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Ecology of the Fishes of the Rivers Pykara and Moyar (Nilgiris), South India*

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Ecology of the Fishes of the Rivers Pykara and Moyar (Nilgiris), South India* ECOLOGY OF THE FISHES OF THE RIVERS PYKARA AND MOYAR (NILGIRIS), SOUTH INDIA* BY S. RAIAN** Received July 29, 1963 (Communicated by Dr. N. K. Panikkar, F.A.SC.) CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION .... 291 AREA SURVEYED .. 292 DESCRIPTIONS OF STATIONS 293 MATERIAL AND METHODS 294 FISH FAUNA .... 295 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FEATURES 297 BIOTIC FACTORS .. 297 PLANKTON .... 297 FLORA .... 303 OTHER AQUATIC FAUNA 304 FOOD RESOURCES .. 306 NATURAL ENEMIES AND OTHER LIMITING FACTORS 306 NOTES ON FISHES COLLECTED ...... 307 DISCUSSION .......... 309 SOMMARY .......... 321 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........ 321 REFERENCES .......... 321 INTRODUCTION Hill streams, flowing as they do over different altitudinal ranges where conditions, both meteorological and environmental, vary are an interesting * Condensed from Thesis which formed the basis for the award of the degree of Master of Science of the Madras University. ** Present address: National Council of Applied Economic Research, Parisila Bhavan, 11, Iwtraprastha Estate, New Ddhi-1. 291 292 S. RAJAN field for ecological studies. With varying ecological conditions the fauna shows variations. Fishes constituting an economically important group of the animal kingdom form the study of the present paper with reference to their distribution at different altitudes. Earlier workers seem mostly to have confined their attention to making faunistic records and only stray notes on aspects of biology and ecology. The general ecology of hill-stream fishes received little attention from Indian workers with the notable exceptions of Hora (1922, 1923, 1928, 1930) who mainly studied adaptations of fish and aquatic insects and their larvae for life in such waters and Hutchinson (1939) who gathered data on feeding, zonation of fishes dependent on the nature of the stream, independent of chemical factors and temperature, etc. Stewart (1909) compared the fish faunas of the north and south faces of the ' Great Himalayan Range '. He recorded seventeen species of fishes belonging to the families Siluridae and Cyprinidae from the northern and thirty-six species of fishes of these families from the southern faces. He attributed the character and composition of the northern fauna to (1)Great elevation--usually above 10,000 feet; (2) Very low rainfall; (3) Sparse vegetation; and (4) Rapidity of flow of streams. Hora (1937) in a review of Stewart's conclusions accepted only the fourth as of any significance. Raj (1957) discussed the possibilities of fish culture in the Himalayas. That the general ecology of hill-stream fishes has received very little attention is partfcularly true of South India. Except for the reports of Wilson (1920) on the methods of capture and supply of fish in the Nilgiri District and Menon and Krishnamurthi (1955) on the Trout fisheries in the Nilgiris and an account of Trout culture in the Nilgiris given by Molesworth and Bryant (1921) no work has been undertaken in the area studied by the present author. AREA SURVEYED The rivers Pykara and Moyar are a single stretch of stream (Fig. 1) so named at different parts of its flow. The Pykara is one of the largest rivers draining the Nilgiri Plateau. Its source is on the slopes of the Mukurti Peak (2438 m. high, lat. 11 ° 22' N., long. 76 ° 31' E.). The Mukurti dam is about 8 to 10 kin. east of the peak. About 8 km. below the Mukurti dam is the Pykara dam. Storage of water in the Pykara dam commenced during the monsoon of 1956 and now there is a continuous stretch of water between the foot of the Mukurti dam and the Pykara dam. About 10 km. from Pykara dam, the river drops through a steep and narrow valley by two falls. The upper one is about 55 m. and the lower 61 m. high. From below the falls Ecology of Fishes of Rivers Pykara and Moyar (Nilgiris), S. India 293 it is known as the Moyar. Near Teppakkadu it drops over a considerable fall and joins the Bhavani at the east of the plateau where it is dammed to form the Bhavanisagar. DESCRIPTIONS OF STATIONS Details pertaining to the different sampling stations are tabulated below. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pykara R. Pykara R. Pykara R. Moyar R. Location •. Moyar R. Moyar R. below 3 kin. Glen- Kargudi Teppak- Near Mukmti down- morgan about 13 kadu Moyar Dam stream about 6 km. from about 6 Power from km. from Gudalur km. from House Pykara St. 2 St. 4 Dam Teppak- kadu- Masinigudi Road Altitude .. 2285 m. 1923 m. 1676 m. 1128 m. 998 m. 457 m. Rainfall .. 2540 ram. 2159 mm. 2032 mm. 2032 mm. 2032 ram. .o Peak months .. Jane/July June/July June/July June/July June/July ol Width of fivel .. 