justifiably known as one of upwards of 6 tonnes of biomass GPS. This would be the most the world’s most important every single day. The impact of this ambitious eradication operation of seabird islands, supporting is devastating for Gough’s wildlife. mice to date, although similar millions of pairs of breeding Tristan albatrosses suffered their operations to eradicate rats have seabirds. However, RSPB worst ever recorded breeding season been carried out in New Zealand. researchers discovered that the in 2008, with just 14% of incubating During 2007, New Zealand eradication albatross and petrel chicks here birds producing a fledged chick: expert John Parkes visited Gough to are severely predated by house a figure five times lower than that undertake a feasibility assessment mice. As a result, preparations expected for an albatross species for mouse eradication. While results have begun for what will hopefully and not sufficient to prevent were generally very positive, concerns become one of the world’s most population declines. New population were raised over the susceptibility of ambitious eradication operations. estimates for the endemic Gough mice to aerial drops of bait, due to bunting also indicate that the small the presence of large numbers of Since the discovery of mouse population of this species has halved cave systems on Gough Island. predation on Gough Island, in the last two decades. In September 2008, a new team was follow-up research has confirmed placed on the island to undertake the the extent and scale of their impact. The only solution to the impact of key remaining research, including Estimates indicate that, during the mice on Gough Island is their undertaking bait-preference trials, summer, mice can reach densities of complete eradication through assessing the effectiveness of up to 300 per hectare over Gough’s dropping poison bait from rodenticides, and undertaking bait R i c h a r d

C u t

Richard Cuthbert (RSPB) and John Parkes (Landcare, New h b e r

Zealand) with the remains of a large Tristan albatross t chick that had been killed by mice on Gough Island. 49

uptake trials in caves, to see if all mice can be targeted by an aerial 2500 drop. The success of this research will be crucial in determining 2250 s whether we can push ahead with r e the eradication of mice from b 2000 m u

Gough Island. n

n 1750 o i t a

For more information contact: l

u 1500 [email protected] p o P 1250 This work is being carried out by the

RSPB and University of Cape Town, 1000 with the support of the Tristan da 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Cunha Conservation Department, Year and funding from the RSPB and the UK government’s Overseas Estimated numbers of incubating Tristan albatrosses on Gough Island and Territories Environment Programme. the best fit line (red line) for the underlying trend, indicating a decline rate of 4% a year. In 2009, this species and the Gough bunting were uplisted to Parkes J (2008) A Feasibility Study Critically Endangered by BirdLife International. for the Eradication of House Mice from Gough Island . RSPB Research Report No. 34.

Ryan PG and Cuthbert RJ (2008) The R i c h a biology and conservation status of r d

C

Gough Bunting Rowettia u t h b goughensis . Bulletin of the British e r t Ornithological Club 128: 242 –253.

Wanless RW, Ryan PG, Altwegg R, Angel A, Cooper J, Cuthbert R and Hilton GM (2009) From both sides: Dire demographic consequences of carnivorous mice and longlining for the Critically Endangered Tristan albatrosses on Gough Island. Biological Conservation 142: 1710 –1718.

See also: Conservation Science in the RSPB 2006: 47 & 48. RSPB researcher Paul Visser with mouse cages used for undertaking feeding trials to determine the preference of Gough Island mice to different bait formulations. M a r k

S i s s o n

( r

50 s p b - i m a g e s . c o m Publications )

Disseminating the results of RSPB research as widely as possible is an important part of the RSPB’s ongoing programme of conservation work. Although a considerable amount of information and advice is made available by informal means and direct contact with practitioners, publication in peer-reviewed journals is a key element in ensuring the quality of our work. Preparing a publishable account of applied research that convinces sceptical reviewers and editors of its worth is a stringent discipline. It frequently exposes flaws in reasoning, analysis or data, and leads to improvements and strengthening of the scientific base for conservation. It also ensures that our results are accessible to professional conservation scientists worldwide.

Further information on our scientific work, and our most recent scientific publications, can be found on the RSPB website at www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/science 51

Publications in scientific journals, proceedings and books The complete list of the RSPB’s scientific publications from 2008 to 2011.

