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Kunihiko Kodaira *

Tokyo, ￿￿￿￿ Kofu, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Kac *

Krzemieniec, ￿￿￿￿ California, ￿￿￿￿ Alan Mathison Turing *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Wilmslow, ￿￿￿￿ Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar *

Lahore, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Aronovich Naimark *

Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Lev Pontryagin *

Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ R. E. A. C. Paley *

￿￿￿￿ Banff, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Krein *

Kiev, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Aleksandr Osipovich Gelfond *

1934 San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kurt Godel¨ *

Brno, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Andrei Nikolaevich Tikhonov *

Gzhatska, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Charles Ehresmann *

Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ *

Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ William Vallance Douglas Hodge *

Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov *

Tambov, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Julio Rey Pastor *

Logrono,˜ ￿￿￿￿ Buenos Aires, ￿￿￿￿ Srinivasa A. Ramanujan *

Erode, ￿￿￿￿ Kumbakonam, ￿￿￿￿ Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl *

Elmshorn, ￿￿￿￿ , ￿￿￿￿ John Maynard Keynes *

Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Firle, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Henry Maclagen Wedderburn * 1907 1905 Forfar, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Lipot´ Fejer´ *

Pecs,´ ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Sergi Natanovich Bernstein *

1916 Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Guido Fubini *

Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Max Wilhelm Dehn *

Hamburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Black Mountain, ￿￿￿￿ Edmund Georg Hermann Landau *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Erhard Schmidt *

Dorpat, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Antoine Aristide Montel *

Niza, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Henri Leon´ Lebesgue *

1902 Beauvais, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Bertrand Arthur William Russell *

Ravenscroft, ￿￿￿￿ Penrhyndeudraeth, ￿￿￿￿ Felix´ Edouard´ Justin Emile´ Borel *

Saint Affrique, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ John Charles Fields *

1924 Hamilton, ￿￿￿￿ Toronto, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Martin Weber * *

1893 Heidelberg, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Riga, ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, ￿￿￿￿ David Hilbert * 1903 1888 1893 1900 Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Ivar Otto Bendixson *

1901 Bergshyddan, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ernesto Cesaro` * Karl Johannes Herbert Seifert *

Napoles,´ ￿￿￿￿ Torre Annunziata, ￿￿￿￿ Bernstadt, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Otto Ludwig Holder¨ *

1889 Stuttgart, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Thomas Jan Stieltjes * Marshall Harvey Stone *

Zwolle, ￿￿￿￿ Toulouse, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Madras, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Emile Appell *

Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Giuseppe Veronese *

Chioggia, ￿￿￿￿ Padua, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Maschke * Claude Chevalley *

Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Johannesburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sophia V. Kovalevskaya * Georges de Rham *

Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Roche, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ Oliver Heaviside *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Torquay, ￿￿￿￿ Ferdinand Georg Frobenius * 1878 1877 1896 Berl´ın-Charlottenburg, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Diederik Johannes Korteweg *

’sHertogenbosch, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Zoel Garc´ıade Galdeano Yanguas * Alan Baker *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ William K. Clifford * Oskar Perron *

DUE STRADE REALI Exeter, ￿￿￿￿ Islas Madeira, ￿￿￿￿ Frankenthal, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Tannery * Karol Borsuk *

Mantes-la-Jolie, ￿￿￿￿ Pantin, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Franc¸ois Edouard Anatole Lucas * Gheorghe Vranceanu *

Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Valea Hogii, ￿￿￿￿ Bucarest, ￿￿￿￿ Julius Weingarten * Norman Levinson *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg im Breisgau, ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ Felice Casorati * Juliusz Pawel Schauder *

1868 Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Casteggio, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Hugues Charles Robert Meray´ * Leonid Kantorovich *

Chalon-sur-Saone,ˆ ￿￿￿￿ Dijon, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Rudolf Otto Sigismund Lipschitz * John Whittaker *

Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Sheffield, ￿￿￿￿ G. F. * Ernst Leonard Lindelof¨ *

1854 1859 Breselenz, ￿￿￿￿ Selasca, ￿￿￿￿ Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ Enrico Betti * Wolfgang Krull *

Pistoia, ￿￿￿￿ Soiana, ￿￿￿￿ Baden-Baden, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Louis Franc¸ois Bertrand * Richard Dagobert Brauer *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Belmont, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Eduard Heine * *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Dallas, ￿￿￿￿ Austin, ￿￿￿￿ Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev * *

Okatovo, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Kobrin, ￿￿￿￿ Brookline, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Alfred Serret * Hugo Dyonizy Steinhaus *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Versailles, ￿￿￿￿ Jaslo, ￿￿￿￿ Wroclaw, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Auguste Briot * Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin * Simon Kirwan Donaldson *

1859 Saint Hippolyte, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-d’Ault, ￿￿￿￿ Irkutsk, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ George Boole * Jacques Salomon Hadamard *

1840 1896 Lincoln, ￿￿￿￿ Ballintemple, ￿￿￿￿ Versalles, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Laurent Wantzel * Alfred Bray Kempe * Israel Nathan Herstein *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Kensington, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Lublin, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Alphonse Laurent * Carle Runge * *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Bremen, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Flint, ￿￿￿￿ Ludwig Otto Hesse * Francesco Paolo Cantelli *

Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Palermo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Augustus De Morgan * Constantin Caratheodory´ * Gerd Faltings *

Madras, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Gelsenkirchen-Buer, ￿￿￿￿ Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet * Kurt Hensel * Pere Menal Brufal *

1829 1837 Duren,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Marburg, ￿￿￿￿ Lleida, ￿￿￿￿ Barcelona, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Franc¸ois Verhulst * Alfred Pringsheim * Shigefumi Mori *

Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Ohlau, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Nagoya, ￿￿￿￿ Jacques Charles Franc¸ois Sturm * Luigi Bianchi * Michael Francis Atiyah *

Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Parma, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Janos´ Bolyai * Alfred North Whitehead * Jose´ Luis Rubio de Francia *

Kolozsvar,´ ￿￿￿￿ Marosvas´ arhaly,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ramsgate, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Miedes, ￿￿￿￿ Zaragoza, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Marie Constant Duhamel * Edmund Taylor Whittaker * Curtis T. McMullen *

Saint Malo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Southport, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Jakob Steiner * Hermann Minkowski * *

Utzenstorf, ￿￿￿￿ Berna, ￿￿￿￿ Alexotas, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ William Hamilton * Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov * Georges Reeb *

1973 Glasgow, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Yaroslavl, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Saverne, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Friedrich Gauss * Charles Emile´ Picard * Charles Fefferman * 1799 1796 1809 1828 1879 1801 Brunswick, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Louis Puissant * Ulisse Dini * Alberto Pedro Calderon´ *

1878 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Mendoza, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Lorenzo Mascheroni * Julius Pl ¨ucker * Dimitri Feddrovich Egorov * John Griggs Thompson *

Bergamo,´ ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Elberfeld, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ Otawwa, ￿￿￿￿ Sir Isaac Newton * Caspar Wessel * George Gabriel Stokes * Hans Freudenthal * 1665 1669 1690 16651667 1687 1666 1671 1691 Woolsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Vestby, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Skreen, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Luckenwalde, ￿￿￿￿ Utrecht, ￿￿￿￿ Christiaan Huygens * Marie Jean A. N. de Caritat Condorcet * Iren´ ee-Jules´ Bienayme´ * Albert Einstein * Pierre-Louis Lions *

La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Ribemont, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-la-Reine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ulm, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Grasse, ￿￿￿￿ Pietro Mengoli * Vicenzo Riccati * Marie-Sophie Germain * Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow * Julia Bowman Robinson *

1816 1823 1872 Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Castelfranco Veneto, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ San Luis, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jean Picard * Daniel Bernoulli * Charles Julien Brianchon * Charles Jean Gustave Nicolas de la Vallee´ Poussin * Maxim Kontsevich *

1755 La Fleche,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Groninga, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Sevres,` ￿￿￿￿ Versalles, ￿￿￿￿ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ John Wallis * Gabriel Cramer * Lazare Nicolas Marguerite´ Carnot * Delfino Codazzi * Rene-Louis´ Baire * *

1655 1797 Ashford, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Bagnols-sur-Ceze,` ￿￿￿￿ Nolay, ￿￿￿￿ Magdeburg, ￿￿￿￿ Lodi, ￿￿￿￿ Pav´ıa, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Chambery,´ ￿￿￿￿ Long Branch, ￿￿￿￿ John Pell * Christian Goldbach * Johann Friedrich Pfaff * Antonio Luigi Gaudenzio Giuseppe Cremona * Witold Hurewicz * Jean-Christofe Yoccoz *

1742 Southwick, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Stuttgart, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Lodz, ￿￿￿￿ Uxmal, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Fermat * Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri * Joseph-Louis Lagrange * James Joseph Sylvester * Emil Artin * William Timothy Gowers * 1640 1637 1760 1771 1942 Beaumont de Lomagne, ￿￿￿￿ Castres, ￿￿￿￿ San Remo, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Hamburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Marlborough, ￿￿￿￿ Peter Ramus * Rene´ Descartes * Johann Bernoulli * Pierre-Simon Laplace * * Alfred Tarski *

1637 1809 Cuts, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ La Haye, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Beaumont-en-Auge, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Monschau, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Bachiller Juan Perez´ de Moya * Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri * Jacob Bernoulli * Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon * George Green * Otto Stolz * Andre´ Weil *

1562 1635 1647 1713 1827 1875 San Esteban del Puerto, ￿￿￿￿ Granada, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Montbard, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nottingham, ￿￿￿￿ Nottingham, ￿￿￿￿ Hall, ￿￿￿￿ Innsbruck, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Robert Recorde * Marin Mersenne * Michel Rolle * Alexandre Theophile´ Vandermonde * Karl Georg Christian von Staudt * Emanuel Lasker * Pierre Deligne *

