The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy Handbooks of Global Policy Series Series Editor David Held Master of University College and Professor of Politics and International Relations at Durham University The Handbooks of Global Policy series presents a comprehensive collection of the most recent scholarship and knowledge about global policy and governance. Each handbook draws together newly commissioned essays by leading scholars and is presented in a style which is sophisticated but accessible to undergraduate and advanced students, as well as to scholars, practitioners, and others interested in global policy. Available in print and online, these volumes expertly assess the issues, concepts, theories, methodologies, and emerging policy proposals in the field. Published The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy Robert Falkner The Handbook of Global Energy Policy Andreas Goldthau The Handbook of Global Companies John Mikler The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy Edited by Robert Falkner A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2013 C 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of global climate and environment policy / edited by Robert Falkner. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-67324-9 (cloth) 1. Climatic changes–Government policy. 2. Global warming–Government policy. 3. Environmental policy. I. Falkner, Robert, 1967- QC902.9.H36 2013 363.70561–dc23 2012045304 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: Oil rig in Beaufort Sea C Ocean/Corbis Cover design by Design Deluxe Set in 10/12.5pt Sabon by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India 1 2013 Contents Notes on Contributors viii Preface xiii Part I Global Policy Challenges 1 1 Global Climate Change 3 Matthew J. Hoffmann 2 Global Water Governance 19 Joyeeta Gupta 3 Biodiversity and Conservation 37 Stuart Harrop 4 Marine Environment Protection 53 Markus Salomon 5 Deforestation 72 David Humphreys 6 Biotechnology and Biosafety 89 Aarti Gupta 7 Global Chemicals Politics and Policy 107 Henrik Selin Part II Concepts and Approaches 125 8 Global Environmental Norms 127 Steven Bernstein vi CONTENTS 9 Global Governance 146 Johannes Stripple and Hannes Stephan 10 Global Environmental Security 163 Simon Dalby 11 International Environmental Law 179 Daniel Bodansky 12 Green Growth 197 Michael Jacobs 13 Sustainable Consumption 215 Doris Fuchs 14 Climate Change Justice 231 Edward Page Part III Global Actors, Institutions, and Processes 249 15 The Nation-State, International Society, and the Global Environment 251 Robert Falkner 16 Transnational Environmental Activism 268 Susan Park 17 Business as a Global Actor 286 Jennifer Clapp and Jonas Meckling 18 International Regime Effectiveness 304 Steinar Andresen 19 Strengthening the United Nations 320 Steffen Bauer 20 International Negotiations 339 Radoslav S. Dimitrov 21 Regionalism and Environmental Governance 358 Miranda Schreurs Part IV Global Economy and Policy 375 22 Globalization 377 Peter Newell 23 Private Regulation in Global Environmental Governance 394 Graeme Auld and Lars H. Gulbrandsen 24 International Trade, the Environment, and Climate Change 412 Nico Jaspers and Robert Falkner CONTENTS vii 25 Global Finance and the Environment 428 Christopher Wright 26 Energy Policy and Climate Change 446 Benjamin K. Sovacool 27 Economic Instruments for Climate Change 468 Jonas Meckling and Cameron Hepburn 28 International Aid and Adaptation to Climate Change 486 Jessica M. Ayers and Achala Chandani Abeysinghe Index 507 Notes on Contributors Steinar Andresen is Research Professor at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in Norway. He has also been Professor of Political Science at the University of Oslo, Norway, and a visiting scholar at Princeton University, University of Washington Seattle, and IISA. He has published extensively on various topics, mostly related to global environmental governance. Graeme Auld is an Assistant Professor at Carleton University, Ontario, Canada, in the School of Public Policy and Administration. His research examines the emergence, evolution, and impacts of non-state and hybrid forms of global governance. He is co-author (with Ben Cashore and Deanna Newsom) of Governing through Markets: Forest Certification and the Emergence of Nonstate Authority (Yale University Press, 2004). Jessica M. Ayers holds a PhD in climate governance from the London School of Economics and Political Science. At the time of writing, she was a researcher for the Climate Change Group at the International Institute for Environment and Develop- ment (IIED), London, UK. She is now a Senior Policy Advisor to the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC). Steffen Bauer is a Senior Researcher in the Department for Environmental Policy and Management of Natural Resources at the German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut fur¨ Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) in Bonn, Germany. He also serves as Ger- many’s Science and Technology Correspondent to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Steven Bernstein is Associate Chair and Graduate Director of the Department of Political Science and Co-Director of the Environmental Governance Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto, Canada. Daniel Bodansky is Lincoln Professor of Law, Ethics, and Sustainability at the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law, Arizona State University. He is the author of the Art NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ix and Craft of International Environmental Law (Harvard University Press, 2009) and co-editor of The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (Oxford University Press, 2007). Achala Chandani Abeysinghe is a senior researcher and environmental lawyer at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London. She is the legal advisor to the current Chair of the Least Developed Countries (LDC) group in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) nego- tiations, team leader of the global climate governance program, and head of the European Capacity Building Initiative (ECBI) workshops program at IIED. She is a lead author of the chapter on “Climate Resilient Pathways: Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development” in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovern- mental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Jennifer Clapp is a Professor in the Environment and Resource Studies Department and Associate Dean of Research in the Faculty of Environment at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Her recent books include: Hunger in the Balance: The New Politics of International Food Aid (Cornell University Press, 2012), Food (Polity, 2012), Paths to a Green World: The Political Economy of the Global Environment, 2nd edn (with Peter Dauvergne, MIT Press, 2011), and Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance (co-edited with Doris Fuchs, MIT Press, 2009). Simon Dalby, formerly at Carleton University, Ontario, Canada, is now CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and is author of Environmental Security (University of Minnesota Press, 2002), Security and Environmental Change (Polity, 2009) and co-editor of the journal Geopolitics. Radoslav S. Dimitrov is an Associate Professor at Western University in Canada. He is consultant to the World Business Council on Sustainable Development and has served on the European Union delegation at UN climate negotiations. He is the author of Science and International