Black Coral: History Ofa Sustainable Fishery in Hawai'i1

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Black Coral: History Ofa Sustainable Fishery in Hawai'i1 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa Black Coral: History ofa Sustainable Fishery in Hawai'i1 Richard W Grigg 2 Abstract: The black coral fishery in Hawai'i has been sustainable for the past 40 yr. The fishery began in 1958, shortly after its discovery off Lahaina, Maui, by Jack Ackerman and Larry Windley, who later formed the company Maui Divers of Hawaii. Since that time, the black coral jewelry industry has gradually expanded and is valued in Hawai'i today at about $15 million at the retail level. In the 1970s, studies ofthe population dynamics of the major species established growth, recruitment, and mortality rates and led to the development of man­ agement guidelines including recommendations for a minimum size and maxi­ mum sustained yield. Results of a recent survey in 1998, reported in this paper, show that rates of recruitment and growth are near steady state and appear to account for the long-term stability of the fishery. However, recent technological advances and potential increases in demand could lead to increased rates of harvest. Should this happen, more stringent regulations may be required to avoid overexploitation of the resource. THIS PAPER OUTLINES the history of the 4.8 km west of Lahaina in the middle of the black coral fishery in Hawai'i and reports the 'Au'au Channel between Maui and Lana'i at results of a recent survey of the Maui black depths of 30-90 m (Figure 1). coral bed conducted in 1998. The objectives Subsequent exploration by these pioneers of the survey were to obtain measures of showed that the 'Au'au Channel bed extended abundance, recruitment, and size frequency for many linear kilometers along steep topo­ of the two main species, Antipathes dichotoma graphic drop-offs in the channel between Pallas and A. lVandis Verrill, and to evaluate Maui and Lana'i. Recognizing the value and the sustainability of the resource. In brief, the extent of their find, Ackerman and Windley goal was to reassess maximum sustainable started a small business in Lahaina, Maui, in yield ofblack coral in the 'Au'au Channel bed 1958, for the production and sale of black off Maui. coral jewelry. They named their small com­ pany Maui Divers of Hawaii (Stewart 1962). The harvest of black coral in Hawai'i has History ofthe Black Coral Fishery in Hawai'i traditionally been carried out by scuba divers. The black coral fishery in the Hawaiian Is­ In the early years of the fishery, divers har­ lands began in 1958 when a large bed ofblack vested black coral by cutting or breaking the coral consisting primarily ofA. dichotoma and coral from the bottom with an ax and sledge. A. lVandis was discovered off Lahaina, Maui, They then tied the coral to their boat anchor by Jack Ackerman and Larry Windley (Grigg lines (Figure 2). At the end of the dive, the 1965). The site oftheir original discovery was anchor and coral "trees" were buoyed to the surface by inflating lift bags on the bottom. Lift bags are still used today to float the coral 1 This research was supported by a grant (1448­ to the surface, but the divers no longer an­ 9821O-98-M517) from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Scientific Authority. Manuscript accepted 6 chor over the beds. Instead, they use a "free November 2000. boat" method in which the boat follows lift 2 Department of Oceanography, University of Ha­ bags as they reach the surface. The divers as­ wai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. cend with their last lift bag (Figure 3) and decompress while the boat drifts above them on the surface. On an average dive, two to Pacific Science (2001), vol. 55, no. 3:291-299 © 2001 by University of Hawai'i Press four trees (colonies) of black coral are har­ All rights reserved vested; each colony weighs between 2 and 291 292 PACIFIC SCIENCE· July 2001 22° N' 2~0 r-----,---r---,...-----,-----,---.----, 22° 21° 20° o loomi _ Abundant (0.1-1.0 colonies/m2) 1-1---r---"'-,...