DOCSLIB.ORG

Pleurotus Ostreatus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pleurotus Ostreatus International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 12, December-2016 49 ISSN 2229-5518 Effect of Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) on adiet poultry contaminated with fungus exudate toxins Aspergillus flavus and the possibility of inhibition growth and break down toxins producers from it Hussein, .S.Naji .,Majeed.M.Dewan. and Aqell,Y.alsheqry Department of Biological Sciences . College of Education for girls, Department of Protection plant. College of agriculture (. University of Kufa) ABSTRACT: This study was conducted in the laboratory of Advanced fungi at the Department of Biology/ College of Education for girls / University of Kufa for the period from 03/01 - 15/05/2016 in collaboration with the laboratory of the veterinary clinic to the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture, so as to detect the ability of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) to protect the contamination of diet poultry by fungi and the possibility of breaking down the Aflatoxin and Ochratoxins which produced by Aspergillus flavus. Tested way to extract the poison, using an organic solvent is Acetonitrail, results showed for the detection of the toxin using organic solvent in the recovery of the venom of the contaminated samples using several standard poison under study and using the ELISA device showed the ability of p.ostreatus to break down toxins contaminated with aflatoxin to diet in the treatment of treatment mushroom oyster duration of fermentation 28 days where the highest percentage smash hit 1.0 mcg / kg, followed by treatment T4 treatment also mushroom oyster duration of fermentation 21 days Reached at 1.5 mcg / kg compared to the treatment of T2 untreated mushroom oyster which showed the highest contamination rate was 165.3 mcg / kg either treatment control were free of contamination and mycotoxin which gave 0.0 mcg / kg. way to extract the poison, using an organic solvent is Acetonitrail, results showed for the detection of the toxin using organic solvent in the recovery of the toxin of the contaminated samples using several standard poison under study and using the ELISA device showed the ability of p.ostreatus to break down toxins contaminated with aflatoxin to diet in the treatmentIJSER of T4 treatment mushroom oyster duration of fermentation 28 days where the highest percentage smash hit 1.0 mcg / kg, followed by treatment T3 treatment also mushroom oyster duration of fermentation 21 days reached at 1.5 mcg / kg compared to the treatment of T2 untreated mushroom oyster which showed the highest contamination rate was 165.3 mcg/ kg either treatment control were free of contamination and mycotoxin which gave 0.0 mcg / kg. Key ward : ELISA technique , Pleurotus ostreatus, Aspergillus flavus toxin,diet poultry —————————— —————————— INTRODUCTION in breaking down toxic substances in The mushroom oyster (Pleurotus the medium in which it grows the ostreatus) food fungi that have fungus through the enzymes secreted medicinal benefits because it contains by the fungus (Lacina et al, 2003). extracts and effective compounds (Vamanu, 2012), and is marked by For the mushroom oyster significant anti-fungal substances and toxins impact in the treatment of cancer and (Oei,2005) has the effect of privileged prevent the growth of tumors (Wolff et as anti-cancer tumors and in al, 2008) characterized by belonging to stimulating cellular immunity (Hatvani the mushroom species oyster Pleurotus et al ,2008 ), also it has a distinct role IJSER © 2016 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 12, December-2016 50 ISSN 2229-5518 requirements for food security (Billard, high viability of colonialism and the 2004), and this specification increased the speed of growth for spinning mildew food, health and administrative on among different agricultural media requirements (Nagy, 2006). As well as the and environmental conditions (Kong, presence of mycotoxins in feed materials 2004 Ahmed, (2015) indicated that the used in diets and one of the most fungus highly competitive against a important problems facing poultry in number of contaminated diet fungi. and developing countries. This is due to the currently occupies the mushroom lack of these countries for scientific oyster ranked second after agricultural foundations, It followed in modern mushroom white (Agaricus bisporus ) agricultural operations, including the and by 25% of the world's production seeds and stored drying technology. of food fungi( Zhang et al ,2014) and Popcorn is the first and the longer this has a high nutritional value because it problem being a silo strategy in diets is rich in protein, which constitutes 20- of poultry, they accounted for 50-60% 40 % dry weight (Ahmed et al, 2009). of components and increase their exposure to pollution that poisons The poultry of topics that are notable especially cultivated in the loop for the importance of their contribution autumn, as it marks the date harvested to the provision of a major food source nearthe winter months, solutions and for humans to meet the needs of the thus will drag on for drying and then animal protein and because of the rapid increase the likelihood of mycotoxin development that took place in the contamination. production of commercial hybrids for broiler chickens characterized by fast We have many countries the growth and high ability in feed efficiency. maximum allowable limits proceeded As well as the poultry confronted with to the availabilityIJSER of mycotoxins in the some problems, including a key human diet and the diets of animals determines the availability of feed with 20 mcg / kg (Adler, 2002), and materials used in the diets of the that means that the majority of maize developing broiler and then higher prices marketed grain