Acharya R, Cuthbert R , Baral HS and Arroyo BE, Amar A , Leckie F, Buchanan Beresford AE , Buchanan GM , Donald Chaudhary A (2010) Rapid decline of GM , Wilson JD and Redpath SM (2009) PF , Butchart SHM, Fishpool LDC and the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus Hunting habitat selection by Hen harriers Rondinini C (2011) Poor overlap between in Upper Mustang, Nepal. Forktail 26: Circus cyaneus on moorland: Implications the distribution of Protected Areas and 117 –120. for conservation management. Biological globally threatened birds in Africa. Conservation 142: 586 –596. Animal Conservation 14: 99 –107. Acharya R, Cuthbert R , Baral HS and Shah KB (2009) Rapid population declines Ausden M , Allison M , Bradley P , Beresford A , Buchanan GM , Donald of Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis in Coates M , Kemp M and Phillips N (2010) PF , Butchart SHM, Fishpool LDC and Upper Mustang, Nepal. Bird Conservation Increasing the resilience of our lowland Rondinini C (2011) Minding the protection International 19: 99 –107. dry heaths and acid grasslands. British gap: estimates of species' range sizes Wildlife December: 101 –109. and holes in the Protected Area network. A'Hara SW, Hancock M , Piertney SB and Animal Conservation 14: 114 –116. Cottrell JE (2009) The development of a Ausden M , Bolton M , Butcher N , molecular assay to distinguish droppings Hoccom DG , Smart J and Williams G Bird JP, Buchanan GM , Lees AC, Clay of black grouse Tetrao tetrix from those (2009) Predation of breeding waders on RP, Develey PF, Yepez I and Butchart of capercaillie Tetrao urogallus and red lowland wet grassland – is it a problem? SHM (2011) Integrating spatially explicit grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus. British Wildlife October, 29 –38. habitat projections into extinction risk Wildlife Biology 15: 328 –337. assessments; a reassessment of Ausden M and Fuller RJ (2009) Birds Amazonian avifauna incorporating Amar A , Amidon F, Arroyo BE, Esselstyn and habitat change in Britain Part 2: past projected deforestation. Diversity and J and Marshall A (2008) Population trends and future conservation responses. Distributions 18: 273 –281. of the forest bird community on the British Birds 102: 52–71. Pacific island of Rota, Mariana Islands. Bodey TW, McDonald RA, Sheldon RD Condor 110: 421 –427. Avery M , Sauven J, Allot K, Southworth and Bearhop S (2011) Absence of effects B and Pendleton A (2008) Directive will of predator control on nesting success Amar A , Arroyo BE, Meek E , Redpath S, unleash new generation of coal polluters. of Northern lapwings: implications for and Riley H (2008) Influence of habitat on Nature 452: 151. conservation. Ibis 153: 543 –555. occupancy and breeding performance of hen harriers in a declining population. Balmford A, Crey P, Kapos V, Manica A, Bodey TW, Smart J , Smart MA and Ibis 150: 400 –404. Rodrigues ASL, Scharlemann JPW and Gregory RD (2010) Reducing the impacts Green RE (2009) Capturing the Many of predation on ground-nesting waders: Amar A , Redpath S, Sim I and Buchanan Dimensions of Threat: Comment on a new landscape-scale solution? Aspects G (2010) Spatial and temporal associations Salafsky et al. Conservation Biology of Applied Biology 100: 167 –174. between recovering populations of 23: 482 –487. doi: 10.1111/j.1523- common raven Corvus corax and British 1739.2009.01196.x. Bogich TL, Barker GM, Mahlfeld K, upland wader populations. Journal of Climo F, Green R and Balmford A (2011) Applied Ecology 47: 253 –262. Balmford A , Fisher B, Green RE , Naidoo Fragmentation, grazing and the R, Strassburg B, Turner RK, Rodrigues species-area relationship. Ecography Amar A , Smith KW , Butler S , Lindsell ASL (2011) Bringing ecosystem services 34: 1 –8. JA , Hewson CM, Fuller RJ and Charman into the real world: An operational EC (2010) Recent patterns of change framework for assessing the economic Bolton M , Bamford R , Blackburn C, in vegetation structure and tree consequences of losing wild nature. Cromarty J, Eglington S, Ratcliffe N, composition of British Broadleaved Environmental & Resource Economics Sharpe F, Stanbury A and Smart J (2011) woodland: evidence from large-scale 48: 161 –175. Assesment of simple survey methods to surveys. Forestry 83: 345 –356. determine breeding population size and doi:10.1093/forestry/cpq017. Banks AN, Crick HQP, Coombes R, Benn productivity of a plover, the Northern S, Ratcliffe DA and Humphreys EM (2010) lapwing Vanellus vaneluus . Wader Study Amar A , Thirgood S, Pearce-Higgins J The breeding status of Peregrine falcons Group Bulletin 118: 141 –152. and Redpath S (2008) The impact of Falco peregrines in the UK and Isle of raptors on the abundance of upland Man in 2002. Bird Study 57: 421 –436. Bolton M , Brown JG , Moncrieff H , passerines and waders. Oikos 17: Ratcliffe N and Okill JD (2010) Playback 1143 –1152. Beaumont D and Housden S (2009) re-survey and demographic modelling The RSPB Scotland strategy for machair indicate a substantial increase in breeding Anderson BJ, Arroyo BE, Collingham YC, management with particular reference European storm-petrels Hydrobates Etheridge B , Fernandez-De-Simon J, to birds and achievements of the great pelagicus at the largest UK colony, Gillings S, Gregory RD , Leckie FM, yellow bumblebee project. The Glasgow Mousa, Shetland. Seabird 23: 14 –24. Sim IMW , Thomas CD, Travis J and Naturalist 25: 11 –16. Redpath SM (2009) Using distribution Bolton M , Smith AL, Gómez-Díaz E, models to test alternative hypotheses Bechet A, Germain C, Sandoz A, Friesen VL, Medeiros R, Bried J, about a species’ environmental limits Hirons GJM , Green RE , Walmsley JG Roscales JL and Furness RW (2008) and recovery prospects. Biological and Johnson AR (2009) Assessment of Monteiro's Storm-petrel Oceanodroma Conservation 142: 488 –499. the impacts of hydrological fluctuations monteiroi : a new species from the and salt pans abandonment on Greater Azores. Ibis 150: 717 –727. Anderson GQA and Green RE (2009) flamingos in the Camargue, South of The value of ringing for bird conservation. France. Biodiversity & Conservation Bolton M , Watt R, Ellick G and Scofield P Ringing and Migration 24: 205–212. 18: 1575 –1588. (2010) Evidence of breeding white-faced storm-petrel Pelagodroma marina on St Anderson ORJ , Small CJ , Croxall JP, Bennett E, Bolton M and Hilton G Helena Island, South Atlantic: vagrancy or Dunn EK , Sullivan BJ , Yates O and Black (2009) Temporal segregation of breeding a relict from human pre-colonisation? A (2011) Global seabird bycatch in longline by storm petrels Oceanodroma castro Seabird 23: 135 –139. fisheries. Endangered Species Research (sensu lato ) on St Helena, South Atlantic. 14: 91 –106. BoCC Bulletin 129: 92 –97. 52