1691 1770 Tenby, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Oize in Maine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ambert, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Rothenburg ob der Tauber, ￿￿￿￿ Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Berlinchen, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Michael Stifel * Gregorio Saint-Vincent * Jakob Hermann * Edward Waring * Michel Chasles * Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer *

1647 1711 1777 1911 Esslingen, ￿￿￿￿ Jena, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Old Heath, ￿￿￿￿ Pontesbury, ￿￿￿￿ Epernon, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Overschie, ￿￿￿￿ Blaricum, ￿￿￿￿ Hipias de Ellia * Menecmo * Scipione del Ferro * Franc¸ois Viete` * Evangelista Torricelli * Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus * Johann Bernoulli (II) * Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky * Karl Pearson * Sergi Novikov *

1644 1683 1829 1900 Ellia, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alopeconnesus, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Fontenay-le-Comte, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Florencia, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Dresde, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Nizhny Novgorod, ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Gorky, ￿￿￿￿ Teodoro de Cirene * Aristoteles´ * Bhaskara * Campanus de Novara * Nicolas Chuquet * Adam Ries * Henry Briggs * William Neil * Jacopo Francesco Riccati * Marc Antoine Parseval des Chenesˆ * Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan * Daniel Gorenstein *

1615 1624 1657 1870 1892

Cirene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Cirene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Stagirus, ￿￿￿ a.C. Chalcis, ￿￿￿ a.C. Biddur, ￿￿￿￿ Ujjain, ￿￿￿￿ Novara, ￿￿￿￿ Viterbo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Staffelstein, ￿￿￿￿ Annaberg, ￿￿￿￿ Warleywood, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Bishopsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿White Waltham, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, ￿￿￿￿ Rosieres-aux-Saline,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Zenon´ de Elea * Platon´ * Nicomedes * Severino Boecio * Ibn Al-Haitham * Juan Hispalense * Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi * Nicolas´ de Oresme * Piero della Francesca * Peter Apian * Thomas Harriot * Giovanni Domenico Cassini * Alexis Claude Clairaut * Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier * Richard Julius Wihelm Dedekind * Atle Selberg *

965 1350 1822 1855 1871 Elea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Elea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Roma, ￿￿￿ Pav´ıa, ￿￿￿ Basra, ￿￿￿ El Cairo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Tus, ￿￿￿￿ Kadhimain, ￿￿￿￿ Allemagne, ￿￿￿￿ Lisieux, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Borgo San Sepolero, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Perinaldo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Auxerre, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Braunschweig, ￿￿￿￿ Braunschweig, ￿￿￿￿ Langesund, ￿￿￿￿ Pitagoras´ de Samos * Hipocrates´ de Chios * Eudoxo de Cnido * Euclides de Alejandr´ıa * Apolonio de Perga * Moderato de Cadiz´ * Nicomaco´ de Gerasa * Proclo Diadoco * Brahmagupta * Alcuin de York * Thabit Ibn-Qurra * Gerberto de Aurillac * Adelardo de Bath * Li Yeh * Thomas Bradwardine * Nicolas´ de Cusa * Johann Werner * Rafael Bombelli * William Oughtred * G. F. A. Marquis de l’Hospital * G. E. Marquise du Chateletˆ * Simon Antoine Jean l’Huilier * Jean Gaston Darboux * Abraham Robinson *

-600 1328 1572 1696 1744 1784 1875 1966 Samos, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Chios, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Cnido, ￿￿￿ a.C. Cnido, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Perga, ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿ ￿￿ Gerasa, ￿￿ ￿￿￿ Constantinopla, ￿￿￿ Atenas, ￿￿￿ Ujjain, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ York, ￿￿￿ Tours, ￿￿￿ Harran, ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ Aquitania, ￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Bath, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Chichester, ￿￿￿￿ Lambeth, ￿￿￿￿ Trier, ￿￿￿￿ Todi, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Eton, ￿￿￿￿ Albury, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lunneville,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Nimes, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Waldenburg, ￿￿￿￿ New Haven, ￿￿￿￿ Tales de Mileto * Anaxagoras´ de Clamozene * Teeteto de Atenas * Eudemo de Rodas * Arqu´ımedesde Siracusa * Hiparco de Nicea * Geminus * Menelao de Alejandr´ıa * Diofanto de Alejandr´ıa * Pappus de Alejandr´ıa * Hypatia de Alejandr´ıa * Tsu Ch’ung Chi * Isidoro de Sevilla * Beda el Venerable * Al-Khowarizmi * Josephus Hispanus * Al-Karkhi * Omar Khayyam * Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci * Chu Shih-Chieh * Ghiyath al-Din J. Mas’ud al-Kashi * Johann M ¨ullerRegiomontanus * Juan de Ortega * Johannes Kepler * Sir Christopher Wren * Johann Heinrich Lambert * Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bernard Bolzano * Felix Christian Klein * Jean-Pierre Serre *

-10 1299 1303 1512 1615 1817 1834 1872 Mileto, ￿￿￿ a.C. Mileto, ￿￿￿ a.C. Clamozene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Lampsacu, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Siracusa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Siracusa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Nicea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿ a.C. ￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Fan-yang, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Cartagena, ￿￿￿ Sevilla, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Cataluna,˜ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Kashan, ￿￿￿￿ Samarcanda, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Palencia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Weil der Stadt, ￿￿￿￿ Regensburg, ￿￿￿￿ East Knoyle, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mulhausen,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Praga, ￿￿￿￿ Praga, ￿￿￿￿ Dusseldorf,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Bages, ￿￿￿￿ Empedocles´ de Acragas * Arquitas de Taranto * Aristarco de Samos * Heron´ de Alejandr´ıa * Claudio Ptolomeo * Aryabhata el Anciano * Abu’l-Wefa * Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra * Johannes de Sacrobosco * Richard Swineshead * Leone Battista Alberti * Nicolas´ Copernico´ * Simon Stevin * Blaise Pascal * Abraham de Moivre * Louis Franc¸ois Antoine Arbogast * Viktor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky * Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel *

1654 1718 1730 1791

Acragas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Peloponeso, ￿￿￿ a.C. Taranto, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿ ￿￿ Egipto, ￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Kusumapura, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Buzjan, ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Calahorra, ￿￿￿￿ Holywood, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Genova,´ ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Torun, ￿￿￿￿ Frombork, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Vitry, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mutzig, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Podolskaya, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Jerusalen,´ ￿￿￿￿ Antifon´ * Dinostrato * Eratostenes´ de Cirena * Al-Biruni * Gerardo de Cremona * Ch’in Chiu-Shao * Luca Pacioli * Ludovico Ferrari * Claude Gaspar Bachet de Meziriac´ * Philippe de La Hire * Etienne Bezout´ * Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel * Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky * Imre Lakatos *

1499

Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Shahhat, ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Kath, ￿￿￿ Ghazna, ￿￿￿￿ Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Sichuan, ￿￿￿￿ Kwantung, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nemours, ￿￿￿￿ Basse-Loges, ￿￿￿￿ Minden, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Orekhovo, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Democrito´ de Abdera * Yang Hui * Johannes Widman * Niccolo Fontana * Galileo Galilei * Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz * Jean Le Rond d’Alembert * Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier * Hermann Hankel * * Efim I Zelmanov * 1673 1535 1672 1684 1747 1674 Abdera, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Eger, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Brescia, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Arcetri, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Dijon, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Schramberg, ￿￿￿￿ Independence, ￿￿￿￿ Harlingen, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Bryson de Heraclea * Alberto Durero * John Napier * Michelangelo Ricci * George Berkeley * Jacob Bernoulli (II) * August Ferdinand Mobius¨ * Elie Joseph Cartan * Vaughan Jones *

1614

Heraclea, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Merchiston Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Dysert Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Schulpforta, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Dolomieu, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Gisborne, ￿￿￿￿ Girolamo Cardano * Etienne Pascal * Pierre Varignon * Gian Francesco Malfatti * Joseph Liouville * Jan Arnoldus Schouten * 1844 1545 1770 1803 1843 Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Caen, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ala, ￿￿￿￿ Ferrara, ￿￿￿￿ Saint-Omer, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nieuweramstel, ￿￿￿￿ Epe, ￿￿￿￿ Gerardus Mercator * Albert Girard * James Gregory * Roger Cotes * Maria Gaetana Agnesi * George Biddell Airy * Gaston Maurice Julia *

1629 1671 1748

Rupelmonde, ￿￿￿￿ Duisburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Saint Michel, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Drumoak, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Burbage, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Alnwick, ￿￿￿￿ Greenwhich, ￿￿￿￿ Sidi Bel Abbes,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Georg Joachim von Lauchen Rheticus * Girard Desargues * Rene´ F. de Sluse * Nicolaus Bernoulli * Sylvester Franc¸ois Lacroix * Max Noether * Rene´ Thom *

1673

Feldkirch, ￿￿￿￿ Kassa, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Macon,ˆ ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Mannheim, ￿￿￿￿ Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Montbeliard,´ ￿￿￿￿ Joost B ¨urgi * Georg Mohr * Colin Maclaurin * John Playfair * Victor Alexandre Puiseux * * Gregori Aleksandrovic Margulis *

1742 1913 Lichtensteig, ￿￿￿￿ Kassel, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Kilmodan, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Benvie, ￿￿￿￿ Burntisland, ￿￿￿￿ Argenteuil, ￿￿￿￿ Frontenay, ￿￿￿￿ Overisel, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Gilles Personne de Roberval * Brook Taylor * Erland Samuel Bring * Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau * Arnaud Denjoy *

