The Role of Language in the Use of Public Spaces in Montréal
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN THE USE OF PUBLIC SPACES IN MONTRÉAL JorgeJorge Garza Garza | Jorge Garza | i THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN THE USE OF PUBLIC SPACES IN MONTRÉAL Supervised Research Project Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Master of Urban Planning degree Submitted by: Jorge Garza Supervised by: Professor Lisa Bornstein School of Urban Planning McGill University Montréal, Québec August 2015 Jorge Garza | ii Jorge Garza | iii Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Lisa Bornstein, for her continuous support of my Supervised Research Project, for her patience, motivation and immense knowledge. She is a truly inspirational person and her guidance helped me in all the time of my research and writing of this project. I could not have imagined having a better supervisor for my Master’s research topic. I would also like to thank Prof. Nik Luka for taking the time out of his busy schedule to serve as my second reader, as well as Ms. Gladys Chan and Ms. Anand Sood for being like a family throughout this experience. I thank Monsieur François Lamarche for his continuous support and engagement in the implementation of the research surveys at YMCA International Language School. His meticulous readings of the translated documents were invaluable. I also thank Mr. Terrence Regan for his willingness to collaborate in the implementation of the research surveys at Milton Park Recreation Association. I thank my fellow classmates for the stimulating discussions, for all those sleepless nights that we worked together and for always having faith in me. My special thanks go to Myriam Langlois and Xiaoli Guo for their feedback in the implementation and analysis of the surveys. Many thanks also to Julie Asselin, Tiffany Vong, Nour El-Saheb, Eleni Taye and Jane Reid for being the best companionship one could have in this research and for their valuable feedback. This project is particularly dedicated to the three strongest women in my life: Rosalinda, Micaela, and Angie, who have been a source of inspiration. Your hard work will always be remembered. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents (Jorge and Rosalinda) and my brothers (Alberto and Roberto) for the support they provided me through my entire life. Without your love, encouragement and faith, I would not have finished this project. Jorge Garza | i Jorge Garza | ii Abstract In order for Montréal to position itself as Canada’s hub for international activities, the city needs to create public spaces that are welcoming to people of diverse languages. But despite the presence of a significant population of speakers of non-dominant and non-official languages, linguistic diversity is not included as a priority in Montréal’s planning policy. The purpose of this research is to understand the relationship between language and the use of public spaces in Montréal. This research addresses three questions: What are the main welcoming and unwelcoming public spaces in Montréal for a linguistically diverse public? What are the social and spatial elements that account for welcoming and unwelcoming public spaces? And what lessons can be learned to best design public spaces for a linguistically diverse public? Multiple methods were used, including a survey that was conducted with twenty French language students, site visits, and literature review on linguistic landscape, behavior setting and multilingual urban planning. The results show that language is not the only factor that affects how people use public spaces. There are a variety of spatial and social features such as accessibility, maintenance, safety, inclusion and tolerance, which determine if a space is perceived as welcoming. Results also show that people in welcoming places are more prone to use their native languages for casual social interactions with strangers and acquaintances, while this does not occur in unwelcoming places. By identifying the location and characteristics of welcoming and unwelcoming places, it is possible to pinpoint the congruence between layout and recurrent actions in public spaces, particularly in those frequented by linguistically diverse people. These findings will help both researchers and practitioners better understand the relationship between language and the use of public space in a multicultural city. Key words: linguistic landscape, public spaces, multiculturalism, behavior setting, heritage, inclusion, Montréal, Canada Jorge Garza | iii Résumé Afin de positionner Montréal comme centre d’activités internationales du Canada, la ville a besoin de créer des espaces publics qui sont accueillants pour les personnes dont la langue maternelle n’est pas la langue nationale. Toutefois, malgré la présence d’une population significative de locuteurs de langues non dominants et non officielles, la diversité linguistique ne semble pas être une priorité dans les politiques urbaines de Montréal. Le but de cette recherche est de comprendre la relation entre la langue et l’utilisation des espaces publics à Montréal. Cette recherche répond à trois questions : Quels sont les principaux espaces publics accueillants et peu accueillants à Montréal pour les populations multiculturelles? Quels sont les éléments sociaux et spatiaux qui évoquent des espaces publics accueillants et peu accueillants? Et quelles sont les leçons à tirer en matière de conception d’espaces pour un public au profil linguistique et culturel diversifiés? Plusieurs méthodes ont été utilisées, notamment un sondage mené auprès de vingt élèves de français langue seconde, des visites terrain, et une analyse documentaire sur le paysage linguistique, le comportement du milieu et la planification urbaine multilingue. Les résultats montrent que la langue n’est pas le seul facteur qui affecte la façon dont les personnes utilisent les espaces publics. D’autres éléments sociaux et spatiaux tels que l’accessibilité, l’entretien, la sécurité, l’inclusion et la tolérance, déterminent si un espace est perçu comme accueillant ou non. Les résultats indiquent également que les gens dans les espaces considérés comme accueillants sont plus enclins à utiliser leur langue maternelle pour les interactions sociales occasionnelles avec des étrangers et des connaissances, alors que cela ne se produit pas dans les espaces peu accueillants. En identifiant la localisation et les caractéristiques des espaces accueillants et peu accueillants, il est possible d’identifier la congruence entre l’aménagement et les actions récurrentes dans les espaces publics, spécialement dans ceux qui sont fréquentés par les personnes dont la langue maternelle n’est pas la langue nationale. Ces résultats aideront les chercheurs et les professionnels à mieux comprendre la relation entre la langue et l’utilisation de l’espace public dans une ville multiculturelle. Mots clés : Paysage linguistique, espace public, multiculturalisme, comportement du milieu, patrimoine, inclusion, Montréal, Canada. Jorge Garza | iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................... i Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... iii Résumé .................................................................................................................................................... iv List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... vii List of Charts ........................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Research question .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Background ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3.1. Language legislation .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.2. Allophone neighbourhoods in Montréal .................................................................................... 5 1.4. Multiculturalism and planning for public spaces ............................................................................... 7 1.5. Objectives of the Research .............................................................................................................. 10 1.6. Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 2: Methodology .......................................................................................................................