Bolton M , Watt R, Fowler WR, Henry L Bradbury RB , Pearce-Higgins JW, the impacts upon endemic birds. and Clingham E (2011) Re-colonisation Wotton SR , Conway GJ and Grice PV Biological Conservation 141: 56 –66. and successful breeding of Masked (2011) The influence of climate and Boobies Sula dactylatra on mainland St topography in patterns of territory Buchanan G , Crockford N and Gretton Helena, South Atlantic, in the presence of establishment in a range-expanding bird. A (2010) The Slender-billed Curlew Feral cats Felis catus . Seabird 24: 60 –71. Ibis 153: 336 –344. Numenius tenuirostris in Africa. Bulletin of the African Bird Club 17: 202 –206. Booth V and Ausden M (2009) The Bradbury RB , Stoate C and Tallowin JRB invertebrate population of a created (2010) Lowland farmland bird conservation Buchanan GM , Donald PF and Butchart reedbed after seven years: Lakenheath in the context of wider ecosystem SHM (2011) Identifying Priority Areas for Fen RSPB reserve, Suffolk, England. service delivery. Journal of Applied Conservation: A Global Assessment for Conservation Evidence 6: 105 –110. Ecology 47: 986 –993. Forest-Dependent Birds. PLoS ONE 6: e29080 1 –10. Booth V and Morrison P (2010) Bright JA , Langston RHW , Bullman Effectiveness of disturbance methods R, Evans RJ , Gardner S and Buchanan GM , Donald PF , Fishpool and egg removal to deter large gulls Pearce-Higgins JW (2008) Map of bird LDC, Arinaitwe JA, Balman M and Larus spp. from competing with nesting sensitivities to wind farms in Scotland: Mayaux P (2009) An assessment of land terns Sterna spp . on Coquet Island RSPB a tool to aid planning and conservation. cover and threats in Important Bird Areas reserve, Northumberland, England. Biological Conservation 141: 2342 –2356. in Africa. Bird Conservation International Conservation Evidence 7: 39 –43. 19: 49 –61. Bright JA , Langston RHW , Bowden C (2009) The Asian Gyps vulture Pearce-Higgins JW , Bullman R, Evans Buchanan GM , Eshiamwata GW and crisis: the role of captive breeding in India R and Gardner S (2008) Spatial overlap Donald PF (2011) Using satellite imagery to prevent total extinction. Birding Asia of wind farms on peatland with for African bird conservation. Bulletin of 12: 121 –123. sensitive areas for birds. Mires and the African Bird Club 18: 68 –73. Peat Volume 4, Article 1 online at: Bowden CGR , Boehm C, Jordan MJR www.mires-and-peat.net Buchanan G , Lachmann L, Tegetmeyer C, and Smith KW (2008) Why is Oppel S , Nelson A and Flade M (2011) reintroduction of Northern Bald Ibis Bried J, Magalhães MC, Bolton M , Identifying the potential wintering sites of Geronticus eremita so complicated? Neves VC, Bell E, Pereira JC, Aguiar the globally threatened Aquatic Warbler An overview of recent progress and L, Monteiro LR and Santos RS (2009) using remote sensing. Ostrich 82: 81 –85. potential. Proceedings of IV Habitat restoration and rabbit International Symposium on Breeding eradication combined to restore Buchanan GM , Nelson A, Mayaux P, Birds in Captivity, 12 –16 September vulnerable seabird populations on Praia Hartley A and Donald PF (2009) 2007, Toronto, Canada. pp 27 –35. islet, Azores archipelago. Ecological Delivering a global terrestrial biodiversity restoration 27: 27 –36. observation system through remote Bowden CGR , Boehm C and Smith sensing: the time is now. Conservation KW (2008) Coordinating efforts to Brooke M de L, O'Connell TC, Wingate D, Biology 23: 499 –502. conserve the Northern Bald Ibis Madeiros J, Hilton GM and Ratcliffe N Geronticus eremita and why (2010) The potential for rat predation to Buckingham DL , Atkinson PW, Peel S reintroduction is not a straightforward cause decline of the globally threatened and Peach W (2010) New conservation option. Avian Biology Research 1: 40 –44. Henderson petrel Pterodroma atrata : measures for birds on grasslands and