1630 1715 Senlis, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Edmonton, ￿￿￿￿ Somerset House, ￿￿￿￿ Ausas, ￿￿￿￿ Lund, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Auch, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Frans van Schooten * James Stirling * Joseph Diaz Gergonne * Vito Volterra * William Paul Thurston *

1881 Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Garden, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Montpellier, ￿￿￿￿ Ancona, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Nicolaus Mercator * Nicolaus Bernoulli (II) * John Wilson * Gabriel Lame´ * Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo * Jean Bourgain *

1668 1904 1908

Eutin, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Applethwaite, ￿￿￿￿ Kendal, ￿￿￿￿ Tours, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg im Breisgau, ￿￿￿￿ Ostende, ￿￿￿￿ Johan de Witt * Leonhard Euler * Jean Victor Poncelet * Felix Hausdorff * Alain Connes * 1748 1734 1740 1746 1813 1822 1914 Dordrecht, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Metz, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Draguignan, ￿￿￿￿ Johann van Waveren Hudde * Thomas Simpson * Paolo Ruffini * * Harold Calvin *

1654 1795 1885

Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Valentano, ￿￿￿￿ Modena,´ ￿￿￿￿ Liegnitz, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Waterville, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Isaac Barrow * Johann Bernoulli (III) * Hermann G ¨unterGrassmann * Maurice Rene´ Frechet´ *

1663 1670 1906 Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Stettin, ￿￿￿￿ Stettin, ￿￿￿￿ Maligny, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Giovanni Ceva * Gaspard Monge * Arthur Cayley * Carl Ludwig Siegel *

1838 Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Mantua, ￿￿￿￿ Beaune, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Richmond, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Adrien-Marie Legendre * John Venn * Klaus Roth *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Hull, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Jean-Baptiste Biot * William Henry Young * Shing-Tung Yau *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ Kwuntung, ￿￿￿￿ Simeon´ Denis Poisson * Marius Sophus Lie * Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright *

1820 Pithiviers, ￿￿￿￿ Sceaux, ￿￿￿￿ Nordfjordeide, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ Aynho, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Augustin-Louis Cauchy * Giuseppe Peano * * 1823 1821 1844 1890 1826 Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sceaux, ￿￿￿￿ Cuneo, ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Worth, ￿￿￿￿ Adhemar´ Jean Claude Barre´ de Saint-Venant * George Polya´ *

Villiers-en-Biere,` ￿￿￿￿ Saint Ouen, ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Palo Alto, ￿￿￿￿ Mikhail Vasilevich Ostrogradski * Henri Eugene` Pade´ * Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld *

Pashennaya, ￿￿￿￿ Poltava, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Khrakov, ￿￿￿￿ Niels Henrick Abel * Paul David Gustav du Bois-Reymmond * Stefan Banach * * 1826 1824 1829 Frindoe, ￿￿￿￿ Froland, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg, ￿￿￿￿ Krakovia, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Baltimore, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi * William Burnside * Alexander Grothendieck *

1838 1904 1911 Potsdam, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ West Wickham, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Sir William Rowan Hamilton * Alfred Tauber * Michael Hartley Freedman *

1843 Dubl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Dubl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Pressburg, ￿￿￿￿ Theresienstadt, ￿￿￿￿ Los Angeles,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Ferdinand Adolf Minding * Ludwig Georg Elias Moses Bieberbach *

1830 1838 1916 Kalisz, ￿￿￿￿ Dorpat, ￿￿￿￿ Goddelau, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Eduard Kummer * *

Sorau, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Columbia, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Evariste´ Galois * Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs * Bartel Leendert van den Waerden * 1832 1831 1930

Bourg-la-Reine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Moschin, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Eugene` Charles Catalan * Jesse Douglas *

1842 Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass * Pavel S. Urysohn * Yutaka Taniyama * Richard E. Borcherds *

1866 1872 1885

Ostenfelde, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Batz, ￿￿￿￿ Kisai, ￿￿￿￿ Tokio, ￿￿￿￿ Ciudad del Cabo, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Fred´ eric´ Frenet * Kurt Friedrichs *

Perigueux,´ ￿￿￿￿ Perigueux,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Ossian Bonnet * Heinz Hopf *

Montpellier, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Grabschen,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Zollikon, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Claude Bouquet * Albert Thoralf Skolem *

1856 Morteau, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sandsvaer, ￿￿￿￿ Oslo, ￿￿￿￿ Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz * Salomon Bochner *

Postdam, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Krakov,´ ￿￿￿￿ Houston, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Hermite * Reinhold Baer *

1873 Lorraine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Jules Antoine Lissajous * Waclaw Sierpinski *

Versailles, ￿￿￿￿ Plombieres,` ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ F. G. Max Eisenstein * Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro * Heisuke Hironaka *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Lugo, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Yamaguchi-ken, ￿￿￿￿ Eugene` Rouche´ * Hans Zassenhaus *

1862 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Koblenz-Moselweiss, ￿￿￿￿ Columbus, ￿￿￿￿ Edmond Nicolas Laguerre * Johann Radon *

Bar-le-Duc, ￿￿￿￿ Bar-le-Duc, ￿￿￿￿ Tetschen, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Eugenio Beltrami * Alonzo Church *

Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Hudson, ￿￿￿￿ Emile Leonard´ Mathieu * *

Metz, ￿￿￿￿ Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Franz Mertens * John Willard Milnor *

Schroda, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Orange, ￿￿￿￿ Karl Herman Amandus Schwarz * Harish-Chandra *

1869 Hermsdorf, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Kanpur, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor * Lars Hormander¨ *

1874 1891 San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Mjallby,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Magnus Gosta¨ Mittag-Leffler * Gian-Carlo Rota *

Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Vigevano, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Wilhelm Karl Joseph Killing * Daniel Grey Quillen *

Burbach, ￿￿￿￿ Munster,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Orange, ￿￿￿￿ Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege * Enrico Bombieri *

Wismar, ￿￿￿￿ Bad Kleinen, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Leopold Bernhard Gegenbauer * Stanislaw Mazur *

Asperhofen, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jorgen Pedersen Gram *

Nustrup, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Johan Gielis Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann * 1882 Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Robert Hjalmar Mellin *

Liminka, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jules Henri Poincare´ * Samuel Eilenberg * 1895 1892 1912 Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Andrei Andreyevich Markov *

Ryazan, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Edouard Jean-Baptiste Goursat *

Lanzac, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen *

Nakskov, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Thomas Little Heath *

Barnetby le Wold, ￿￿￿￿ Ashtead, ￿￿￿￿ Cesare Burali-Forti *

Arezzo, ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Adolf Kneser *

Grussow,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Painleve´ *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Erik Ivar Fredholm *

Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Steinitz *

1910 Laurahutte,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ Tullio Levi-Civita *

Padua, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Giuseppe Vitali *

Ravena,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Luther Pfahler Eisenhart *

York, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Godfrey Harold Hardy *

1912 Surrey, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Leopold Lowenheim¨ *

Krefeld, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Joseph Louis Fatou *

Lorient, ￿￿￿￿ Pornichet, ￿￿￿￿ Hans Hahn *

Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze *

Schleinz, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Frigyes Riesz *

Gyor,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Emmy Amalie Noether *

1919 Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Bryn Mawr, ￿￿￿￿ John Edensor Littlewood *

Rochester, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Alfred´ Haar *

Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Szeged, ￿￿￿￿ Riccione 2012 Louis Joel Mordell * Filadelfia, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Kurt Mahler *

Krefeld, ￿￿￿￿ Canberra, ￿￿￿￿ Dudley Ernest Littlewood *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Bangor, ￿￿￿￿ Aurel Freidrich Wintner *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Frank P. Ramsey *

Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Max Zorn *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jean Alexandre Eugene` Dieudonne´ *

Lille, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ *

Zagreb, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Lars Ahlfors *

Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ *

Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Mount Dents Blanches, ￿￿￿￿ Sergei Lvovich Sobolev *

San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Stanislaw Ulam *

Lemberg, ￿￿￿￿ Santa Fe, ￿￿￿￿ Anatoly Malcev *

Misheronsky, ￿￿￿￿ Novosibirsk, ￿￿￿￿ Norman Steenrod *

Dayton, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Oswald Teichm ¨uller *

Nordhausen im Harz, ￿￿￿￿Dnieper, ￿￿￿￿ Laurent Schwartz *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ 1

Kunihiko Kodaira *

Tokyo, ￿￿￿￿ Kofu, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Kac *

Krzemieniec, ￿￿￿￿ California, ￿￿￿￿ Alan Mathison Turing *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Wilmslow, ￿￿￿￿ Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar *

Lahore, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Aronovich Naimark *

Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Lev Pontryagin *

Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ R. E. A. C. Paley *

￿￿￿￿ Banff, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Krein *

Kiev, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Aleksandr Osipovich Gelfond *

1934 San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kurt Godel¨ *

Brno, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Andrei Nikolaevich Tikhonov *

Gzhatska, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Charles Ehresmann *

Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ John von Neumann *

Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ William Vallance Douglas Hodge *

Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov *

Tambov, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Julio Rey Pastor *

Logrono,˜ ￿￿￿￿ Buenos Aires, ￿￿￿￿ Srinivasa A. Ramanujan *

Erode, ￿￿￿￿ Kumbakonam, ￿￿￿￿ Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl *

Elmshorn, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ John Maynard Keynes *

Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Firle, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Henry Maclagen Wedderburn * 1907 1905 Forfar, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Lipot´ Fejer´ *

Pecs,´ ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Sergi Natanovich Bernstein *