----" 19° 0 100km .. Moderate (0.01-0.1 colonies/m2) 2) 161°W R Rare «0.01 colonies/m FIGURE 1. Map showing the location of black coral beds in Hawai'i. 5 kg (5-10 pounds). The total weight ofcoral abundance, growth, natural mortality, and harvested per dive, per diver, averages ,,-,10 kg recruitment. (22 pounds) and is valued in today's market at During the next 5 yr, two large black coral $25/pound. The depth range of harvested beds were identified in the state and assessed: black coral is 40-75 m (130-250 feet). the Maui bed and a smaller bed off Kaua'i. Between 1960 and 1970, the black coral Both areas were mapped and estimates of jewelry industry in Hawai'i grew steadily. By maximum sustained yield (MSY) were calcu­ 1969, about one dozen small companies had lated. Mapping was based on the catch rec­ joined Maui Divers and together they pro­ ords of commercial divers, as well as about duced about $2 million in gross sales of black 100 dives by the University of Hawai'i re­ coral jewelry. Although the economic poten­ search team (R. Grigg, S. Dollar, M. Palm­ tial of the industry had been firmly estab­ gren, J. Angel, and G. Galiher). The areal lished by that time, little was known about the coverage of the Maui and Kaua'i beds was 2 2 ecology of the resource and whether or not determined to be 1.7 km and 0.4 km , re­ natural growth rates of the coral were suffi­ spectively (Figure 1) (Grigg 1976). Corre­ cient to sustain commercial harvest rates. In sponding estimates of MSY for the two beds response to this need for information, in were found to be 6174 kg/yr and 1480 kg/yr. 1970, a major long-term research program MSY values were calculated using a Beverton began at the University of Hawai'i on the and Holt yield production model (Beverton ecology of precious corals. The study in­ and Holt 1957, Grigg 1976). cluded surveys to establish the distribution Actual values of MSY recommended to and abundance of all black coral beds in the state and federal agencies (5000 kg/yr and state and to determine size limits and opti­ 1250 kg/yr, respectively) were about 15% less mum harvest yields based on measures of than the yield per recruit based on the model Black Coral . Grigg 293 FIGURE 2. In the 1960s, black coral was harvested with axes and sledges. Colonies were tied to the anchor line and then buoyed to the surface. estimates (900 g per recruit versus 1050 g per search in the 1970s, the State of Hawai'i recruit [see Grigg 1976]). This downward re­ enacted a draft regulation for a minimum size vision was recommended to permit the har­ limit of 48 inches (1.2 m) (Draft Regulation vest of slightly smaller colonies consistent 48). No weight quotas were adopted because with traditional fishing practices. Basically, it the size limit was considered a de facto proxy allowed the divers to continue their past for MSY and was more easily enforced. Dur­ practice of harvesting colonies down to a ing the 1980s and 1990s, black coral divers height limit of 48 inches (1.2 m). Industry and industry buyers (jewelry producers) vol­ demand for colonies less than 1.2 m is low untarily complied with Draft Regulation 48. because most branches of colonies less than During the 1980s, several major changes that height are too small in diameter to pro­ took place that affected both the black coral duce jewelry. Hence the 1.2-m size limit can fishery and industry in Hawai'i. The first be considered an "optimum yield" (Gulland change was a slow but steady improvement in 1977). The size limit corresponding to opti­ the efficiency in cutting and polishing black mum yields of 5000 and 1250 kg/yr deter­ coral jewelry products. Cliff Slater (pers. mined by the model is 1.2 m for both A. comm.), CEO of Maui Divers, the largest dichotoma and A. grandis. The same size limit precious coral jewelry company in the state, can be applied to both species because of estimated that technological improvement in similarity in their growth rates: 6.42 cm/yr coral processing during the 1980s led to a and 6.12 cm/yr, respectively (Grigg 1976). several hundred percent decrease in the In the years following this period of re- amount of coral consumed to produce the 294 PACIFIC SCIENCE· July 2001 TABLE 1 Annual Records ofWorked Black Coral Pieces Imported into the United States Year No. of Pieces 1982 408,773 1983 411,723 1984 260,879 1985 511,268 1986 616,978 1987 608,288 1988 425,237 1989 522,703 1990 279,457 1991 183,463 1992 354,656 1993 209,724 1994 606,261 1995 155,194 1996 330,496 1997 293,473 1998 274,188 Source: Ed Green, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntington Road, Cambridge, U.K raw black coral by the industry in Hawai'i during the same period was less than 2000 kg/yr (Oishi 1990) (Table 2). Landings of black coral reported harvested FIGURE 3. Today, float bags are used by the black coral in Hawaiian waters over the past 16 yr are divers to float coral colonies (trees) to the surface. summarized in Table 2 and presented graph­ ically in Figure 4.