evidence from population modelling, the livestock farms. In: BOU Proceedings Bowden C and Daemmgen J (2009) field and stable isotopes. Endangered – Lowland Farmland Birds III: delivering Rescue of Indian vultures – role of Species Research 44: 47 –59. solutions in an uncertain world. meloxicam? Editorial (9). Veterinary www.bou.org.uk/bouproc-net/lfb3/ Sciences Tomorrow www.vetscite.org Brooks TM, Collar NJ, Green RE , buckingham-etal.pdf. Marsden SJ and Pain DJ (2008) The Bowden CGR , Prakash V, Lindsay N, science of bird conservation. Bird Buckingham DL , Bentley S, Dodd S Jakati RD, Cuthbert RJ , Rahmani A, Conservation International 18: S2 –S12. and Peach WJ (2011) Seeded ryegrass Pain DJ, Green RE , Cunningham AA swards allow granivorous birds to winter and Parry-Jones J (2010) Progress with Broughton RK, Hill RA, Bellamy PE in agriculturally improved grassland a conservation breeding programme to and Hinsley SA (2010) Dispersal, landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems save three Critically Endangered Gyps ranging and settling behaviour of Marsh and Environment 142: 256 –265. vultures from extinction. In: Lamont tits Poecile palustris in a fragmented MM (ed) The Proceedings of the IV landscape in lowland England. Bird Buckland ST, Marsden SJ and Green RE International Symposium on Breeding Study 57: 458 –472. (2008) Estimating bird abundance: making Birds in Captivity ; 2007 Sept 12 –16; methods work. Bird Conservation Toronto, Ontario, Canada. pp 36 –42. Broughton RK, Hill RA, Bellamy PE and International 18: S91 –S108. Hinsley SA (2011) Nest-sites, breeding Bowden CGR , Smith KW , El Bekkay failure, and causes of non-breeding in a Burns F, Székely T and Bolton M (2010) M, Oubrou W, Aghnaj A and population of British Marsh Tits Poecile Leg flags versus colour rings: a Jimenez-Armesto M (2008) Contribution palustris. Bird Study 58: 229 –237. comparison of marking methods using of research to conservation action for the a small shorebird, the St Helena Wirebird. northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita in Brown LE, Mitchell G, Holden J, Folkard Wader Study Group Bulletin 117(2): Morocco. Bird Conservation International A, Wright N, Beharry-Borg N, Berry G, 131 –134. 18: S74 –S90. Brierley B, Chapman P, Clarke SJ, Cotton L, Dobson M, Dollar E, Fletcher M, Foster Busuttil S and Aye R (2009) Bowler J , Mitchell C, Broad R, Leitch A J, Hanlon A, Hildon S, Hiley P, Hillis P, Ornithological surveys in Bamiyan and Stroud D (2008) Wintering wader Hoseason J, Johnston K, Kay P, McDonald Province, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. surveys on the Isle of Tiree, Argyll. A, Parrott A, Powell A, Slack RJ, Sleigh A, Sandgrouse 31: 146 –159. Scottish Birds 28: 32 –41. Spray C, Tapley K, Underhill R and Woulds C (2010) Priority water research Busuttil S , Aye R and Shank C (2010) Bowler J , Sears J and Hunter J (2009) questions as determined by practitioners Notes on nest and breeding of Afghan Recent research on the northern colletes and policy makers. Science of the Total snowfinch Pyrgilauda theresae , Bamiyan mining bee Colletes floralis Eversmann. Environment 409: 256 –266. province, Afghanistan. Sandgrouse The Glasgow Naturalist 25: 43 –49. 32: 13 –14. Buchanan GM , Butchart SHM, Dutson G, Bradbury RB , Bailey CM , Wright D and Pilgrim JD, Steininger MK, Bishop KD and Butchart SHM, Baillie JEM, Chenery AM, Evans AD (2008) Wintering Cirl Buntings Mayaux P (2008) Using remote sensing Collen B, Gregory RD , Revenga C and Emberiza cirlus in southwest England select to inform conservation status Walpole M (2010) Response to comment cereal stubbles that follow a low-input assessment: estimates of recent on “National Indicators show biodiversity herbicide regime. Bird Study 55: 23 –31. deforestation rates on New Britain and progress”. Science 329: 900 –901. 53