1916 Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Guido Fubini *

Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Max Wilhelm Dehn *

Hamburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Black Mountain, ￿￿￿￿ Edmund Georg Hermann Landau *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Erhard Schmidt *

Dorpat, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Antoine Aristide Montel *

Niza, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Henri Leon´ Lebesgue *

1902 Beauvais, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Bertrand Arthur William Russell *

Ravenscroft, ￿￿￿￿ Penrhyndeudraeth, ￿￿￿￿ Felix´ Edouard´ Justin Emile´ Borel *

Saint Affrique, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ John Charles Fields *

1924 Hamilton, ￿￿￿￿ Toronto, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Martin Weber * Lipman Bers *

1893 Heidelberg, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Riga, ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, ￿￿￿￿ David Hilbert * 1903 1888 1893 1900 Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Ivar Otto Bendixson *

1901 Bergshyddan, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ernesto Cesaro` * Karl Johannes Herbert Seifert *

Napoles,´ ￿￿￿￿ Torre Annunziata, ￿￿￿￿ Bernstadt, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Otto Ludwig Holder¨ *

1889 Stuttgart, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Thomas Jan Stieltjes * Marshall Harvey Stone *

Zwolle, ￿￿￿￿ Toulouse, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Madras, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Emile Appell *

Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Giuseppe Veronese *

Chioggia, ￿￿￿￿ Padua, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Maschke * Claude Chevalley *

Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Johannesburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sophia V. Kovalevskaya * Georges de Rham *

Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Roche, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ Oliver Heaviside *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Torquay, ￿￿￿￿ Ferdinand Georg Frobenius * 1878 1877 1896 Berl´ın-Charlottenburg, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Diederik Johannes Korteweg *

’sHertogenbosch, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Zoel Garc´ıade Galdeano Yanguas * Alan Baker *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ William K. Clifford * Oskar Perron *

Exeter, ￿￿￿￿ Islas Madeira, ￿￿￿￿ Frankenthal, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Tannery * Karol Borsuk *

Mantes-la-Jolie, ￿￿￿￿ Pantin, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Franc¸ois Edouard Anatole Lucas * Gheorghe Vranceanu *

Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Valea Hogii, ￿￿￿￿ Bucarest, ￿￿￿￿ Julius Weingarten * Norman Levinson *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg im Breisgau, ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ Felice Casorati * Juliusz Pawel Schauder *

1868 Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Casteggio, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Hugues Charles Robert Meray´ * Leonid Kantorovich *

Chalon-sur-Saone,ˆ ￿￿￿￿ Dijon, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Rudolf Otto Sigismund Lipschitz * John Whittaker *

Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Sheffield, ￿￿￿￿ G. F. Bernhard Riemann * Ernst Leonard Lindelof¨ *

1854 1859 Breselenz, ￿￿￿￿ Selasca, ￿￿￿￿ Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ Some questions, some answers Enrico Betti * Wolfgang Krull *

Pistoia, ￿￿￿￿ Soiana, ￿￿￿￿ Baden-Baden, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Louis Franc¸ois Bertrand * Richard Dagobert Brauer *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Belmont, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Eduard Heine * Robert Lee Moore *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Dallas, ￿￿￿￿ Austin, ￿￿￿￿ Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev * Oscar Zariski *

Okatovo, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Kobrin, ￿￿￿￿ Brookline, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Alfred Serret * Hugo Dyonizy Steinhaus *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Versailles, ￿￿￿￿ Jaslo, ￿￿￿￿ Wroclaw, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Auguste Briot * Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin * Simon Kirwan Donaldson *

1859 Saint Hippolyte, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-d’Ault, ￿￿￿￿ Irkutsk, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ George Boole * Jacques Salomon Hadamard *

1840 1896 Lincoln, ￿￿￿￿ Ballintemple, ￿￿￿￿ Versalles, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Laurent Wantzel * Alfred Bray Kempe * Israel Nathan Herstein *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Kensington, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Lublin, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Alphonse Laurent * Carle Runge * Stephen Smale *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Bremen, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Flint, ￿￿￿￿ Ludwig Otto Hesse * Francesco Paolo Cantelli *

Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Palermo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Augustus De Morgan * Constantin Caratheodory´ * Gerd Faltings *

Madras, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Gelsenkirchen-Buer, ￿￿￿￿ Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet * Kurt Hensel * Pere Menal Brufal *

1829 1837 Duren,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Marburg, ￿￿￿￿ Lleida, ￿￿￿￿ Barcelona, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Franc¸ois Verhulst * Alfred Pringsheim * Shigefumi Mori *

Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Ohlau, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Nagoya, ￿￿￿￿ Jacques Charles Franc¸ois Sturm * Luigi Bianchi * Michael Francis Atiyah *

Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Parma, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Janos´ Bolyai * Alfred North Whitehead * Jose´ Luis Rubio de Francia *

Kolozsvar,´ ￿￿￿￿ Marosvas´ arhaly,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ramsgate, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Miedes, ￿￿￿￿ Zaragoza, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Marie Constant Duhamel * Edmund Taylor Whittaker * Curtis T. McMullen *

Saint Malo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Southport, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Jakob Steiner * Hermann Minkowski * Nathan Jacobson *

Utzenstorf, ￿￿￿￿ Berna, ￿￿￿￿ Alexotas, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ William Hamilton * Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov * Georges Reeb *

1973 Glasgow, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Yaroslavl, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Saverne, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Friedrich Gauss * Charles Emile´ Picard * Charles Fefferman * 1799 1796 1809 1828 1879 1801 Brunswick, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Louis Puissant * Ulisse Dini * Alberto Pedro Calderon´ *

1878 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Mendoza, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Lorenzo Mascheroni * Julius Pl ¨ucker * Dimitri Feddrovich Egorov * John Griggs Thompson *

Bergamo,´ ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Elberfeld, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ Otawwa, ￿￿￿￿ Sir Isaac Newton * Caspar Wessel * George Gabriel Stokes * Hans Freudenthal * 1665 1669 1690 16651667 1687 1666 1671 1691 Woolsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Vestby, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Skreen, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Luckenwalde, ￿￿￿￿ Utrecht, ￿￿￿￿ Christiaan Huygens * Marie Jean A. N. de Caritat Condorcet * Iren´ ee-Jules´ Bienayme´ * Albert Einstein * Pierre-Louis Lions *

La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Ribemont, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-la-Reine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ulm, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Grasse, ￿￿￿￿ Pietro Mengoli * Vicenzo Riccati * Marie-Sophie Germain * Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow * Julia Bowman Robinson *

1816 1823 1872 Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Castelfranco Veneto, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ San Luis, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jean Picard * Daniel Bernoulli * Charles Julien Brianchon * Charles Jean Gustave Nicolas de la Vallee´ Poussin * Maxim Kontsevich *

1755 La Fleche,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Groninga, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Sevres,` ￿￿￿￿ Versalles, ￿￿￿￿ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ John Wallis * Gabriel Cramer * Lazare Nicolas Marguerite´ Carnot * Delfino Codazzi * Rene-Louis´ Baire * Paul Cohen *

1655 1797 Ashford, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Bagnols-sur-Ceze,` ￿￿￿￿ Nolay, ￿￿￿￿ Magdeburg, ￿￿￿￿ Lodi, ￿￿￿￿ Pav´ıa, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Chambery,´ ￿￿￿￿ Long Branch, ￿￿￿￿ John Pell * Christian Goldbach * Johann Friedrich Pfaff * Antonio Luigi Gaudenzio Giuseppe Cremona * Witold Hurewicz * Jean-Christofe Yoccoz *

1742 Southwick, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Stuttgart, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Lodz, ￿￿￿￿ Uxmal, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Fermat * Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri * Joseph-Louis Lagrange * James Joseph Sylvester * Emil Artin * William Timothy Gowers * 1640 1637 1760 1771 1942 Beaumont de Lomagne, ￿￿￿￿ Castres, ￿￿￿￿ San Remo, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Hamburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Marlborough, ￿￿￿￿ Peter Ramus * Rene´ Descartes * Johann Bernoulli * Pierre-Simon Laplace * Elwin Bruno Christoffel * Alfred Tarski *

1637 1809 Cuts, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ La Haye, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Beaumont-en-Auge, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Monschau, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Bachiller Juan Perez´ de Moya * Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri * Jacob Bernoulli * Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon * George Green * Otto Stolz * Andre´ Weil *

1562 1635 1647 1713 1827 1875 San Esteban del Puerto, ￿￿￿￿ Granada, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Montbard, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nottingham, ￿￿￿￿ Nottingham, ￿￿￿￿ Hall, ￿￿￿￿ Innsbruck, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Robert Recorde * Marin Mersenne * Michel Rolle * Alexandre Theophile´ Vandermonde * Karl Georg Christian von Staudt * Emanuel Lasker * Pierre Deligne *

1691 1770 Tenby, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Oize in Maine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ambert, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Rothenburg ob der Tauber, ￿￿￿￿ Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Berlinchen, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Michael Stifel * Gregorio Saint-Vincent * Jakob Hermann * Edward Waring * Michel Chasles * Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer *

1647 1711 1777 1911 Esslingen, ￿￿￿￿ Jena, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Old Heath, ￿￿￿￿ Pontesbury, ￿￿￿￿ Epernon, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Overschie, ￿￿￿￿ Blaricum, ￿￿￿￿ Hipias de Ellia * Menecmo * Scipione del Ferro * Franc¸ois Viete` * Evangelista Torricelli * Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus * Johann Bernoulli (II) * Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky * Karl Pearson * Sergi Novikov * What are superellipses and supercircles? 1644 1683 1829 1900 Ellia, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alopeconnesus, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Fontenay-le-Comte, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Florencia, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Dresde, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Nizhny Novgorod, ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Gorky, ￿￿￿￿ Teodoro de Cirene * Aristoteles´ * Bhaskara * Campanus de Novara * Nicolas Chuquet * Adam Ries * Henry Briggs * William Neil * Jacopo Francesco Riccati * Marc Antoine Parseval des Chenesˆ * Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan * Daniel Gorenstein *