Recommended publications
  • Checklist of Fish and Invertebrates Listed in the CITES Appendices
    JOINTS NATURE \=^ CONSERVATION COMMITTEE Checklist of fish and mvertebrates Usted in the CITES appendices JNCC REPORT (SSN0963-«OStl JOINT NATURE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE Report distribution Report Number: No. 238 Contract Number/JNCC project number: F7 1-12-332 Date received: 9 June 1995 Report tide: Checklist of fish and invertebrates listed in the CITES appendices Contract tide: Revised Checklists of CITES species database Contractor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL Comments: A further fish and invertebrate edition in the Checklist series begun by NCC in 1979, revised and brought up to date with current CITES listings Restrictions: Distribution: JNCC report collection 2 copies Nature Conservancy Council for England, HQ, Library 1 copy Scottish Natural Heritage, HQ, Library 1 copy Countryside Council for Wales, HQ, Library 1 copy A T Smail, Copyright Libraries Agent, 100 Euston Road, London, NWl 2HQ 5 copies British Library, Legal Deposit Office, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ 1 copy Chadwick-Healey Ltd, Cambridge Place, Cambridge, CB2 INR 1 copy BIOSIS UK, Garforth House, 54 Michlegate, York, YOl ILF 1 copy CITES Management and Scientific Authorities of EC Member States total 30 copies CITES Authorities, UK Dependencies total 13 copies CITES Secretariat 5 copies CITES Animals Committee chairman 1 copy European Commission DG Xl/D/2 1 copy World Conservation Monitoring Centre 20 copies TRAFFIC International 5 copies Animal Quarantine Station, Heathrow 1 copy Department of the Environment (GWD) 5 copies Foreign & Commonwealth Office (ESED) 1 copy HM Customs & Excise 3 copies M Bradley Taylor (ACPO) 1 copy ^\(\\ Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report No.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity: the UK Overseas Territories. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee
    Biodiversity: the UK Overseas Territories Compiled by S. Oldfield Edited by D. Procter and L.V. Fleming ISBN: 1 86107 502 2 © Copyright Joint Nature Conservation Committee 1999 Illustrations and layout by Barry Larking Cover design Tracey Weeks Printed by CLE Citation. Procter, D., & Fleming, L.V., eds. 1999. Biodiversity: the UK Overseas Territories. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Disclaimer: reference to legislation and convention texts in this document are correct to the best of our knowledge but must not be taken to infer definitive legal obligation. Cover photographs Front cover: Top right: Southern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome (Richard White/JNCC). The world’s largest concentrations of southern rockhopper penguin are found on the Falkland Islands. Centre left: Down Rope, Pitcairn Island, South Pacific (Deborah Procter/JNCC). The introduced rat population of Pitcairn Island has successfully been eradicated in a programme funded by the UK Government. Centre right: Male Anegada rock iguana Cyclura pinguis (Glen Gerber/FFI). The Anegada rock iguana has been the subject of a successful breeding and re-introduction programme funded by FCO and FFI in collaboration with the National Parks Trust of the British Virgin Islands. Back cover: Black-browed albatross Diomedea melanophris (Richard White/JNCC). Of the global breeding population of black-browed albatross, 80 % is found on the Falkland Islands and 10% on South Georgia. Background image on front and back cover: Shoal of fish (Charles Sheppard/Warwick
    [Show full text]
  • What and Where Are the Coral Reefs?