stores in Iraq unfit for (US Grains Council, 2003). The availability human consumption or feed materials of suitable forage qualities at a reasonable included in the industry diets, price is the key to success in the according to the results of recent production process for broiler chickens, studies in country (Hussain, 2000; and so that there would be competition Mughallis 2004; Hadithi, 2005). place with the domestic market, it is important among the mycotoxins of importance, to go to the feed use of non-conventional and entered into the diets of broiler being the most natural substances dangerous in the complex health effects chickens combination so as to reduce et al in low pollution and spread in the thermal production costs, (Basak ,2002 ). ranges wide levels until Pat contamination The chicken meat industry, global of feed crops and diets poisons( IFLA corporations started to produce global )thing difficult to avoid in spite of all the strains characterized by high productivity modalities modern and means used in specifications to provide minimum IJSER © 2016 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 12, December-2016 51 ISSN 2229-5518 study was conducted to remove the production (Gratz et al, 2004). Free fodder negative effects of fungal toxins from crops has become media of mycotoxins of diets. the priorities that must be introduced to the success of the poultry projects, so this The important themes of this study are: 1- Test the inhibition ability of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushroom( Pleurotus ostreatus) against a mushrooms and producer of number of contaminated fungi of poultry mycotoxins Aspergillus flavus fungi in diet. diet. the laboratory of the Plant Protection Department - Faculty of Agriculture, 2 -The use of oyster mushroom University of Kufa.The medium which (Pleurotus ostreatus) in the remediation are used to isolate and the Potato of contaminated diets industrially certain Dextrose Ager are used to growth and all testing of fungi . It prepared by level of poison aflatoxin toxin secreted by dissolving 39 g per liter of distilled the Aspergillus flavus water, according to the manufacturer fungus. instructions and 250 mg antibiotic Chloramphenicol was added 1L. The 3. The important aim to use oyster medium autoclaveed at 121 °C and mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) to pressure 15 pounds / in 2 for 20 reduce the Aflatoxin and Ochratoxinin minutes,The medium powred in plastic poultry diet by biodegradation by oyster dishes (9 cm diam.and using according mushroom . to the aim of study us the growth of oyster mushroom ,isolation and Materials and methods classification of some fungi from diet This studyIJSER included conducting poultry . laboratory experiments It was obtained pure isolation from oyster The inhibition test of oyster temperature 25 ± 2 °C, The inhibition mushroom against the isolated ability of mushroom oyster was fungi from poutry diet a measured after 7 days according to Bell et al, (1982) . number of fungi contaminated poultry diet. Isolation and diagnosis of The double culture technique in Petri dishes was used the dish is divided fungi associated with poultry into two equal parts and Disc with 0.5 cm diameter placed on the center of the diet by Dilutions Plate method first part .while growth the isolated In order to know the fungi in the diet fungus from poultry diet was placed on poultry have been taking random samples the center of second part . The treatment from different parts of the diet bag of each fungus repeated three times . All comparison was mixed uniformly and the dishes were incubated at a IJSER © 2016 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 12, December-2016 52 ISSN 2229-5518 then taken 10 g of which was added to a (15-35 day) (Titus and Fritz, 1971 and beaker containing 90 ml sterile distilled Ibrahim, 1987 and Fayad and Nagy, water and mixing brokered an electric 1989), has been taken into account in mixer to break up its parts and uniformly, these diets that adequacy the bird needs of crude protein and energy then taking one ml of it was added to the metabolic ratio energy: protein at every test tube containing 9 ml sterile distilled -2 stage and according to the (Ibrahim, water to get The concentration of 10 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Predominant Mycotoxins, Pathogenesis, Control Measures, and Detection Methods in Fermented Pastes
    toxins Review Predominant Mycotoxins, Pathogenesis, Control Measures, and Detection Methods in Fermented Pastes Guozhong Zhao 1, Yi-Fei Wang 1, Junling Chen 2 and Yunping Yao 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (Y.-F.W.) 2 College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-22-6091-2585 Received: 2 January 2020; Accepted: 21 January 2020; Published: 23 January 2020 Abstract: Fermented pastes are some of the most popular traditional products in China. Many studies reported a strong possibility that fermented pastes promote exposure to mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and cereulide, which were proven to be carcinogenic and neurotoxic to humans. The primary mechanism of pathogenicity is by inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing oxidative stress using cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The level of mycotoxin production is dependent on the pre-harvest or post-harvest stage. It is possible to implement methods to control mycotoxins by using appropriate antagonistic microorganisms, such as Aspergillus niger, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from ordinary foods. Also, drying products as soon as possible to avoid condensation or moisture absorption in order to reduce the water activity to lower than 0.82 during storage is also effective. Furthermore, organic acid treatment during the soaking process reduces toxins by more than 90%.