Butchart SHM, Walpole M, Collen B, van Colhoun K , Austin G and Newton from Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha. Strien A, Scharlemann JPW, Almond REA, S (2008) Wader populations on Wildlife Research 38: 196 –203. Baillie JEM, Bomhard B, Brown C, Bruno non-estuarine coasts in the Republic J, Carpenter KE, Carr GM, Chanson J, of Ireland: results of the 1997/98 Danielsen F, Beukema H, Burgess Chenery AM, Csirke J, Davidson NC, Non-Estuarine Coastal Waterbird ND, Parish F, Brùhl CA, Donald PF , Dentener F, Foster M, Galli A, Galloway Survey (Ireland News). International Murdiyarso D, Phalan B, Feijnders L, JN, Genovesi P, Gregory RD , Hockings Wader Studies 18: 39 –48. Struebig M and Fitzherbert E (2008) M, Kapos V, Lamarque J-F, Leverington F, Biofuel Plantations on Forested Lands: Loh J, McGeoch MA, McRae L, Minasyan Conway G, Wotton S , Henderson I, Double Jeopardy for Biodiversity and A, Hernández Morcillo MH, Oldfield TEE, Eaton M , Drewitt A and Spencer J Climate. Conservation Biology 23: Pauly D, Quader S, Revenga C, Sauer JR, (2009) The status of breeding 348 –358. Skolnik B, Spear D, Stanwell-Smith D, Woodlarks Lullula arborea in Britain Stuart SN, Symes A, Tierney M, Tyrrell TD, in 2006. Bird Study 56: 310 –325. Danielsen F, Burgess ND, Balmford A, Vié J-C and Watson R (2010) Global Donald PF , Funder M, Jones JPG, biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Cornulier T, Elston DA, Arcese P, Benton Alviola P, Balete DS, Blomley T, Brashares Science 328: 1164 –1168. TG, Douglas DJT , Lambin X, Reid J, J, Child B, Enghoff M, Fjeldså J, Holt S, Robinson RA and Sutherland WJ (2009) Hübertz H, Jensen AE, Jensen PM, Butler SJ, Boccaccio L, Gregory RD , Estimating the annual number of Massao J, Mendoza MM, Ngaga Y, Voríšek P and Norris K (2010) breeding attempts from breeding Poulsen MK, Rueda R, Sam M, Skielboe Quantifying the impact of land-use dates using mixture models. Ecology T, Stuart-Hill G, Topp-Jørgense E and change to European farmland bird Letters 12: 1184 –1193. Yonten D (2008) Local Participation in populations. Agriculture, Ecosystems Natural Resource Monitoring: and Environment 137: 348 –357. Craigie ID, Baillie JEM, Balmford A, a Characterization of Approaches. Carbone C, Collen B, Green RE and Conservation Biology 23: 31 –42. Byron H and Gorska M (2008) Collision Hutton JM (2010) Large mammal in the Rospuda valley – Poland: Nature population declines in Africa's protected Davies M , Grice P, Evans A , Jeffs C, Lock and traffic in conflict. Osteuropa 58: 359. areas. Biological Conservation 143: L and Wotton S (2011) Celebrating the 2221 –2228. success of a model species recovery Carpenter J , Smart J , Amar A , project. British Wildlife 22: 263 –271. Gosler A, Hinsley S and Charman E Crockford N (2009) Is the slender-billed (2010) National-scale analyses of habitat curlew Numenius tenuirostris in Asia? Dawson NM, Macleod CD, Smith M associations of Marsh Tits Poecile Birding Asia 12: 116 –120. and Ratcliffe N (2011) Interactions with palustris and Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus: Great Skuas Stercorarius skua as a factor two species with opposing population Cuthbert R (2010) Sustainability of in the long term decline of an Arctic trends in Britain. Bird Study 57: 31 –43. hunting, population densities, intrinsic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus population. rates of increase and conservation of Ibis 153: 143 –153. Carroll MJ, Dennis P, Pearce-Higgins Papua New Guinean mammals: A JW and Thomas CD (2011) Maintaining quantitative review. Biological De Laet J, Peach WJ and northern peatland ecosystems in a Conservation 143: 1850 –1859. Summers-Smith JD (2011) Protocol for changing climate: effects of soil moisture, censusing urban sparrows. British Birds drainage and drain blocking on craneflies. Cuthbert R , Cooper J, Burle MH, Glass 104: 255 –260. Global Change Biology 16: 12 –23. CJ, Glass JP, Glass S, Glass T, Hilton GM , Sommer ES , Wanless RM and Ryan PG Dillon IA , Hancock M and Summers Ceia RS, Ramos JA, Heleno RH, Hilton (2009) Population trends and conservation RW (2008) Post-hatch nest use by GM and Marques TA (2011) Status status of the Northern Rockhopper Slavonian Grebes in Scotland. assessment of the Critically Endangered Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi at Tristan British Birds 101: 201 –203. Azores Bullfinch Pyrrhula murina . Bird da Cunha and Gough Island. Bird Conservation International 21: 477 –489. Conservation International 19: 109 –120. Dillon IA , Hancock MH and Summers RW (2010) Provisioning of Slavonian Chamberlain D, Gough S, Anderson Cuthbert R , Dave R, Chakraborty S, Grebe Podiceps auritus chicks at nests G, MacDonald M , Grice P and Vickery Kumar S, Prakash S, Ranade SP and in Scotland. Bird Study 57: 563 –567. 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trivialis in a Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris Buntings Emberiza calandra on east blanket bog during storm and drought wood. Bird Study 56: 120 –126. Scottish study areas in 1989 –2007. events, and the importance of sampling Bird Study 56: 213 –220. scale. Journal of Hydrology 404: 198 –208. Taylor SD and Summers RW (2010) Numbers of breeding birds in old Webb L, Beaumont DJ , Nager RG and Wilson L, Wilson J, Holden J, Johnstone Scots Pine wood at Abernethy Forest, McCracken DI (2010) Field-scale dispersal I, Armstrong A and Morris M (2011) Ditch Badenoch & Strathspey, from 1977 to of Aphodius dung beetles ( Coleoptera: blocking, water chemistry and organic 1987. Scottish Birds 30: 302 –311. Scarabaeidae ) in response to avermectin flux: Evidence that blanket bog treatments on pastured cattle. Bulletin of restoration reduces erosion and fluvial Thaxter CB, Joys AC, Gregory RD , Baillie Entomological Research 100: 175 –183. carbon loss. Science of the Total SR and Noble DG (2010) Hypotheses to Environment 409: 2010 –2018. explain patterns of population change Wernham C, Etheridge B , Holling M, among breeding bird species in England. Riddle G, Riley H, Stirling-Aird P, Stroud D, Wilson L, Wilson JM and Johnstone I Biological Conservation 143: 2006 –2019. Thompson DBA and Wilson JD (2008) (2011) The effect of blanket bog drainage The Scottish Raptor Monitoring Scheme: on habitat condition and on sheep Thomas CD, Hill JK, Anderson BJ, Bailey objectives and achievements in the first grazing, evidence from a Welsh upland S, Beale CM, Bradbury RB , Bulman CR, four years. Ambio 37: 460 –465. bog. Biological Conservation 144: 193 –201. Crick HQP, Eigenbrod F, Griffiths HM, Kunin WE, Oliver TH, Walmsley CA, Whitfield DP, Douse A, Evans RJ , Grant Wotton S , Brown A, Burn A, Watts K, Worsfold NT and Yardley T (2011) J, Love J, MacLeod DRA, Reid R and Cunningham R , Dodd A , Droy N , A framework for assessing threats and Wilson JD (2009) Natal and breeding Gilbert G , Rees S, White G and Gregory benefits to species responding to dispersal in a reintroduced population of R (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable climate change. Methods in Ecology White-tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla . future for reedbeds and Bitterns? and Evolution 2: 125 –142. Bird Study 56: 177 –186. British Wildlife 20: 305 –315.