    Coral Forest Teacher’s Guide What and Where are the Coral Reefs? What and Where are the Coral Reefs? Coral reefs first formed more than 500 million years space. Located along the northeast coast of Australia, ago in warm tropical climates, and since that time it measures 1,240 miles (2,000km) in length. they have successfully developed and supported a tremendous array of plant and animal life. Covering THE CORAL BODY less than 0.2% of the ocean floor, it is estimated that The body of a coral animal is called the polyp, a hollow coral reefs contain approximately 25% of the ocean’s sac-like structure that is smaller than a common pencil species. Approximately 5,000 species of reef fish eraser. At its free end is a mouth surrounded by have been identified, and more than 2,500 species tentacles, and inside the body is a stomach. The sticky of coral, of which almost 1,000 are reef-building hard tentacles contain harpoon-like stinging structures, corals. About 4,000 species of mollusks alone live called nematocysts, that enable the polyp to gather on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. This vast food by paralyzing its passing prey. The tentacles then diversity of life has given coral reefs the name deposit the food in the mouth where it passes down “rainforests of the sea.” Rainforests, which are habitat into the stomach. Nutrients are absorbed from the for more than 30 million insects, have a greater food and any solid waste materials are passed back number of species, however coral reefs have a larger out through the mouth.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Identification of Precious and Semi-Precious Corals in Commercial Trade
    'l'llA FFIC YvALE ,.._,..---...- guide to the identification of precious and semi-precious corals in commercial trade Ernest W.T. Cooper, Susan J. Torntore, Angela S.M. Leung, Tanya Shadbolt and Carolyn Dawe September 2011 © 2011 World Wildlife Fund and TRAFFIC. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-0-9693730-3-2 Reproduction and distribution for resale by any means photographic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems of any parts of this book, illustrations or texts is prohibited without prior written consent from World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Reproduction for CITES enforcement or educational and other non-commercial purposes by CITES Authorities and the CITES Secretariat is authorized without prior written permission, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Any reproduction, in full or in part, of this publication must credit WWF and TRAFFIC North America. The views of the authors expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the TRAFFIC network, WWF, or the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The designation of geographical entities in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WWF, TRAFFIC, or IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and Registered Trademark ownership are held by WWF. TRAFFIC is a joint program of WWF and IUCN. Suggested citation: Cooper, E.W.T., Torntore, S.J., Leung, A.S.M, Shadbolt, T. and Dawe, C.
    [Show full text]
  • CORAL REEF DEGRADATION in the INDIAN OCEAN Status Report 2005
    Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean Status Report 2005 Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean. The coastal ecosystem of the Indian Ocean includes environments such as mangroves, sea- Program Coordination grass beds and coral reefs. These habitats are some CORDIO Secretariat Coral Reef Degradation of the most productive and diverse environments Olof Lindén on the planet. They form an essential link in the David Souter Department of Biology and Environmental food webs that leads to fish and other seafood in the Indian Ocean Science providing food security to the local human University of Kalmar population. In addition coral reefs and mangrove 29 82 Kalmar, Sweden Status Report 2005 forests protect the coastal areas against erosion. (e-mail: [email protected], Unfortunately, due to a number of human activi- [email protected]) Editors: DAVID SOUTER & OLOF LINDÉN ties, these valuable environments are now being degraded at an alarming rate. The use of destruc- CORDIO East Africa Coordination Center David Obura tive fishing techniques on reefs, coral mining and P.O. Box 035 pollution are examples of some of these stresses Bamburi, Mombasa, Kenya from local sources on the coral reefs. Climate (e-mail: [email protected], change is another stress factor which is causing [email protected]) additional destruction of the reefs. CORDIO is a collaborative research and CORDIO South Asia Coordination Center development program involving expert groups in Dan Wilhelmsson (to 2004) Status Report 2005 countries of the Indian Ocean. The focus of Jerker Tamelander (from 2005) IUCN (World Conservation Union) CORDIO is to mitigate the widespread degrada- 53 Horton Place, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka tion of the coral reefs and other coastal eco- (e-mail: [email protected]) systems by supporting research, providing knowledge, creating awareness, and assist in CORDIO Indian Ocean Islands developing alternative livelihoods.