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Klamath and Goose Lake Lampreys

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Klamath and Goose Lake Lampreys OTHER AN OVERVIEW OF SPECIES OF LAMPREYS IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA Western River Lamprey Margaret F. Docker Department of Biological Sciences Lamprey Information Exchange Vancouver, WA, December 13, 2019 (for posting on the Pacific Lamprey Conservation Initiative webpage) BUT FIRST… What do we know about the status of Pacific lamprey in Canada? • Extirpated in BC portion of Columbia R system, and spawning adults less common in urbanized streams of lower Fraser Valley than in 1960s (McPhail 2007) • Also extirpated in Elsie Lake on Vancouver Island following construction of impassable dam (Beamish and Northcote 1989) • However, relatively few large impassable dams in BC • Increase in number of returning adults in Nass River starting in 2003 (Murauskas et al. 2016) • And record Pacific lamprey catches in Strait of Georgia in 2013 (Wade and Beamish 2016) No evidence that Pacific lamprey is “in trouble” in BC portion of its range • But need for targeted surveys • Preliminary assessment by COSEWIC Freshwater Fishes SSC suggests Data Deficient Proposed symposium “Crossing Boundaries and Navigating Intersections” (Laurie Porter, CRITFC) Western Division and Washington-British Columbia Chapter AFS 2020 AGM, Vancouver, BC, April 12–16 Lampreys in Western North America • 12 described species (29% of all species worldwide) – 6 Entosphenus 2015 – 4 Lampetra – 2 Lethenteron PDFs of all chapter/papers mentioned available upon • And likely several undescribed species request 2015 • Why should we care? – For species-specific monitoring – Similar habitat requirements during conserved larval stage – Important to conserve lamprey biodiversity 6 Entosphenus spp. • Largely non-overlapping distributions Maps from NatureServe Explorer • Diversity of life history types Mean lengths from Docker (2009) and Docker and Potter (2019); PDFs available upon request But all recently diverged, with little neutral genetic differentiation (Cyt b) Entosphenus_1 Entosphenus_2 Rapid evolution of life history types…. Entosphenus_15 Entosphenus_17 28 Entosphenus_24 No diagnostic differences between: Entosphenus_19 • Pacific lamprey 30 Entosphenus_16 • Cowichan lamprey Entosphenus_21 Entosphenus_14 • Pit-Klamath brook lamprey from Pit Entosphenus_18 6 Entosphenus_3 Maximum divergence Entosphenus_23 within genus Entosphenus_6 <1% 13 Entosphenus_7 22 Entosphenus_8 Upper Klamath Basin distinct from others Entosphenus_20 40 But no diagnostic differences between: Entosphenus_22 • Klamath lamprey 14 Entosphenus_4 Entosphenus_5 • Miller Lake lamprey 19 Entosphenus_9 • Pit-Klamath brook lamprey from Klamath 65 Entosphenus_10 • N. California brook lamprey 71 Entosphenus_13 Entosphenus_11 2019 Tetrapleurodon_GQ206187 Entosphenus_hubbsi_Merced_57a 100 Lampetra_ayresii_Fraser 95 Lampetra_richardsoni_Smith 0.01 But makes species-specific monitoring of larvae difficult 2016 Entosphenus Lampetra 2018 2. Cowichan (Vancouver) Lamprey (Entosphenus macrostomus) Photo: Les Harris • Morphologically, physiologically, and ecologically distinct • Parapatric with Pacific lamprey Cowichan and Mesachie lakes • Likely post-glacial divergence 2012 • Parasitic Entosphenus sp. in three other BC lake systems 3. Miller Lake Lamprey (Entosphenus minimus) Maps from NatureServe Explorer • Speciation from Pacific lamprey suggested ~6,600 years • Extirpated from Miller Lake in 1958 • Rediscovered in Upper Williamson R in 1992 • State Conservation Plan in 2004 • Re-introduced into Miller Lake in 2010 4. Klamath Lamprey (Entosphenus similis) Upper Trinity R @ mile 85 (22 July 2009), on brown trout; 270 mm TL. Photo: John Hileman CDFG • Relatively wide distribution in Klamath and Trinity basins • Overlaps with Pacific lamprey in lower Klamath 5. Pit-Klamath Brook Lamprey (Entosphenus lethophagus) Dry