    [Show full text]
  • Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using
    microorganisms Review Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using Microorganisms: A Review 1, 2, 1 1, Nan Wang y, Weiwei Wu y, Jiawen Pan and Miao Long * 1 Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China 2 Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 21 June 2019; Accepted: 19 July 2019; Published: 21 July 2019 Abstract: Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi that is commonly found in cereal crops. ZEA has an estrogen-like effect which affects the reproductive function of animals. It also damages the liver and kidneys and reduces immune function which leads to cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity. At present, the detoxification of mycotoxins is mainly accomplished using biological methods. Microbial-based methods involve zearalenone conversion or adsorption, but not all transformation products are nontoxic. In this paper, the non-pathogenic microorganisms which have been found to detoxify ZEA in recent years are summarized. Then, two mechanisms by which ZEA can be detoxified (adsorption and biotransformation) are discussed in more detail. The compounds produced by the subsequent degradation of ZEA and the heterogeneous expression of ZEA-degrading enzymes are also analyzed. The development trends in the use of probiotics as a ZEA detoxification strategy are also evaluated. The overall purpose of this paper is to provide a reliable reference strategy for the biological detoxification of ZEA. Keywords: zearalenone (ZEA); reproductive toxicity; cytotoxicity; immunotoxicity; biological detoxification; probiotics; ZEA biotransformation 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivation of the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Sp.) on Wood Substrates in Hawaii
    CULTIVATION OF THE OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS SP.) ON WOOD SUBSTRATES IN HAWAII A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'IIN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TROPICAL PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE DECEMBER 2004 By Tracy E. Tisdale Thesis Committee: Susan C. Miyasaka, Chairperson Mitiku Habte Don Hemmes Acknowledgements I would first like to acknowledge Susan C. Miyasaka, my major advisor, for her generosity, thoughtfulness, patience and infinite support throughout this project. I'd like to thank Don Hemmes and Mitiku Habte for taking time out of their schedules to serve on my committee and offer valuable insight. Thanks to Jim Hollyer for the much needed advising he provided on the economic aspect of this project. Thanks also to J.B. Friday, Bernie Kratky and all the smiling faces at Beaumont, Komohana, Waiakea and Volcano Research Stations who provided constant encouragement and delight throughout my mushroom growing days in Hilo. 111 Table of Contents Acknowledgements , iii List of Tables ,,, , vi List of Figures vii Chapter 1: Introduction '" 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review , 3 Industry ,,.. ,,,,, , 3 Substrates 6 Oyster Mushroom " '" 19 Production Overview 24 Chapter 3: Research Objectives , '" 32 Chapter 4: Materials and Methods 33 Substrate Wood 33 Cultivation Methods 34 Crop Yield ,, 39 Nutrients 43 Taste 44 Fruiting Site Assessment. .46 Economic Analysis .46 Chapter 5: Results and Discussion ,, .48 Substrate Wood ,, 48 Preliminary Experiment. '" 52 IV Final Experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: a Review
    toxins Review Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review Dipendra Kumar Mahato 1 , Sheetal Devi 2, Shikha Pandhi 3, Bharti Sharma 3 , Kamlesh Kumar Maurya 3, Sadhna Mishra 3, Kajal Dhawan 4, Raman Selvakumar 5 , Madhu Kamle 6 , Awdhesh Kumar Mishra 7,* and Pradeep Kumar 6,* 1 CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; [email protected] 2 National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (B.S.); [email protected] (K.K.M.); [email protected] (S.M.) 4 Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; [email protected] 5 Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; [email protected] 6 Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India; [email protected] 7 Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.K.M.); [email protected] (P.K.) Citation: Mahato, D.K.; Devi, S.; Abstract: Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively Pandhi, S.; Sharma, B.; Maurya, K.K.; occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Mishra, S.; Dhawan, K.; Selvakumar, Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with R.; Kamle, M.; Mishra, A.K.; et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus) Are Useful for Utilizing Lignocellulosic Biomass