Thompson P, Amar A , Hoccom DG , Whitfield DP, Duffy K, Macleod DRA, Wotton S and Conway G (2008) The Knott J and Wilson JD (2009) Resolving Evans RJ , Maclennan AM , Reid R , Woodlark and Dartford Warbler surveys in the conflict between driven-grouse Sexton D , Wilson JD and Douse A Wales in 2006. Welsh Birds 5: 322 –327. shooting and conservation of Hen (2009) Juvenile dispersal of White-tailed harriers. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: Eagles in Scotland. Journal of Raptor Wotton S , Conway G, Eaton M , 950 –954. Research 43: 110 –120. Henderson I and Grice P (2009) The status of the Dartford Warbler in Visser P , Louw J and Cuthbert R (2010) Whittingham MJ, Krebs JR, Swetnam RD, the UK and the Channel Islands in 2006. Strategies to eradicate the invasive plant Thewlis RM, Wilson JD and Freckleton British Birds 102: 230 –246. procumbent pearlwort Sagina RP (2009) Habitat associations of procumbens on Gough Island, Tristan da British breeding farmland birds. Wotton S , Grantham M, Moran N Cunha. Conservation Evidence 7: 116 –122. Bird Study 56: 43 –52. and Gilbert G (2011) Eurasian Bittern distribution and abundance in the UK Visser P , Louw J , Cuthbert R and Wilkinson NI , Carmouche K and Graham during the 2009/10 winter. British Birds Ryan P (2009) Salvin’s Albatross K (2010) The abundance of Twite wintering 104: 636 –641. Thalassarche salvini on Gough Island, in Caithness and Sutherland in 2006/07. South Atlantic. Bulletin of the African Scottish Birds 30: 295 –301. Wotton S , Morris T , Anderson G and Bird Club 16: 215 –216. Shorrock G (2010) Threatened species Wilkinson NI and Wilson JD (2010) surveys in the Gola Forest reserves, Voríšek P , Gregory RD , van Strien Breeding ecology of Twite Carduelis Sierra Leone. Ibis 152: 205 –206. AJ and Gmelig Meyling AW (2008) flavirostris in a crofting landscape. Population trends of 48 common Bird Study 57: 142 –155. Wright HL, Buckingham DL and Dolman terrestrial bird species in Europe: results PM (2009) Dry season habitat use by from the Pan-European Common Bird Willis SG, Hole DG, Collingham YC, critically endangered white-shouldered Monitoring scheme. Revista Catalana Hilton G , Rahbeck C and Huntley B ibis in northern Cambodia. Animal d'Ornitologia 24: 4 –14. (2009) Assessing the impacts of Conservation 12: 1 –9. future climate change on protected Voríšek P , Jiguet F, van Strien A, areas networks: A method to Wright LJ, Hoblyn RA, Green RE , Škorpilová J, Klva ňová A and Gregory RD simulate individual species responses. Bowden CGR , Mallord JW , Sutherland (2010) Trends in abundance and biomass Environmental Management 43: 836 –845. WJ and Dolman PM (2009) Importance of widespread European farmland birds: of climatic and environmental change in how much have we lost? BOU Wilson JD , Evans AD and Grice the demography of a multi-brooded Proceedings – Lowland Farmland Birds PV (2009) Bird Conservation and passerine, the woodlark Lullula arborea . III: delivering solutions in an uncertain Agriculture . Cambridge, UK: Journal of Animal Ecology 78: 1191 –1202. world . www.bou.org.uk/bouproc-net/lfb3/ Cambridge University Press. vorisek-etal.pdf. Young RP and Hilton GM (2008) Wilson JD , Evans AD and Grice PV Background to the Centre Hills Voríšek P , Reif J, Štastný K and Bejcek V (2010) Bird conservation and agriculture: Biodiversity Assessment. In: Young R P (2008) How effective can be the national a pivotal moment? Ibis 152: 176 –179. (ed) A biodiversity assessment of the law in protecting birds? A case study Centre Hills, Montserrat . Durrell from the Czech Republic. Folia Zoologica Wilson JW, Burle MH, Cuthbert R , Conservation Monograph No. 1. Durrell 57: 221 –230. Stirnemann RL and Ryan PG (2010) Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Breeding success of Northern Channel Islands. pp 100 –129. Wanless RM, Ryan PG, Altwegg R, Angel Rockhopper penguins ( Eudyptes A, Cooper J, Cuthbert R and Hilton GM moseleyi ) at Gough Island, South Young RP, Hilton GM and Martin L (2009) From both sides: Dire demographic Atlantic ocean. EMU 110: 137 –141. (2008) Biodiversity of the Centre Hills: consequences of carnivorous mice and importance, key features, conservation longlining for the Critically Endangered Wilson L, Wilson J, Holden J, priorities and recommended actions. Tristan albatrosses on Gough Island. Johnstone I , Armstrong A and Morris In: Young RP (ed) A biodiversity Biological Conservation 142: 1710 –1718. M (2010) Recovery of water tables in assessment of the Centre Hills, Welsh blanket bog after drain blocking: Montserrat . Durrell Conservation Watson A, Marquiss M and Summers Discharge rates, time scales and the Monograph No. 1. Durrell Wildlife RW (2009) Abundance of crossbills, influence of local conditions. Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel siskins and cone-crops. Ornis Fennica Journal of Hydrology 391: 377 –386. Islands. pp 30 –39. 86: 38 –40. Wilson L, Wilson J, Holden J, Johnstone Watson A, Perkins AJ , Maggs HE and I, Armstrong A and Morris M (2011) The Wilson JD (2009) Decline of Corn impact of drain blocking on an upland 61