25 m. in 30 m. Mostly 46 m. 61 m. 61 m. full flow ' rock pool 2 m. in 40×23 m. summer at times rock pools Now 45 m° Rocky Rocks and Sandy--in Rocky, Substratum .. Rc, cky. Sandy strewn sand pJ aces boulder ~'ith large rocky- strewn layer of stones elephant dang consisting of plant tissue Vegetation Arymp~aea, Scirpu~, Scirpus .. Scirpus Zagaro- siphon Banks .. Grasslands Grassy Grasslands, Trees, Bamboo, Steep--scrub coniferous hillocks bamboo mango, jungles trees, bushes wild fig sbm:bs Water ,. Clear Clear Clear Ciear Clear Clear except 0ct. 1955 Flow Sluggish Sluggish Sluggish Sluggish Sluggish Max. 73 cm. per see.. 294 S. RAJAS 6 TI~P MVkU~TI F'CA~ •7~ ~" l'~lLtS. ~6 ~.S" j M~. 1. Area surveyed showing collection centres. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fish were caught by cotton cast nets of both the stringed and unstringed types--the former in deeper waters and the latter in shallow regions with a rocky substratum. The nets were of very fine mesh. Nets were cast from the bank and also after wading into the water. Between October and December 1955, the stations were visited thrice monthly. As there was not much difference in the catches and in the nature of the water, plankton, etc., at these periods this frequency was reduced to twice monthly from January 1956. Stations 1, 2 and 5 were chosen as principal collection centres as they represented marked differences in altitudes. For purposes of studying conditions in intermediary regions Stations 3 and 4 were selected. Later on Station 6 was included. In this intervening area monthly collections were made. Water samples collected at various stations for determination of hydro- logical characters were analysed for electrical conductivity (Welch, 1948), Ecology of Fishes of Rivers Pykara and Moyar (Nilgiris), S. India 295 dissolved oxygen (Lagler, 1952), turbidity, free carbon dioxide, methyl orange alkalinity, chloride chlorine, silicates, nitrates and phosphates (Taylor, 1949). Hydrogen-ion concentration was determined by a Lovibond Comarator using Phenol Red Indicator. Plankton collections were made by filtering 7" 5 litres of water through a net made of 21xxx bolting silk cloth. Clusters of algal filaments were collected. Submerged portions of plants were collected for study of diatoms and algae present on them. Higher aquatic plants were studied using a metre quadrant. To study the fauna occurring just below the bottom layer, samples of mud were collected in the lid of a tin by pressing it to the bottom and taking out with the contents. Bottom fauna was collected with a drag net. Quantitative estimation of food of fish was made by Pearse's (1915) method. FISH FAUNA Fishes collected from the respective Stations are tabulated below. The classification adopted is that proposed by Berg (1947). Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 Order CLUPEIFORMES Family Salmonidae *1. Salmo gairdnerii Richardson .. x + + Order CYPRINIFORMES Family Cyprinidae 2. Barilius gatensis (Valenciennes) .. X X X *3. Carassius carassius (Linnaeus) .. X + + 4. Chela (Chela) laubuca Hamilton .. X 5. Cirrhina reba (Hamilton) .. X *6. Cyprinus earpio (Linnaeus) var. specularis .. x + + 7. Danio aequipinnatus (McClelland) X X X 8. D. neilgherriensis (Day) .. x x X 296 S. RAJAN Stations 1 2 3 -4 5 6 9. Garra jerdoni (Day) • • X 10. G. mutlya (Sykes) • ° X X X 11. G. stenorhynchus (Jerdon) • ° X X X 12. Osteoehilus (Osteochiliehthys) nashii (Day) X 13. Oxygaster a,gentea (Day) X 14. Puntius earnaticus (Jerdon) X X X 15. P. ehola Hamilton × 16. P. dubius Day X 17. P. micropogon (Valenciennes) X 18. P. ticto tieto Hamilton X X 19. Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton) X X X 20. Tot khudree (Sykes) X ÷ X Family Cobitidae 21. Lepidocephalux thermalis (Valenciennes) .. 22. Nemachilus beamni Gtinther .. X 23. N. dayi Hora .. X X X 24. N. denisonii Day .. X 25. N. monilis Hora .. X Family Situridae 26. Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) .. X Family Anguillidae 27. Anguilla bengalensis Gray .. X Order MASTACEMBELIPORMES Family Mastacembelidae 28. Mastacembelus armatus (Lac6p6de) .. X * Introduced species. + Known to occur. Could not be collected. Ecology o.f Fishes of Rivers Pykara and Moyar (Nilgiris), S. India 297 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FAETURES The range of the physico-chemical features at the various stations is given below: 1 I 2 3 4 5 6 J Atmospheric 14.0-22-5 14.7-22.7 14.0-24.5 20.7- 33-5 21.0- 72.0 22.7-28.7 temperatare°C. o C Water tempera- 15.5-19.2 15.0-18.9 15-5- 20.0 18.5- 28.0 18-7- 27.4 20" 7-24" 5 ture °C. Conductivity .. 10,9--20.0 12.5.2.q.5 1 ~;-0-30.0 2a. 5-140-0 3.%0-1!2.2 50.0-97.5 pH .. 7"0- 7.9 7.3- 8.1 7"3- 7.9 7.7- 5".8 7.4- 7.7 7.4- 7.9 Dissolved 02 p.pom... 7,0-10.1 7"5-10-9 6.5-lq. I 5.2- 10-0 6-3- 12-6 7.4-10.0 i Free Co~ p.p.m.! 0.9- 5.1 1.0- 4.4 0.9- 9.3 0.6- 10-4 0.9- 11.2 1.4- 8.~ HCOa ,, 9.8-33.0 16.1-27.6 [4.4--.q9, ~ 20.2- 73.7 20.2-108 - 6 26-9-60,8 Chloride ,, 8.0-20-0 ] 2.0-21.0 ] 0-0-18.0 l]-0- 32"0 10"0- 31"0 1l .0-22.0 Silicate ,, 3.0- 9.5 .q.8- 8.5 2.5- S.O 7.5- 18.7 4"5- 16"7 8-5-13":; Nitrate ,, 0.5- 2.0 0.4- 1.6 0.8- 1-2 0.~- 1-8 0-6- 2"0 0-& 1.4 Phosphate .
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