1615 1624 1657 1870 1892

Cirene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Cirene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Stagirus, ￿￿￿ a.C. Chalcis, ￿￿￿ a.C. Biddur, ￿￿￿￿ Ujjain, ￿￿￿￿ Novara, ￿￿￿￿ Viterbo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Staffelstein, ￿￿￿￿ Annaberg, ￿￿￿￿ Warleywood, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Bishopsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿White Waltham, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, ￿￿￿￿ Rosieres-aux-Saline,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Zenon´ de Elea * Platon´ * Nicomedes * Severino Boecio * Ibn Al-Haitham * Juan Hispalense * Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi * Nicolas´ de Oresme * Piero della Francesca * Peter Apian * Thomas Harriot * Giovanni Domenico Cassini * Alexis Claude Clairaut * Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier * Richard Julius Wihelm Dedekind * Atle Selberg *

965 1350 1822 1855 1871 Elea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Elea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Roma, ￿￿￿ Pav´ıa, ￿￿￿ Basra, ￿￿￿ El Cairo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Tus, ￿￿￿￿ Kadhimain, ￿￿￿￿ Allemagne, ￿￿￿￿ Lisieux, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Borgo San Sepolero, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Perinaldo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Auxerre, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Braunschweig, ￿￿￿￿ Braunschweig, ￿￿￿￿ Langesund, ￿￿￿￿ Pitagoras´ de Samos * Hipocrates´ de Chios * Eudoxo de Cnido * Euclides de Alejandr´ıa * Apolonio de Perga * Moderato de Cadiz´ * Nicomaco´ de Gerasa * Proclo Diadoco * Brahmagupta * Alcuin de York * Thabit Ibn-Qurra * Gerberto de Aurillac * Adelardo de Bath * Li Yeh * Thomas Bradwardine * Nicolas´ de Cusa * Johann Werner * Rafael Bombelli * William Oughtred * G. F. A. Marquis de l’Hospital * G. E. Marquise du Chateletˆ * Simon Antoine Jean l’Huilier * Jean Gaston Darboux * Abraham Robinson *

-600 1328 1572 1696 1744 1784 1875 1966 Samos, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Chios, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Cnido, ￿￿￿ a.C. Cnido, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Perga, ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿ ￿￿ Gerasa, ￿￿ ￿￿￿ Constantinopla, ￿￿￿ Atenas, ￿￿￿ Ujjain, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ York, ￿￿￿ Tours, ￿￿￿ Harran, ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ Aquitania, ￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Bath, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Chichester, ￿￿￿￿ Lambeth, ￿￿￿￿ Trier, ￿￿￿￿ Todi, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Eton, ￿￿￿￿ Albury, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lunneville,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Nimes, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Waldenburg, ￿￿￿￿ New Haven, ￿￿￿￿ Tales de Mileto * Anaxagoras´ de Clamozene * Teeteto de Atenas * Eudemo de Rodas * Arqu´ımedesde Siracusa * Hiparco de Nicea * Geminus * Menelao de Alejandr´ıa * Diofanto de Alejandr´ıa * Pappus de Alejandr´ıa * Hypatia de Alejandr´ıa * Tsu Ch’ung Chi * Isidoro de Sevilla * Beda el Venerable * Al-Khowarizmi * Josephus Hispanus * Al-Karkhi * Omar Khayyam * Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci * Chu Shih-Chieh * Ghiyath al-Din J. Mas’ud al-Kashi * Johann M ¨ullerRegiomontanus * Juan de Ortega * Johannes Kepler * Sir Christopher Wren * Johann Heinrich Lambert * Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bernard Bolzano * Felix Christian Klein * Jean-Pierre Serre *

-10 1299 1303 1512 1615 1817 1834 1872 Mileto, ￿￿￿ a.C. Mileto, ￿￿￿ a.C. Clamozene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Lampsacu, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Siracusa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Siracusa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Nicea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿ a.C. ￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Fan-yang, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Cartagena, ￿￿￿ Sevilla, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Cataluna,˜ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Kashan, ￿￿￿￿ Samarcanda, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Palencia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Weil der Stadt, ￿￿￿￿ Regensburg, ￿￿￿￿ East Knoyle, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mulhausen,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Praga, ￿￿￿￿ Praga, ￿￿￿￿ Dusseldorf,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Bages, ￿￿￿￿ Empedocles´ de Acragas * Arquitas de Taranto * Aristarco de Samos * Heron´ de Alejandr´ıa * Claudio Ptolomeo * Aryabhata el Anciano * Abu’l-Wefa * Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra * Johannes de Sacrobosco * Richard Swineshead * Leone Battista Alberti * Nicolas´ Copernico´ * Simon Stevin * Blaise Pascal * Abraham de Moivre * Louis Franc¸ois Antoine Arbogast * Viktor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky * Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel *

1654 1718 1730 1791

Acragas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Peloponeso, ￿￿￿ a.C. Taranto, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿ ￿￿ Egipto, ￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Kusumapura, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Buzjan, ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Calahorra, ￿￿￿￿ Holywood, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Genova,´ ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Torun, ￿￿￿￿ Frombork, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Vitry, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mutzig, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Podolskaya, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Jerusalen,´ ￿￿￿￿ Antifon´ * Dinostrato * Eratostenes´ de Cirena * Al-Biruni * Gerardo de Cremona * Ch’in Chiu-Shao * Luca Pacioli * Ludovico Ferrari * Claude Gaspar Bachet de Meziriac´ * Philippe de La Hire * Etienne Bezout´ * Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel * Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky * Imre Lakatos *

1499

Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Shahhat, ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Kath, ￿￿￿ Ghazna, ￿￿￿￿ Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Sichuan, ￿￿￿￿ Kwantung, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nemours, ￿￿￿￿ Basse-Loges, ￿￿￿￿ Minden, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Orekhovo, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Democrito´ de Abdera * Yang Hui * Johannes Widman * Niccolo Fontana * Galileo Galilei * Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz * Jean Le Rond d’Alembert * Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier * Hermann Hankel * Leonard Eugene Dickson * Efim I Zelmanov * 1673 1535 1672 1684 1747 1674 Abdera, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Eger, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Brescia, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Arcetri, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Dijon, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Schramberg, ￿￿￿￿ Independence, ￿￿￿￿ Harlingen, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Bryson de Heraclea * Alberto Durero * John Napier * Michelangelo Ricci * George Berkeley * Jacob Bernoulli (II) * August Ferdinand Mobius¨ * Elie Joseph Cartan * Vaughan Jones *

1614

Heraclea, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Merchiston Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Dysert Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Schulpforta, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Dolomieu, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Gisborne, ￿￿￿￿ Girolamo Cardano * Etienne Pascal * Pierre Varignon * Gian Francesco Malfatti * Joseph Liouville * Jan Arnoldus Schouten * 1844 1545 1770 1803 1843 Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Caen, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ala, ￿￿￿￿ Ferrara, ￿￿￿￿ Saint-Omer, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nieuweramstel, ￿￿￿￿ Epe, ￿￿￿￿ Gerardus Mercator * Albert Girard * James Gregory * Roger Cotes * Maria Gaetana Agnesi * George Biddell Airy * Gaston Maurice Julia *

1629 1671 1748

Rupelmonde, ￿￿￿￿ Duisburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Saint Michel, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Drumoak, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Burbage, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Alnwick, ￿￿￿￿ Greenwhich, ￿￿￿￿ Sidi Bel Abbes,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Georg Joachim von Lauchen Rheticus * Girard Desargues * Rene´ F. de Sluse * Nicolaus Bernoulli * Sylvester Franc¸ois Lacroix * Max Noether * Rene´ Thom *

1673

Feldkirch, ￿￿￿￿ Kassa, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Macon,ˆ ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Mannheim, ￿￿￿￿ Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Montbeliard,´ ￿￿￿￿ Joost B ¨urgi * Georg Mohr * Colin Maclaurin * John Playfair * Victor Alexandre Puiseux * George David Birkhoff * Gregori Aleksandrovic Margulis *

1742 1913 Lichtensteig, ￿￿￿￿ Kassel, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Kilmodan, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Benvie, ￿￿￿￿ Burntisland, ￿￿￿￿ Argenteuil, ￿￿￿￿ Frontenay, ￿￿￿￿ Overisel, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Gilles Personne de Roberval * Brook Taylor * Erland Samuel Bring * Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau * Arnaud Denjoy *

1630 1715 Senlis, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Edmonton, ￿￿￿￿ Somerset House, ￿￿￿￿ Ausas, ￿￿￿￿ Lund, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Auch, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Frans van Schooten * James Stirling * Joseph Diaz Gergonne * Vito Volterra * William Paul Thurston *

1881 Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Garden, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Montpellier, ￿￿￿￿ Ancona, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Nicolaus Mercator * Nicolaus Bernoulli (II) * John Wilson * Gabriel Lame´ * Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo * Jean Bourgain *

1668 1904 1908

Eutin, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Applethwaite, ￿￿￿￿ Kendal, ￿￿￿￿ Tours, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg im Breisgau, ￿￿￿￿ Ostende, ￿￿￿￿ Johan de Witt * Leonhard Euler * Jean Victor Poncelet * Felix Hausdorff * Alain Connes * 1748 Who was (is) Gabriel Lamé? 1734 1740 1746 1813 1822 1914 Dordrecht, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Metz, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Draguignan, ￿￿￿￿ Johann van Waveren Hudde * Thomas Simpson * Paolo Ruffini * Leopold Kronecker * Harold Calvin Marston Morse *