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOT Field Report
    ©2015 Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. All Rights Reserved. Science Without Borders®. All research was completed under: British Indian Ocean Territory, The immigration Ordinance 2006, Permit for Visit. Dated 10th April, 2015, issued by Tom Moody, Administrator. This report was developed as one component of the Global Reef Expedition: BIOT research project. Citation: Global Reef Expedition: British Indian Ocean Territory. Field Report 19. Bruckner, A.W. (2015). Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Annapolis, MD. pp 36. The Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation (KSLOF) was incorporated in California as a 501(c)(3), public benefit, Private Operating Foundation in September 2000. The Living Oceans Foundation is dedicated to providing science-based solutions to protect and restore ocean health. For more information, visit http://www.lof.org and https://www.facebook.com/livingoceansfoundation Twitter: https://twitter.com/LivingOceansFdn Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation 130 Severn Avenue Annapolis, MD, 21403, USA [email protected] Executive Director Philip G. Renaud Chief Scientist Andrew W. Bruckner, Ph.D. Images by Andrew Bruckner, unless noted. Maps completed by Alex Dempsey, Jeremy Kerr and Steve Saul Fish observations compiled by Georgia Coward and Badi Samaniego Front cover: Eagle Island. Photo by Ken Marks. Back cover: A shallow reef off Salomon Atoll. The reef is carpeted in leather corals and a bleached anemone, Heteractis magnifica, is visible in the fore ground. A school of giant trevally, Caranx ignobilis, pass over the reef. Photo by Phil Renaud. Executive Summary Between 7 March 2015 and 3 May 2015, the Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation conducted two coral reef research missions as components of our Global Reef Expedition (GRE) program.
    [Show full text]
  • New Records of Commercially Valuable Black Corals (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at Mesophotic Depths1
    New Records of Commercially Valuable Black Corals (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at Mesophotic Depths1 Daniel Wagner,2,8 Yannis P. Papastamatiou,3 Randall K. Kosaki,4 Kelly A. Gleason,4 Greg B. McFall,5 Raymond C. Boland,6 Richard L. Pyle,7 and Robert J. Toonen2 Abstract: Mesophotic coral reef ecosystems are notoriously undersurveyed worldwide and particularly in remote locations like the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ( NWHI). A total of 37 mixed­gas technical dives were performed to depths of 80 m across the NWHI to survey for the presence of the invasive oc­ tocoral Carijoa sp., the invasive red alga Acanthophora spicifera, and conspicuous megabenthic fauna such as black corals. The two invasive species were not re­ corded from any of the surveys, but two commercially valuable black coral spe­ cies, Antipathes griggi and Myriopathes ulex, were found, representing substantial range expansions for these species. Antipathes griggi was recorded from the is­ lands of Necker and Laysan in 58 – 70 m, and Myriopathes ulex was recorded from Necker Island and Pearl and Hermes Atoll in 58 – 70 m. Despite over 30 yr of research in the NWHI, these black coral species had remained undetected. The new records of these conspicuous marine species highlight the utility of deep­ diving technologies in surveying the largest part of the depth range of coral reef ecosystems (40 – 150 m), which remains largely unexplored. The Papahänaumokuäkea Marine Na­ western Hawaiian Islands ( NWHI) repre­ tional Monument surrounding the North­ sents the largest marine protected area under U.S. jurisdiction, encompassing over 351,000 km2 and spanning close to 2,000 km from 1 This work was funded in part by the Western Pa­ Nïhoa Island to Kure Atoll.