Reports, theses and other publications

Bellamy PE and Eaton MA (2010) 2009 Charman TG, Sears J , Bourke AFG and Klvanová A and Voríšek P (2008) Review CSM bird monitoring of Caithness and Green RE (2009) Phenology of Bombus on large-scale generic population Sutherland Peatlands SPA . RSPB report distinguendus in the Outer Hebrides. monitoring schemes in Europe 2007. for SNH. The Glasgow Naturalist 25: 35 –42. Bird Census News 20/2: 50 –56.

Bicknell J , Smart J , Hoccom D , Amar Cuthbert R (2008) Book review: Wolves: Klvarová A, Voríšek P , Gregory RD , A, Evans A , Walton P and Knott J (2010) Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation Burfield IJ, Škorpilová J, Auninš A, de Impacts of non-native gamebird release in (L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani eds. Carli E, Crowe O, del Moral J C, Elts J, the UK: a review. RSPB Research Report The University of Chicago Press). Escandell V, Foppen RPB, Fornasari L, 40. ISBN 978-1-905601-26-4. Biological Conservation 141: 610 –611. Heldbjerg H, Hilton G , Husby M, Jawinska D, Jiguet F, Joys A, Lindström Boehm C and Bowden CGR (eds) (2010) Dunn JC (2011) Migratory Birds: Ecology Å, Martins R, Noble DG, Reif J, Schmid Northern Bald Ibis Conservation and and Conservation. A report on the BOUs H, Schwarz J, Spasov S, Szép T, Reintroduction workshop. Proceedings Annual Conference held at the University Teufelbauer N, Väisänen R A, of 3rd Meeting of International Advisory of Leicester, 5-7 April 2011. Ibis 153: Vansteenwegen C and Weiserbs A Group for Northern Bald Ibis (IAGNBI), 893 –897. (2009) The State of Europe’s Common Palmyra, Syria, November 2009. ISBN Birds 2008. PECBMSCSO/RSPB, Prague, 978-1-905601-27-1. Eaton MA , Austin GE, Balmer D, Burton Czech Republic. N, Grice PV, Hearn R, Hilton G , Leech D, Bright JA , Langston RHW and Anthony Musgrove AJ, Newson S, Noble DG, Langston RHW (2010) Offshore wind S (2009) Mapped and written guidance in Ratcliffe N , Rehfisch MM, Walker L and farms and birds: Round 3 zones, relation to birds and onshore wind energy Wotton S (2008) The state of the UK’s extensions to Round 1 & Round 2 sites & development in England. RSPB Research birds 2007. RSPB, BTO, WWT, CCW, Scottish Territorial Waters. RSPB Research Report 35. ISBN 978-1-905601-18-2. EHS, NE and SNH, Sandy, Bedfordshire. Report 39. ISBN 978-1-905601-25-7.

Bright JA , Morris AJ and Winspear R Eaton MA , Balmer DE, Conway GJ, Malpas L , Smart J and Garbutt A (2011) (2008) A review of Indirect Effects of Gillings S, Grice PV, Hall C, Hearn RD, The abundance of redshank breeding Pesticides on Birds and mitigating Musgrove AJ, Risely K and Wotton S . on saltmarshes in Great Britain: results land-management practices. RSPB Research (2009) The state of the UK’s birds 2008 . of a 2011 survey. RSPB report for Report 28. ISBN 978-1-905601-09-7. RSPB, BTO, WWT, CCW, NIEA, JNCC, Natural England. NE and SNH, Sandy, Bedfordshire. Brooke M de L and Towns DR (2008) Martin L, Morton MN, Hilton GM , Young A Feasibility Study for the Eradication Eaton MA , Appleton GF, Ausden MA , RP, Garcia G, Gray G and Mendes S (eds) of Kiore Rattus exulans from Balmer DE, Grantham MJ, Grice PV, (2008) A Species Action Plan for the Henderson Island. Unpublished report Hearn RD, Holt CA, Musgrove AJ, Noble Montserrat galliwasp Diploglossus to RSPB, Sandy. DG, Parsons M, Risely K, Stroud DA and montisserrati . Department of Wotton S (2010) The State of the UK's Environment, Montserrat. Brown D (2008) Operational Plan for the birds 2009. Report: RSPB, BTO, WWT, Eradication of Kiore Rattus exulans from CCW, JNCC, NE, NIEA, and SNH, Morris AJ (2009) Manipulating crop Henderson Island. Unpublished report to Sandy, Bedfordshire. and field-margin vegetation structure for RSPB, Sandy. birds and food resources. PhD thesis, Eglington SM, Gill JA, Smart M and University of Reading. Buckingham DL (2010) Grass silage Bolton M (2009) Reversion of arable as a new source of winter food for land to wet grassland for breeding Morris AJ , Smart J , Lamacraft D , declining farmland birds. Unpublished waders. Conservation Land Bialynicki-Birula N, Luxton K-J , Haysom report to Defra on Project BD1455. Management 7: 5 –9. K, Rasey A, Williams C, Hobson R, Dines Defra, London, UK. T, Parry RJ and Wilberforce EM (2008) Gove B , Flower KA and Bradbury RB Potential for biodiversity delivery by Burns FE (2011) Conservation biology (2010) A review of environmental Welsh agri-environment schemes. of the endangered St Helena Plover consequences of biomass production Unpublished consortium final report to (Charadrius sanctaehelenae ). PhD for UK energy consumption. RSPB Welsh Assembly Government. thesis, University of Bath. Research Report 38, Sandy, Bedfordshire. ISBN 978-1-905601-24-0. Norris K, Bailey M, Baker S, Bradbury R , Calbrade NA, Holt CA, Austin GE, Mellan Chamberlain D, Duck C, Edwards M, Ellis H, Hearn RD, Stroud DA, Wotton SR and Hancock MH (2010) Testing disturbance CJ, Frost M, Gibby M, Gilbert J, Gregory Musgrove AJ (2010) Waterbirds in the UK management for conservation, in a R, Griffiths R, Harrington L, Helfer S, 2008/09: The Wetland Bird Survey. pinewood-heathland ecosystem. PhD Jackson E, Jennings S, Keith A, Kungu E, BTO/RSPB/JNCC in association with thesis, University of Edinburgh. Langmead O, Long D, Macdonald D, WWT, Thetford. Report: BTO, JNCC and McHaffie H, Maskell L, Moorhouse T, Pinn RSPB in association with WWT. Hancock M , Boyle J , Duffield S, Jones K E, Reading C, Somerfield P, Turner S, Tyler and Wilson J (2011) Testing novel crops C, Vanbergen A and Watt A (2011) UK Carpenter J , Charman EC , Smart J , in crofting areas, as winter habitats for National Ecosystem Assessment: Amar A , Gruar D , Bierman S and Grice corn buntings. RSPB Research Report 44. Technical Report Chapter 4: Biodiversity in P (2009) Habitat associations of ISBN 978-1-905601-31-8 the Context of Ecosystem Services. UK woodland birds II: Completing the National Ecosystem Assessment: picture for woodland indicator species. Holt CA, Austin GE, Calbrade NA, Mellan Technical Report pp 63 –104. RSPB Research Report 36. H, Thewlis RM, Hall C, Stroud DA, ISBN 978-1-905601-20-2. Wotton SR and Musgrove AJ (2009) Ockendon N, Bright J and Langston Waterbirds in the UK 2007/08: The RHW (2010) Woodlark habitat Charman EC , Carpenter J and Gruar D Wetland Bird Survey. BTO/WWT/RSPB/ associations in planted forests. (2009) Understanding the causes of JNCC, Thetford. Report: BTO, JNCC, RSPB Report. decline in breeding bird numbers in RSPB and WWT. England: a review of the evidence base Parkes J (2008) A Feasibility Study for the for declining species in the woodland Klop E, Lindsell JA and Siaka A (2008) Eradication of House Mice Mus musculus indicator for England. RSPB Research Biodiversity of Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. from Gough Island. RSPB Research Report 37. ISBN 978-1-905601-21-9. RSPB and CSSL research report. Report 34. ISBN 978-1-905601-17-2. 62