1654 1795 1885

Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Valentano, ￿￿￿￿ Modena,´ ￿￿￿￿ Liegnitz, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Waterville, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Isaac Barrow * Johann Bernoulli (III) * Hermann G ¨unterGrassmann * Maurice Rene´ Frechet´ *

1663 1670 1906 Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Stettin, ￿￿￿￿ Stettin, ￿￿￿￿ Maligny, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Giovanni Ceva * Gaspard Monge * Arthur Cayley * Carl Ludwig Siegel *

1838 Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Mantua, ￿￿￿￿ Beaune, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Richmond, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Adrien-Marie Legendre * John Venn * Klaus Roth *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Hull, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Jean-Baptiste Biot * William Henry Young * Shing-Tung Yau *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ Kwuntung, ￿￿￿￿ Simeon´ Denis Poisson * Marius Sophus Lie * Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright *

1820 Pithiviers, ￿￿￿￿ Sceaux, ￿￿￿￿ Nordfjordeide, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ Aynho, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Augustin-Louis Cauchy * Giuseppe Peano * David Mumford * 1823 1821 1844 1890 1826 Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sceaux, ￿￿￿￿ Cuneo, ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Worth, ￿￿￿￿ Adhemar´ Jean Claude Barre´ de Saint-Venant * George Polya´ *

Villiers-en-Biere,` ￿￿￿￿ Saint Ouen, ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Palo Alto, ￿￿￿￿ Mikhail Vasilevich Ostrogradski * Henri Eugene` Pade´ * Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld *

Pashennaya, ￿￿￿￿ Poltava, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Khrakov, ￿￿￿￿ Niels Henrick Abel * Paul David Gustav du Bois-Reymmond * Stefan Banach * Edward Witten * 1826 1824 1829 Frindoe, ￿￿￿￿ Froland, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg, ￿￿￿￿ Krakovia, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Baltimore, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi * William Burnside * Alexander Grothendieck *

1838 1904 1911 Potsdam, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ West Wickham, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Sir William Rowan Hamilton * Alfred Tauber * Michael Hartley Freedman *

1843 Dubl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Dubl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Pressburg, ￿￿￿￿ Theresienstadt, ￿￿￿￿ Los Angeles,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Ferdinand Adolf Minding * Ludwig Georg Elias Moses Bieberbach * 3 2 1830 1838 1916 Kalisz, ￿￿￿￿ Dorpat, ￿￿￿￿ Goddelau, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Eduard Kummer * Norbert Wiener *

Sorau, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Columbia, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Evariste´ Galois * Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs * Bartel Leendert van den Waerden * 1832 1831 1930

Bourg-la-Reine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Moschin, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Eugene` Charles Catalan * Jesse Douglas *

1842 Is it really impossible to add x + x + x geometrically? Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass * Pavel S. Urysohn * Yutaka Taniyama * Richard E. Borcherds *

1866 1872 1885

Ostenfelde, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Batz, ￿￿￿￿ Kisai, ￿￿￿￿ Tokio, ￿￿￿￿ Ciudad del Cabo, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Fred´ eric´ Frenet * Kurt Friedrichs *

Perigueux,´ ￿￿￿￿ Perigueux,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Ossian Bonnet * Heinz Hopf *

Montpellier, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Grabschen,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Zollikon, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Claude Bouquet * Albert Thoralf Skolem *

1856 Morteau, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sandsvaer, ￿￿￿￿ Oslo, ￿￿￿￿ Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz * Salomon Bochner *

Postdam, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Krakov,´ ￿￿￿￿ Houston, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Hermite * Reinhold Baer *

1873 Lorraine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Jules Antoine Lissajous * Waclaw Sierpinski *

Versailles, ￿￿￿￿ Plombieres,` ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ F. G. Max Eisenstein * Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro * Heisuke Hironaka *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Lugo, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Yamaguchi-ken, ￿￿￿￿ Eugene` Rouche´ * Hans Zassenhaus *

1862 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Koblenz-Moselweiss, ￿￿￿￿ Columbus, ￿￿￿￿ Edmond Nicolas Laguerre * Johann Radon *

Bar-le-Duc, ￿￿￿￿ Bar-le-Duc, ￿￿￿￿ Tetschen, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Eugenio Beltrami * Alonzo Church *

Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Hudson, ￿￿￿￿ Emile Leonard´ Mathieu * Antoni Zygmund *

Metz, ￿￿￿￿ Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Franz Mertens * John Willard Milnor *

Schroda, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Orange, ￿￿￿￿ Karl Herman Amandus Schwarz * Harish-Chandra *

1869 Hermsdorf, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Kanpur, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor * Lars Hormander¨ *

1874 1891 San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Mjallby,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Magnus Gosta¨ Mittag-Leffler * Gian-Carlo Rota * How do differentiation, unit elements and geometric means relate Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Vigevano, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Wilhelm Karl Joseph Killing * Daniel Grey Quillen *

Burbach, ￿￿￿￿ Munster,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Orange, ￿￿￿￿ Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege * Enrico Bombieri *

Wismar, ￿￿￿￿ Bad Kleinen, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Leopold Bernhard Gegenbauer * Stanislaw Mazur *

Asperhofen, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jorgen Pedersen Gram *

Nustrup, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann *

1882 Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Robert Hjalmar Mellin *

Liminka, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jules Henri Poincare´ * Samuel Eilenberg * 1895 1892 1912 Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Andrei Andreyevich Markov *

Ryazan, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Edouard Jean-Baptiste Goursat *

Lanzac, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen *

Nakskov, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ to each other? Thomas Little Heath * Barnetby le Wold, ￿￿￿￿ Ashtead, ￿￿￿￿ Cesare Burali-Forti *

Arezzo, ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Adolf Kneser *

Grussow,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Painleve´ *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Erik Ivar Fredholm *

Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Steinitz *

1910 Laurahutte,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ Tullio Levi-Civita *

Padua, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Giuseppe Vitali *

Ravena,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Luther Pfahler Eisenhart *

York, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Godfrey Harold Hardy *

1912 Surrey, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Leopold Lowenheim¨ *

Krefeld, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Joseph Louis Fatou *

Lorient, ￿￿￿￿ Pornichet, ￿￿￿￿ Hans Hahn *

Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze *

Schleinz, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Frigyes Riesz *

Gyor,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Emmy Amalie Noether *

1919 Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Bryn Mawr, ￿￿￿￿ Can we study nature using only pure numbers? John Edensor Littlewood * Rochester, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Alfred´ Haar *

Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Szeged, ￿￿￿￿ Louis Joel Mordell *

Filadelfia, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Kurt Mahler *

Krefeld, ￿￿￿￿ Canberra, ￿￿￿￿ Dudley Ernest Littlewood *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Bangor, ￿￿￿￿ Aurel Freidrich Wintner *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Frank P. Ramsey *

Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Max Zorn *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jean Alexandre Eugene` Dieudonne´ *

Lille, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ William Feller *

Zagreb, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Lars Ahlfors *

Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Hassler Whitney *

Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Mount Dents Blanches, ￿￿￿￿ Sergei Lvovich Sobolev *

San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Stanislaw Ulam *

Lemberg, ￿￿￿￿ Santa Fe, ￿￿￿￿ Anatoly Malcev *

Misheronsky, ￿￿￿￿ Novosibirsk, ￿￿￿￿ Norman Steenrod *

Dayton, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Oswald Teichm ¨uller *

Nordhausen im Harz, ￿￿￿￿Dnieper, ￿￿￿￿ Laurent Schwartz *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Symmetry is the central idea in mathematics, and in nature

symmetrein = to make commensurable, to find a common ruler

1

Kunihiko Kodaira *

Tokyo, ￿￿￿￿ Kofu, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Kac *

Krzemieniec, ￿￿￿￿ California, ￿￿￿￿ Alan Mathison Turing *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Wilmslow, ￿￿￿￿ Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar *

Lahore, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Aronovich Naimark *

Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Lev Pontryagin *

Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ R. E. A. C. Paley *

￿￿￿￿ Banff, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Krein *

Kiev, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Aleksandr Osipovich Gelfond *

1934 San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kurt Godel¨ *

Brno, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Andrei Nikolaevich Tikhonov *

Gzhatska, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Charles Ehresmann *

Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ John von Neumann *

Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ William Vallance Douglas Hodge *

Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov *

Tambov, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Julio Rey Pastor *

Logrono,˜ ￿￿￿￿ Buenos Aires, ￿￿￿￿ Srinivasa A. Ramanujan *

Erode, ￿￿￿￿ Kumbakonam, ￿￿￿￿ Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl *

Elmshorn, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ John Maynard Keynes *

Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Firle, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Henry Maclagen Wedderburn * 1907 1905 Forfar, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Lipot´ Fejer´ *

Pecs,´ ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Sergi Natanovich Bernstein *

1916 Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Guido Fubini *

Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Max Wilhelm Dehn *

Hamburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Black Mountain, ￿￿￿￿ Edmund Georg Hermann Landau *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Erhard Schmidt *

Dorpat, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Antoine Aristide Montel *

Niza, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Henri Leon´ Lebesgue *

1902 Beauvais, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Bertrand Arthur William Russell *

Ravenscroft, ￿￿￿￿ Penrhyndeudraeth, ￿￿￿￿ Felix´ Edouard´ Justin Emile´ Borel *

Saint Affrique, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ John Charles Fields *

1924 Hamilton, ￿￿￿￿ Toronto, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Martin Weber * Lipman Bers *

1893 Heidelberg, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Riga, ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, ￿￿￿￿ David Hilbert * 1903 1888 1893 1900 Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Ivar Otto Bendixson *