    Vol. 14(1), pp. 52-67, 7 January, 2015 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2014.14249 Article Number: AED32D349437 ISSN 1684-5315 African Journal of Biotechnology Copyright © 2015 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Review Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus) are useful for utilizing lignocellulosic biomass E. A. Adebayo1,2* and D. Martínez-Carrera2 1Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. 2Biotechnology of Edible, Functional and Medicinal Mushrooms, Colegio de Postgraduados, Apartado Postal 129, Puela 72001, Puebla, Mexico. Received 16 October, 2014; Accepted 12 December, 2014 This review shows the biotechnological potential of oyster mushrooms with lignocellulosic biomass. The bioprocessing of plant byproducts using Pleurotus species provides numerous value-added products, such as basidiocarps, animal feed, enzymes, and other useful materials. The biodegradation and bioconversion of agro wastes (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) could have vital implication in cleaning our environment. The bioprocessing of lignin depends on the potent lignocellulolytic enzymes such as phenol oxidases (laccase) or heme peroxidases (lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and versatile peroxidase) produced by the organism. The cellulose-hydrolysing enzymes (that is, cellulases) basically divided into endo-β-1,4-glucanase , exo-β-1,4-glucanase I and II, and β-glucosidase, they attack cellulose to release glucose, a monomers units from the cellobiose, while several enzymes acted on hemicellulose to give D-xylose from xylobiose. These enzymes have been produced by species of Pleurotus from lignocellulose and can also be used in several biotechnological applications, including detoxification, bioconversion, and bioremediation of resistant pollutants.
    [Show full text]
  • Aflatoxins and Dairy Cattle
    Texas Dairy Matters Higher Education Supporting the Industry AFLATOXINS AND DAIRY CATTLE Ellen R. Jordan, Ph.D. Extension Dairy Specialist Department of Animal Science Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service The Texas A&M University System Whenever crops are under stress, the potential for aflatoxins increases. Aflatoxins are poisonous by-products of the growth of some species of the mold fungus Aspergillus. Some crops may be contaminated with aflatoxins, particularly whenever drought stress occurs. When lactating animals are fed aflatoxin contaminated feed, they excrete aflatoxin metabolites into the milk. The aflatoxins are capable of causing aflatoxicosis in consumers of milk. This is why government regulations specify that milk must be free of aflatoxin. However, action is not taken until the aflatoxin level exceeds 0.5 ppb in market milk, the level below which there is no hazard for the consuming public. "Action levels" for livestock represent the level of contamination at which the feed may be injurious to their health or result in contamination of milk, meat or eggs. Action levels by class of livestock are in table 1. Aflatoxicosis is a disease caused by the consumption of aflatoxins, the mold metabolites produced by some strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasitisus. The four most common aflatoxins are B1, B2, G1 and G2. Contaminated grains and grain by- products are the most common sources of aflatoxins in Texas. Corn silage may also be a source of aflatoxins, because the ensiling process does not destroy the toxins already present in silage. Aspergillus flavus growth on corn. Table 1: The FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine "Action" levels for aflatoxin in feed grain in interstate commerce.