Cr, Lake Co, OT (18 Sept 2007); photo: Michael P. Heck ODFW • In Pit River-Goose Lake basin and upper Klamath basin • Likely derived independently in two drainages; may be separate species 6. Northern California (Modoc) Brook Lamprey (Entosphenus folletti) Willow & Boles Cr (Lost R) Fall Cr (Copco) • Very limited known distribution • Heaving impacted by agriculture and grazing And potentially undescribed Entosphenus spp. • Non-anadromous Pacific lamprey-like populations – e.g., Upper Klamath Lake lamprey – e.g., Goose Lake lamprey • Sometimes called “landlocked” Pacific lamprey • But probably post-Pleistocene derivatives 1989 2019 Recognized as important component of ecosystem’s biodiversity 4 Lampetra spp. Not included on Nature Serve Explorer • Western river and brook lampreys overlap with Pacific lamprey • Considerable genetic diversity among brook lampreys 1. Western River Lamprey (Lampetra ayresii) Nass & Skeena Fraser / Strait of Georgia S. Fran- cisco Bay 2. Western Brook Lamprey (Lampetra richardsoni) Photo: USFWS Pacific Region • Western brook lamprey and river lamprey are “paired species” River lamprey Brook lamprey Cyt b (1191 bp) Lamprey Genus Lampetra Parsimony Analysis WBL and Western River Lamprey ≥90% ≥50% * AK, BC (WBL) B * BC (River) Columbia R 2012 * Lampetra fluviatilis Y18683 Entosphenus tridentatus (n=10) Petromyzon marinus U11880 2019 Even in single basin, genetic differences among locations > interspecific differences in genus Entosphenus Cyt b (1191 bp) Lamprey Genus Lampetra But some brook lampreys south of CRB Parsimony Analysis really genetically distinct ≥90% ≥50% * AK, BC (WBL) * BC (River) B Columbia R * Pacific brook lamprey New species? * Kern brook lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis Y18683 Entosphenus tridentatus (n=10) Petromyzon marinus U11880 3. Pacific Brook Lamprey (Lampetra pacifica) • Described as distinct species in 1973 • Low number of trunk myomeres • In 1991, synonymized by AFS with Lampetra richardsoni 2011 • But appears limited to Clackamas sub- basin, OR • Clackamas brook lamprey? 4. Kern Brook Lamprey (Lampetra hubbsi) • Described in genus Entosphenus in 1976 Vladykov & Kott • But genetic data clearly places it in genus Lampetra Cyt b (1191 bp) Lamprey Genus Lampetra #1 Most Distinct = Lampetra sp. from Kelsey Cr, CA Parsimony Analysis (8%) ≥90% ≥50% * AK, BC * BC B * ID to species using adults or according to type locality Columbia R * WA * WA CA * Photo: Stewart Reid * * Lampetra fluviatilis Y18683 Entosphenus tridentatus (n=10) Petromyzon marinus U11880 Compared to new Portuguese species only 0.4 – 1.3% divergent from Lampetra planeri Diversity of Brook Lampreys Underrepresented by Current Taxonomy Lang et al. (2009) • Conservation implications • Especially since all but two of genetically- distinct southern populations with very limited distributions 2 Lethenteron spp. 1. Arctic Lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum) • Includes two known freshwater populations: – Naknek R system, AK: co-occurs with anadromous form and may represent opportunistic feeding in FW – Great Slave Lake, NT: permanent FW population See Docker and Potter (2019) 2. Alaskan Brook Lamprey (Lethenteron alaskense) Sometimes called “darktail lamprey” Renaud et al. (2016) Arctic and Alaskan brook lamprey “paired” species Can’t be distinguished as larvae 2017 2018 Take-Home Messages • Entosphenus and Lethenteron: – Low genetic diversity – But diversity of life history types • Lampetra: – High genetic diversity, despite conserved brook lamprey morphology – Potentially 5 undescribed spp. south of CRB • Need to: – Know where other species overlap with Pacific lamprey – Appreciate incredible lamprey biodiversity here! Acknowledgments • Collaborators: Dick Beamish, David Boguski, Ben Clemens, Damon Goodman, Jon Hess, Stewart Reid, Greg Silver, Erin Spice, Eric Taylor, Tim Whitesel [email protected] Questions? .
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