1901 Bergshyddan, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ernesto Cesaro` * Karl Johannes Herbert Seifert *

Napoles,´ ￿￿￿￿ Torre Annunziata, ￿￿￿￿ Bernstadt, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Otto Ludwig Holder¨ *

1889 Stuttgart, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Thomas Jan Stieltjes * Marshall Harvey Stone *

Zwolle, ￿￿￿￿ Toulouse, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Madras, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Emile Appell *

Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Giuseppe Veronese *

Chioggia, ￿￿￿￿ Padua, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Maschke * Claude Chevalley *

Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Johannesburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sophia V. Kovalevskaya * Georges de Rham *

Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Roche, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ Oliver Heaviside *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Torquay, ￿￿￿￿ Ferdinand Georg Frobenius * 1878 1877 1896 Berl´ın-Charlottenburg, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Diederik Johannes Korteweg *

’sHertogenbosch, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Zoel Garc´ıade Galdeano Yanguas * Alan Baker *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ William K. Clifford * Oskar Perron *

Exeter, ￿￿￿￿ Islas Madeira, ￿￿￿￿ Frankenthal, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Tannery * Karol Borsuk *

Mantes-la-Jolie, ￿￿￿￿ Pantin, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Franc¸ois Edouard Anatole Lucas * Gheorghe Vranceanu *

Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Valea Hogii, ￿￿￿￿ Bucarest, ￿￿￿￿ Julius Weingarten * Norman Levinson *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg im Breisgau, ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ Felice Casorati * Juliusz Pawel Schauder *

1868 Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Casteggio, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Hugues Charles Robert Meray´ * Leonid Kantorovich *

Chalon-sur-Saone,ˆ ￿￿￿￿ Dijon, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Rudolf Otto Sigismund Lipschitz * John Whittaker *

Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Sheffield, ￿￿￿￿ G. F. Bernhard Riemann * Ernst Leonard Lindelof¨ *

1854 1859 Breselenz, ￿￿￿￿ Selasca, ￿￿￿￿ Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ Enrico Betti * Wolfgang Krull *

Pistoia, ￿￿￿￿ Soiana, ￿￿￿￿ Baden-Baden, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Louis Franc¸ois Bertrand * Richard Dagobert Brauer *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Belmont, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Eduard Heine * Robert Lee Moore *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Dallas, ￿￿￿￿ Austin, ￿￿￿￿ Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev * Oscar Zariski *

Okatovo, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Kobrin, ￿￿￿￿ Brookline, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Alfred Serret * Hugo Dyonizy Steinhaus *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Versailles, ￿￿￿￿ Jaslo, ￿￿￿￿ Wroclaw, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Auguste Briot * Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin * Simon Kirwan Donaldson *

1859 A REMARKABLE CENTURY AND Saint Hippolyte, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-d’Ault, ￿￿￿￿ Irkutsk, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ George Boole * Jacques Salomon Hadamard *

1840 1896 Lincoln, ￿￿￿￿ Ballintemple, ￿￿￿￿ Versalles, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Laurent Wantzel * Alfred Bray Kempe * Israel Nathan Herstein *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Kensington, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Lublin, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Alphonse Laurent * Carle Runge * Stephen Smale *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Bremen, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Flint, ￿￿￿￿ Ludwig Otto Hesse * Francesco Paolo Cantelli *

Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Palermo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Augustus De Morgan * Constantin Caratheodory´ * Gerd Faltings *

Madras, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Gelsenkirchen-Buer, ￿￿￿￿ Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet * Kurt Hensel * Pere Menal Brufal *

1829 1837 Duren,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Marburg, ￿￿￿￿ Lleida, ￿￿￿￿ Barcelona, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Franc¸ois Verhulst * Alfred Pringsheim * Shigefumi Mori *

Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Ohlau, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Nagoya, ￿￿￿￿ Jacques Charles Franc¸ois Sturm * Luigi Bianchi * Michael Francis Atiyah *

Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Parma, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Janos´ Bolyai * Alfred North Whitehead * Jose´ Luis Rubio de Francia *

Kolozsvar,´ ￿￿￿￿ Marosvas´ arhaly,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ramsgate, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Miedes, ￿￿￿￿ Zaragoza, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Marie Constant Duhamel * Edmund Taylor Whittaker * Curtis T. McMullen *

Saint Malo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Southport, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Jakob Steiner * Hermann Minkowski * Nathan Jacobson *

Utzenstorf, ￿￿￿￿ Berna, ￿￿￿￿ Alexotas, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ William Hamilton * Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov * Georges Reeb *

1973 Glasgow, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Yaroslavl, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Saverne, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Friedrich Gauss * Charles Emile´ Picard * Charles Fefferman * 1799 1796 1809 1828 1879 1801 Brunswick, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Louis Puissant * Ulisse Dini * Alberto Pedro Calderon´ *

1878 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Mendoza, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Lorenzo Mascheroni * Julius Pl ¨ucker * Dimitri Feddrovich Egorov * John Griggs Thompson *

Bergamo,´ ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Elberfeld, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ Otawwa, ￿￿￿￿ Sir Isaac Newton * Caspar Wessel * George Gabriel Stokes * Hans Freudenthal * 1665 1669 1690 16651667 1687 1666 1671 1691 Woolsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Vestby, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Skreen, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Luckenwalde, ￿￿￿￿ Utrecht, ￿￿￿￿ Christiaan Huygens * Marie Jean A. N. de Caritat Condorcet * Iren´ ee-Jules´ Bienayme´ * Albert Einstein * Pierre-Louis Lions *

La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Ribemont, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-la-Reine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ulm, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Grasse, ￿￿￿￿ Pietro Mengoli * Vicenzo Riccati * Marie-Sophie Germain * Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow * Julia Bowman Robinson *

1816 1823 1872 Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Castelfranco Veneto, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ San Luis, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jean Picard * Daniel Bernoulli * Charles Julien Brianchon * Charles Jean Gustave Nicolas de la Vallee´ Poussin * Maxim Kontsevich *

1755 La Fleche,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Groninga, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Sevres,` ￿￿￿￿ Versalles, ￿￿￿￿ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ John Wallis * Gabriel Cramer * Lazare Nicolas Marguerite´ Carnot * Delfino Codazzi * Rene-Louis´ Baire * Paul Cohen *

1655 1797 Ashford, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Bagnols-sur-Ceze,` ￿￿￿￿ Nolay, ￿￿￿￿ Magdeburg, ￿￿￿￿ Lodi, ￿￿￿￿ Pav´ıa, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Chambery,´ ￿￿￿￿ Long Branch, ￿￿￿￿ John Pell * Christian Goldbach * Johann Friedrich Pfaff * Antonio Luigi Gaudenzio Giuseppe Cremona * Witold Hurewicz * Jean-Christofe Yoccoz *

1742 Southwick, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Stuttgart, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Lodz, ￿￿￿￿ Uxmal, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ THE PARIS CONNECTION Pierre Fermat * Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri * Joseph-Louis Lagrange * James Joseph Sylvester * Emil Artin * William Timothy Gowers * 1640 1637 1760 1771 1942 Beaumont de Lomagne, ￿￿￿￿ Castres, ￿￿￿￿ San Remo, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Hamburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Marlborough, ￿￿￿￿ Peter Ramus * Rene´ Descartes * Johann Bernoulli * Pierre-Simon Laplace * Elwin Bruno Christoffel * Alfred Tarski *

1637 1809 Cuts, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ La Haye, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Beaumont-en-Auge, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Monschau, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Bachiller Juan Perez´ de Moya * Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri * Jacob Bernoulli * Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon * George Green * Otto Stolz * Andre´ Weil *

1562 1635 1647 1713 1827 1875 San Esteban del Puerto, ￿￿￿￿ Granada, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Montbard, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nottingham, ￿￿￿￿ Nottingham, ￿￿￿￿ Hall, ￿￿￿￿ Innsbruck, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Robert Recorde * Marin Mersenne * Michel Rolle * Alexandre Theophile´ Vandermonde * Karl Georg Christian von Staudt * Emanuel Lasker * Pierre Deligne *

1691 1770 Tenby, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Oize in Maine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ambert, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Rothenburg ob der Tauber, ￿￿￿￿ Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Berlinchen, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Michael Stifel * Gregorio Saint-Vincent * Jakob Hermann * Edward Waring * Michel Chasles * Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer *

1647 1711 1777 1911 Esslingen, ￿￿￿￿ Jena, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Old Heath, ￿￿￿￿ Pontesbury, ￿￿￿￿ Epernon, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Overschie, ￿￿￿￿ Blaricum, ￿￿￿￿ Hipias de Ellia * Menecmo * Scipione del Ferro * Franc¸ois Viete` * Evangelista Torricelli * Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus * Johann Bernoulli (II) * Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky * Karl Pearson * Sergi Novikov *

1644 1683 1829 1900 Ellia, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alopeconnesus, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Fontenay-le-Comte, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Florencia, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Dresde, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Nizhny Novgorod, ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Gorky, ￿￿￿￿ Teodoro de Cirene * Aristoteles´ * Bhaskara * Campanus de Novara * Nicolas Chuquet * Adam Ries * Henry Briggs * William Neil * Jacopo Francesco Riccati * Marc Antoine Parseval des Chenesˆ * Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan * Daniel Gorenstein *