    [Show full text]
  • The Earliest Diverging Extant Scleractinian Corals Recovered by Mitochondrial Genomes Isabela G
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The earliest diverging extant scleractinian corals recovered by mitochondrial genomes Isabela G. L. Seiblitz1,2*, Kátia C. C. Capel2, Jarosław Stolarski3, Zheng Bin Randolph Quek4, Danwei Huang4,5 & Marcelo V. Kitahara1,2 Evolutionary reconstructions of scleractinian corals have a discrepant proportion of zooxanthellate reef-building species in relation to their azooxanthellate deep-sea counterparts. In particular, the earliest diverging “Basal” lineage remains poorly studied compared to “Robust” and “Complex” corals. The lack of data from corals other than reef-building species impairs a broader understanding of scleractinian evolution. Here, based on complete mitogenomes, the early onset of azooxanthellate corals is explored focusing on one of the most morphologically distinct families, Micrabaciidae. Sequenced on both Illumina and Sanger platforms, mitogenomes of four micrabaciids range from 19,048 to 19,542 bp and have gene content and order similar to the majority of scleractinians. Phylogenies containing all mitochondrial genes confrm the monophyly of Micrabaciidae as a sister group to the rest of Scleractinia. This topology not only corroborates the hypothesis of a solitary and azooxanthellate ancestor for the order, but also agrees with the unique skeletal microstructure previously found in the family. Moreover, the early-diverging position of micrabaciids followed by gardineriids reinforces the previously observed macromorphological similarities between micrabaciids and Corallimorpharia as
    [Show full text]
  • Target Substrata
    TARGET SUBSTRATA OVERVIEW CORALS AND THEIR RELATIVES STONY HEXACORALS OTHER HEXACORALS OCTOCORALS HYDROZOANS Acropora Sea Anemones Soft Corals Fire Coral Non-Acropora Zoanthids Sea Fans Lace Coral Black Coral Blue Coral Hydroids Corallimorpharians Organ Pipe OTHER SUBSTRATA Sponge Macroalgae Dead Coral Rock Coralline Algae Dead Coral With Algae Rubble Algal Assemblage Turf Algae Sand Silt CORALS AND THEIR RELATIVES STONY CORALS ACROPORA Phylum Cnidaria | Class Anthozoa | Sub-Class Hexacorallia | Order Scleractinia (Hard Corals) | Family Acroporidae | Genus Acropora Acropora is one genus within the family of Acroporidae; Generally, the species are characterized by the presence of an axial (terminal) corallite (skeleton of an individual polyp) at the branch tips surrounded by radial corallites; The name Acropora is derived from the Greek “akron” which means summit. Acropora Branching Barefoot Conservation | TARGET SUBSTRATA | July 2016 1 Acropora Bottlebrush Acropora Digitate Acropora Tabulate Barefoot Conservation | TARGET SUBSTRATA | July 2016 2 Acropora Submassive Acropora Encrusting Non-Acropora Phylum Cnidaria | Class Anthozoa | Sub-Class Hexacorallia | Order Scleractinia (Hard Corals) | Family Acroporidae Coral Branching Barefoot Conservation | TARGET SUBSTRATA | July 2016 3 (continued) Coral Branching Coral Massive Barefoot Conservation | TARGET SUBSTRATA | July 2016 4 Coral Encrusting Coral Foliose Coral Submassive Barefoot Conservation | TARGET SUBSTRATA | July 2016 5 (continued) Coral Submassive Coral Mushroom Barefoot Conservation
    [Show full text]
  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 335 the Worldwde Coral Reef Bleaching Cycle and Related Sources of Coral Mortality by Ernest H. Will
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 335 THE WORLDWDE CORAL REEF BLEACHING CYCLE AND RELATED SOURCES OF CORAL MORTALITY BY ERNEST H. WILLIAMS, JR AND LUCY BUNKLEY-WILLIAMS ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C, USA. January 1990 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................1 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................................................2 DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................................................................2 DESCRIPTION OF THE 1987-88 EVENTS BEGINNING OF THE EVENT ..........................................................................................................4 HOSTS AND NON-PHOTOSYMBIOTIC ANIMALS BLEACHED .......................................... 9 SMALL SCALE FEATURES ...............................................................................................................12 ' LARGE SCALE FEATURES ...............................................................................................................14 MORTALITIES ........................................................................................................................................21