Peach WJ (2010) Modified management RSPB and NE Report. RSPB, Sandy, of agricultural grassland to promote Bedfordshire, UK. in-field structural heterogeneity, invertebrates and bird populations in Wotton S and Lodge C (2009) The pastoral landscapes. Unpublished report Bittern Botaurus stellaris population to Defra on Project BD1454, RSPB, Cabi on the Suffolk coast and the potential and ADAS. vulnerability to sea level rise. Suffolk Bird Report 2007. Peach W , Dodd S , Westbury D, Mortimer S, Brook A, Harris S, Kessock-Philip R, Wotton S , Lodge C , Lewis B , Schmitt Chaney K, Lewis P and Buckingham D S, Kellett K , Gregory R and Brown A (2008) Cereal-based wholecrop silage: (2008) Bittern monitoring in the UK – a potential conservation mechanism for Summary of the 2008 season. RSPB farmland birds in pastoral landscapes. and NE Report. RSPB, Sandy, Unpublished RSPB report to Defra for Bedfordshire, UK. project reference number BD1228. Wotton S , Lodge C , McIntyre R , Rexer-Huber K and Parker G (2011) Schmitt S , Gregory R and Brown A Captive Husbandry of the Gough Island (2010) Bittern monitoring in the UK – Bunting and Moorhen. RSPB Research Summary of the 2010 breeding season. Report 42. ISBN 978-1-905601-29-5. RSPB and NE Report. RSPB, Sandy, Bedfordshire, UK. Schmitt S (2008) The National Beached Bird Survey 2008. Unpublished report. Wotton S , Morris T , Anderson G and RSPB, Sandy, Bedfordshire, UK. Shorrock G (2010) Threatened species surveys in the Gola Forest Reserves, Schmitt S (2009) The National Beached Sierra Leone. Ibis 152: 205 –208. Bird Survey 2009. Unpublished report. RSPB, Sandy, Bedfordshire, UK.

Schmitt S (2010) The National Beached Bird Survey 2010. Unpublished report. RSPB, Sandy, Bedfordshire, UK.

Senyatso K, Sheehan DK , Eaton M and Butchart S (2008) Guidelines for the development of bird population monitoring in Africa. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.

Škorpilová J, Voríšek P and Gregory RD (2009) Report on the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme Workshop. Bird Census News 22: 27 –30.

Smart J , Sim I , Amar A , Etheridge B , Cameron D , Christie G and Wilson J (2008) Modelling the population dynamics of red kites Milvus milvus: is low annual survival rate limiting population growth in the North Scotland population? Scottish Natural Heritage Report.

Sommer E , Cuthbert R and Hilton G (2008). Tristan and Nightingale Islands Wildlife Monitoring Manual. RSPB Research Report 33. ISBN 978-1-905601-16-5.

Stevens DK (2008) The breeding ecology of the Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata in lowland England. PhD thesis, University of Reading

Summers RW , Willi J and Selvidge J (2008) Capercaillie nest attendance and survival. RSPB Research Report 29. ISBN 978-1-905601-08-0.

Varnham K (2010) Invasive rats on tropical islands: Their history, ecology, impacts and eradication. RSPB Research Report 41. ISBN 978-1-905601-28-8.

Voríšek P , Klva ňová A, Wotton S and Gregory R (2008) A best practice guide for wild bird monitoring schemes. First edition, CSO/RSPB, Prague.

Wotton S , Lewis B , Pledger E , Schmitt S , Kellett K , Gregory R and Brown A (2009) Bittern monitoring in the UK - Summary of the 2009 season. S t e v e

K n e l l

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p 63 b - i m a g e s . c o m ) The RSPB

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