    [Show full text]
  • Host Factors Modulating Ochratoxin a Biosynthesis During Fruit Colonization by Aspergillus Carbonarius
    Journal of Fungi Article Host Factors Modulating Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis during Fruit Colonization by Aspergillus carbonarius Uriel Maor 1,2, Omer Barda 1, Sudharsan Sadhasivam 1 , Yang Bi 3, Varda Zakin 1, Dov B. Prusky 1,3 and Edward Sionov 1,* 1 Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; [email protected] (U.M.); [email protected] (O.B.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (V.Z.); [email protected] (D.B.P.) 2 Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel 3 College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +972-3-968-3693 Abstract: Aspergillus carbonarius is a strong and consistent ochratoxin A (OTA) producer and consid- ered to be the main source of this toxic metabolite in grapes and grape products such as wine, grape juice and dried vine fruit. OTA is produced under certain growth conditions and its accumulation is affected by several environmental factors, such as growth phase, substrate, temperature, water activity and pH. In this study, we examined the impact of fruit host factors on regulation and ac- cumulation of OTA in colonized grape berries, and assessed in vitro the impact of those factors on the transcriptional levels of the key genes and global regulators contributing to fungal colonization and mycotoxin synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidant Activities of Methanolic Extracts from Ten Pleurotus Species
    Sanjit Debnath et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2017, 8 (3) INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY www.irjponline.com ISSN 2230 – 8407 Research Article ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS FROM TEN PLEUROTUS SPECIES Sanjit Debnath 1*, Ramesh Chandra Upadhyay 2, Panna Das 3 and Ajay Krishna Saha 1 1Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India 2Directorate of Mushroom Research, Chambaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India 3Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Article Received on: 09/02/17 Approved for publication: 08/03/17 DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.080335 ABSTRACT The antioxidant activities of methanolic extract from mycelia of ten Pleurotus species were investigated. The main aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of mushroom mycelium of ten Pleurotus species by three different methods. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ion and phenolic content of mycelial extract of ten edible mushrooms were analyzed. P. sajor-caju showed highest free radical scavenging activity (92.05 %) and reducing power (1.082 %) at 8 mg/ml concentration. P. citrinopileatus showed highest percentage of chelating effect on ferrous ion (90.66 %). The lowest EC50 value of free radical scavenging activity was found in P. sapidus which indicated strongest ability of the mycelial extract to act as DPPH radical scavenger. The lowest chelating effect on ferrous ion was noticed in P. sajor-caju but EC50 of reducing power was much lower than the synthetic antioxidant (BHT).
    [Show full text]
  • Aflatoxin B1 from Aspergillus Flavus
    Aflatoxin B1 Product Number A 6636 Storage Temperature 2-8 °C Product Description Among the aflatoxins of natural origin, aflatoxin B1 is Molecular Formula: C17H12O6 the most potent hepatocarcinogen and considered to 4 Molecular Weight: 312.3 be the most toxic. Aflatoxin B1 consists of a CAS Number: 1162-65-8 difurofuran ring system that is fused to a substituted Melting Point: 268 - 269 °C coumarin moiety, with a methoxy group attached at Extinction Coefficient (ethanol): EmM = 25.6 (223 nm), the corresponding benzene ring. Of particular interest 13.4 (265 nm), 21.8 (363 nm) is the presence of derivatives of aflatoxin B1 that can Fluorescence Emission Maxima: 425 nm (ethanol) be found in edible animal products obtained from Synonyms: AFB1, Aflatoxin B, Aflatoxin B1, cattle that have consumed sublethal doses of aflatoxin 6-Methoxydifurocoumarone B1. Consumed aflatoxins are converted to aflatoxin derivatives in the liver. Aflatoxin B1 is known to be A number of mold species from the genus Aspergillus oxidized by the mixed function oxygenases of the liver produce fungal metabolites called aflatoxins. cytochrome P-450 system present in the microsomal Aflatoxins are an interesting example of DNA- fraction of liver extracts. This oxidation results in damaging agents from a natural source. The aflatoxin B1-8,-9-epoxide as the major product. This detrimental effects of aflatoxins are due to their ability reactive epoxide seems to preferentially attack certain to bind covalently to DNA. The DNA damage leads to guanine residues in double-stranded DNA, giving rise mutagenesis followed by possible cellular dysfunction. to a large guanine adduct dihydro-guanyl- 2 These naturally occurring mycotoxins are highly toxic hydroxyaflatoxin B1.