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Biodiversity in India
    MARINEMARINE BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY ININ INDIAINDIA MARINE BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA Venkataraman K, Raghunathan C, Raghuraman R, Sreeraj CR Zoological Survey of India CITATION Venkataraman K, Raghunathan C, Raghuraman R, Sreeraj CR; 2012. Marine Biodiversity : 1-164 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata) Published : May, 2012 ISBN 978-81-8171-307-0 © Govt. of India, 2012 Printing of Publication Supported by NBA Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 Printed at Calcutta Repro Graphics, Kolkata-700 006. ht³[eg siJ rJrJ";t Œtr"fUhK NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY Cth;Govt. ofmhfUth India ztp. ctÖtf]UíK rvmwvtxe yÆgG Dr. Balakrishna Pisupati Chairman FOREWORD The marine ecosystem is home to the richest and most diverse faunal and floral communities. India has a coastline of 8,118 km, with an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2.02 million sq km and a continental shelf area of 468,000 sq km, spread across 10 coastal States and seven Union Territories, including the islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep. Indian coastal waters are extremely diverse attributing to the geomorphologic and climatic variations along the coast. The coastal and marine habitat includes near shore, gulf waters, creeks, tidal flats, mud flats, coastal dunes, mangroves, marshes, wetlands, seaweed and seagrass beds, deltaic plains, estuaries, lagoons and coral reefs. There are four major coral reef areas in India-along the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands, the Lakshadweep group of islands, the Gulf of Mannar and the Gulf of Kachchh . The Andaman and Nicobar group is the richest in terms of diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Cnidarian Diversity the Higher Systematics of Phylum Cnidaria
    The Higher Systematics of Cnidarian Diversity Phylum Cnidaria and Stony Corals Class Hydrozoa (Gr. hydra, water serpent) The Cnidarian Life Cycle • life cycle with both polyps and medusae, although one or the other form may be suppressed (usually polyp-dominant). • gut cavity of polyp is simple, lacking a pharynx and not divided by mesenteries. • tetramerous (four-part) radial symmetry. • medusa stage with a velum (= a narrow shelf of tissue that projects inwards from the margin of the umbrella). • gonads are ectodermal (found in the epidermis). The Hydrozoan • medusa stage may possess specialized balance organs called statocysts and photosensitive organs called ocelli. Life Cycle • solitary or colonials; some colonial forms highly polymorphic. • includes hydroids (“stinging limu”), fire coral, pink coral, adn siphonophores. Hydrozoan Colony Hydrozoan Colonies “Stinging Limu” 1 Hydrozoan Medusa Anatomy of a Hydrozoan Medusa Hydrozoan Medusa Hydrocorals By-the-Wind-Sailor Fire Coral A Floating Colony of Polyps 2 Coloniality Close Up of a Portuguese Man-of-War Phylum Cnidaria Man-Of-War From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved. !"(c) Maira & Rod Borland, Bruce Coleman, Inc.! Class Scyphozoa Scyphozoan Life Cycle (Gr. skyphos, cup) • life cycle with both polyps and medusae, but medusae dominate with polyp stage reduced or absent. • polyp stage (scyphistoma) goes through strobilization to produce young medusa. strobila • bell margin lacks a velum. scyphistoma • tetramerous (= four-part) radial symmetry. ephyra • gut divided into a complex system of radial canals. planula • some with a simple single mouth, but many with thousands of adult medusa microscopic “mouths” at the ends of oral arms.
    [Show full text]