    [Show full text]
  • Aflatoxin B1 in Human Serum Issn 0025-7680313
    AFLATOXIN B1 IN HUMAN SERUM ISSN 0025-7680313 ORIGINAL ARTICLE MEDICINA (Buenos Aires) 2002; 62: 313-316 AFLATOXIN B1 CONTENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATIC DISEASES CLARA LOPEZ, LAURA RAMOS, LUCIA BULACIO, SILVANA RAMADAN, FERNANDA RODRIGUEZ Centro de Referencia de Micología (CEREMIC). Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Abstract Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites of some Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius strains that occur in many foods and feeds. There are four major natural occurring aflatoxins: B1, B2, G1 and G2. These toxins can cause illness in human beings and animals. Aflatoxin B1 is the most abundant and toxic member of the family, and it is also the most potent hepatocarcinogen known. In order to estimate the potential human health risk of AFB1, it is useful to measure blood concentration. The presence of aflatoxin B1 in patients was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography, in serum samples, obtained from 20 patient volunteers with hepatic disease. Out of the 20 patients, the presence of AFB1 was detected in only one of them, in a concentration of 0.47 ng/cm3. Nevertheless, this result should draw the attention of control organizations in Argentina to the need for a thorough food and feed inspection. Key words: aflatoxin B1, hepatic diseases,serum samples, HPLC Resumen Aflatoxina B1 en pacientes con enfermedades hep·ticas. Las aflatoxinas son metabolitos tóxicos producidos por cepas de Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus y A. nomius, presentes en alimentos y piensos. Las cuatro aflatoxinas principales son: aflatoxina B1, B2, G1 y G2. Dichas toxinas pueden causar enfermedades tanto en seres humanos como en animales.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycotoxins (Ochratoxin A, Citrinin, and Sterigmatocystin ) and Toxigenic Fungi in Grains and Other Agricultural Products
    MYCOTOXINS AND TOXIGENIC FUNGI Mycotoxins (Ochratoxin A, Citrinin, and Sterigmatocystin ) and Toxigenic Fungi in Grains and Other Agricultural Products Peter M. Scott,” Wilhelmina van Walbeek, Barry Kennedy, and Defenser Anyeti Ochratoxin A was detected in 18 out of 29 samples three samples of mixed feeds (one of which contained of heated grain from Saskatchewan farms at con- ochratoxin A), from four samples of dried white centrations of 0.03 to 27 ppm. After development beans (three containing ochratoxin A), and from an of an appropriate screening method, 13 of these ochratoxin A positive sample of moldy peanuts. samples were also found to contain citrinin (0.07 to P. cyclopium Westling that produced penicillic acid 80 ppm). Sterigmatocystin was detected in one was isolated quite frequently, particularly from mixed grain sample. Strains of Penicillium ciridicatum feeds, although the mycotoxin itself was not found in Westling or P. palitans Westling, producing either the samples. Zearalenone was identified in a culture ochratoxin A or citrinin or (usually) both toxins of Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. isolated from a concomitantly, were isolated from 22 grain samples wheat sample. (including 16 of those containing ochratoxin A), from chratoxin A [(-)-N-[(5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-l- [2,3-c]xanthen-7-one], a carcinogenic metabolite of Asper- oxo-7-isochrornanyl)carbonyl]-3-phenylalanine~, one gillus cersicolor, A. nidulans, A. rugulosus, P. luteum, and 0 of six closely related metabolites (Steyn and Holzapfel, a Bipolaris sp. (Ballantine et ai., 1965; Dean, 1963; Holzap- 1967), was first isolated from a strain of Aspergillus ochraceus fel et ai., 1966; Purchase and van der Watt, 1970), were also Wilh.
    [Show full text]
  • Verticillium Fungicola Cell Wall Glucogactomannan-Binding of the Lectin from the Pleurotus Ostreatus Fruit Bodies
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Academica-e Verticillium fungicola Cell Wall Glucogactomannan-binding of the Lectin from the Pleurotus ostreatus Fruit bodies D. Bernardo; A. Pérez Cabo; C. García Mendoza Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid (Spain) The Verticillium fungicola mycoparasitism on Agaricus bisporus fruit bodies appears to be a complex process made up of successive steps in which the recognition and binding between complementary molecules, the A. bisporus fruit body lectin and the V. fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan, have re- cently been demonstrated. P. ostreatus fruit bodies have been described as containing a lectin and also presenting the “dry bubble” or the Verticillium disease. The aim of the present work is to purify and characterize the P. ostreatus lectin and compare the properties of both lectins in an attempt to confirm if the specific glucogalactomannan-lectin recognition and binding is the necessary step for the V. fungicola mycoparasitism process in P. ostreatus. The characteristics and properties of the purified P. o s t r e a t u s lectin together with those also previously described by us on A. bisporus lectin show that, although both lectins present different chemical struc- tures, they behave very similarly in relation to their glucogalactomannan-binding, thus confirming the existence of the specific recognition and binding step in the Verticillium disease on P. ostreatus fruit bodies. 1. Introduction “Dry bubble” or Verticillium disease, the most serious fungal disease of the commercially grown strains of the white mushroom Agaricus bisporus, is Genetics and Cellular Biology of Basidiomycetes-VI.
    [Show full text]