1615 1624 1657 1870 1892

Cirene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Cirene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Stagirus, ￿￿￿ a.C. Chalcis, ￿￿￿ a.C. Biddur, ￿￿￿￿ Ujjain, ￿￿￿￿ Novara, ￿￿￿￿ Viterbo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Staffelstein, ￿￿￿￿ Annaberg, ￿￿￿￿ Warleywood, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Bishopsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿White Waltham, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, ￿￿￿￿ Rosieres-aux-Saline,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Zenon´ de Elea * Platon´ * Nicomedes * Severino Boecio * Ibn Al-Haitham * Juan Hispalense * Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi * Nicolas´ de Oresme * Piero della Francesca * Peter Apian * Thomas Harriot * Giovanni Domenico Cassini * Alexis Claude Clairaut * Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier * Richard Julius Wihelm Dedekind * Atle Selberg *

965 1350 1822 1855 1871 Elea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Elea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Roma, ￿￿￿ Pav´ıa, ￿￿￿ Basra, ￿￿￿ El Cairo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Tus, ￿￿￿￿ Kadhimain, ￿￿￿￿ Allemagne, ￿￿￿￿ Lisieux, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Borgo San Sepolero, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Perinaldo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Auxerre, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Braunschweig, ￿￿￿￿ Braunschweig, ￿￿￿￿ Langesund, ￿￿￿￿ Pitagoras´ de Samos * Hipocrates´ de Chios * Eudoxo de Cnido * Euclides de Alejandr´ıa * Apolonio de Perga * Moderato de Cadiz´ * Nicomaco´ de Gerasa * Proclo Diadoco * Brahmagupta * Alcuin de York * Thabit Ibn-Qurra * Gerberto de Aurillac * Adelardo de Bath * Li Yeh * Thomas Bradwardine * Nicolas´ de Cusa * Johann Werner * Rafael Bombelli * William Oughtred * G. F. A. Marquis de l’Hospital * G. E. Marquise du Chateletˆ * Simon Antoine Jean l’Huilier * Jean Gaston Darboux * Abraham Robinson *

-600 1328 1572 1696 1744 1784 1875 1966 Samos, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Chios, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Cnido, ￿￿￿ a.C. Cnido, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Perga, ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿ ￿￿ Gerasa, ￿￿ ￿￿￿ Constantinopla, ￿￿￿ Atenas, ￿￿￿ Ujjain, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ York, ￿￿￿ Tours, ￿￿￿ Harran, ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ Aquitania, ￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Bath, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Chichester, ￿￿￿￿ Lambeth, ￿￿￿￿ Trier, ￿￿￿￿ Todi, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Eton, ￿￿￿￿ Albury, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lunneville,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Nimes, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Waldenburg, ￿￿￿￿ New Haven, ￿￿￿￿ Tales de Mileto * Anaxagoras´ de Clamozene * Teeteto de Atenas * Eudemo de Rodas * Arqu´ımedesde Siracusa * Hiparco de Nicea * Geminus * Menelao de Alejandr´ıa * Diofanto de Alejandr´ıa * Pappus de Alejandr´ıa * Hypatia de Alejandr´ıa * Tsu Ch’ung Chi * Isidoro de Sevilla * Beda el Venerable * Al-Khowarizmi * Josephus Hispanus * Al-Karkhi * Omar Khayyam * Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci * Chu Shih-Chieh * Ghiyath al-Din J. Mas’ud al-Kashi * Johann M ¨ullerRegiomontanus * Juan de Ortega * Johannes Kepler * Sir Christopher Wren * Johann Heinrich Lambert * Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bernard Bolzano * Felix Christian Klein * Jean-Pierre Serre *

-10 1299 1303 1512 1615 1817 1834 1872 Mileto, ￿￿￿ a.C. Mileto, ￿￿￿ a.C. Clamozene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Lampsacu, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Siracusa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Siracusa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Nicea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿ a.C. ￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Fan-yang, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Cartagena, ￿￿￿ Sevilla, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Cataluna,˜ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Kashan, ￿￿￿￿ Samarcanda, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Palencia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Weil der Stadt, ￿￿￿￿ Regensburg, ￿￿￿￿ East Knoyle, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mulhausen,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Praga, ￿￿￿￿ Praga, ￿￿￿￿ Dusseldorf,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Bages, ￿￿￿￿ Empedocles´ de Acragas * Arquitas de Taranto * Aristarco de Samos * Heron´ de Alejandr´ıa * Claudio Ptolomeo * Aryabhata el Anciano * Abu’l-Wefa * Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra * Johannes de Sacrobosco * Richard Swineshead * Leone Battista Alberti * Nicolas´ Copernico´ * Simon Stevin * Blaise Pascal * Abraham de Moivre * Louis Franc¸ois Antoine Arbogast * Viktor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky * Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel *

1654 1718 1730 1791

Acragas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Peloponeso, ￿￿￿ a.C. Taranto, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿ ￿￿ Egipto, ￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Kusumapura, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Buzjan, ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Calahorra, ￿￿￿￿ Holywood, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Genova,´ ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Torun, ￿￿￿￿ Frombork, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Vitry, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mutzig, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Podolskaya, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Jerusalen,´ ￿￿￿￿ Antifon´ * Dinostrato * Eratostenes´ de Cirena * Al-Biruni * Gerardo de Cremona * Ch’in Chiu-Shao * Luca Pacioli * Ludovico Ferrari * Claude Gaspar Bachet de Meziriac´ * Philippe de La Hire * Etienne Bezout´ * Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel * Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky * Imre Lakatos *

1499

Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Shahhat, ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Kath, ￿￿￿ Ghazna, ￿￿￿￿ Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Sichuan, ￿￿￿￿ Kwantung, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nemours, ￿￿￿￿ Basse-Loges, ￿￿￿￿ Minden, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Orekhovo, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Democrito´ de Abdera * Yang Hui * Johannes Widman * Niccolo Fontana * Galileo Galilei * Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz * Jean Le Rond d’Alembert * Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier * Hermann Hankel * Leonard Eugene Dickson * Efim I Zelmanov * 1673 1535 1672 1684 1747 1674 Abdera, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Eger, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Brescia, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Arcetri, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Dijon, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Schramberg, ￿￿￿￿ Independence, ￿￿￿￿ Harlingen, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Bryson de Heraclea * Alberto Durero * John Napier * Michelangelo Ricci * George Berkeley * Jacob Bernoulli (II) * August Ferdinand Mobius¨ * Elie Joseph Cartan * Vaughan Jones *

1614

Heraclea, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Merchiston Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Dysert Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Schulpforta, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Dolomieu, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Gisborne, ￿￿￿￿ Girolamo Cardano * Etienne Pascal * Pierre Varignon * Gian Francesco Malfatti * Joseph Liouville * Jan Arnoldus Schouten * 1844 1545 1770 1803 1843 Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Caen, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ala, ￿￿￿￿ Ferrara, ￿￿￿￿ Saint-Omer, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nieuweramstel, ￿￿￿￿ Epe, ￿￿￿￿ Gerardus Mercator * Albert Girard * James Gregory * Roger Cotes * Maria Gaetana Agnesi * George Biddell Airy * Gaston Maurice Julia *

1629 1671 1748

Rupelmonde, ￿￿￿￿ Duisburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Saint Michel, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Drumoak, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Burbage, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Alnwick, ￿￿￿￿ Greenwhich, ￿￿￿￿ Sidi Bel Abbes,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Georg Joachim von Lauchen Rheticus * Girard Desargues * Rene´ F. de Sluse * Nicolaus Bernoulli * Sylvester Franc¸ois Lacroix * Max Noether * Rene´ Thom *

1673

Feldkirch, ￿￿￿￿ Kassa, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Macon,ˆ ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Mannheim, ￿￿￿￿ Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Montbeliard,´ ￿￿￿￿ Joost B ¨urgi * Georg Mohr * Colin Maclaurin * John Playfair * Victor Alexandre Puiseux * George David Birkhoff * Gregori Aleksandrovic Margulis *

1742 1913 Lichtensteig, ￿￿￿￿ Kassel, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Kilmodan, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Benvie, ￿￿￿￿ Burntisland, ￿￿￿￿ Argenteuil, ￿￿￿￿ Frontenay, ￿￿￿￿ Overisel, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Gilles Personne de Roberval * Brook Taylor * Erland Samuel Bring * Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau * Arnaud Denjoy *

1630 1715 Senlis, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Edmonton, ￿￿￿￿ Somerset House, ￿￿￿￿ Ausas, ￿￿￿￿ Lund, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Auch, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Frans van Schooten * James Stirling * Joseph Diaz Gergonne * Vito Volterra * William Paul Thurston *

1881 Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Garden, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Montpellier, ￿￿￿￿ Ancona, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Nicolaus Mercator * Nicolaus Bernoulli (II) * John Wilson * Gabriel Lame´ * Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo * Jean Bourgain *

1668 1904 1908

Eutin, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Applethwaite, ￿￿￿￿ Kendal, ￿￿￿￿ Tours, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg im Breisgau, ￿￿￿￿ Ostende, ￿￿￿￿ Johan de Witt * Leonhard Euler * Jean Victor Poncelet * Felix Hausdorff * Alain Connes * 1748 1734 1740 1746 1813 1822 1914 Dordrecht, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Metz, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Draguignan, ￿￿￿￿ Johann van Waveren Hudde * Thomas Simpson * Paolo Ruffini * Leopold Kronecker * Harold Calvin Marston Morse *

1654 1795 1885

Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Valentano, ￿￿￿￿ Modena,´ ￿￿￿￿ Liegnitz, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Waterville, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Isaac Barrow * Johann Bernoulli (III) * Hermann G ¨unterGrassmann * Maurice Rene´ Frechet´ *

1663 1670 1906 Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Stettin, ￿￿￿￿ Stettin, ￿￿￿￿ Maligny, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Giovanni Ceva * Gaspard Monge * Arthur Cayley * Carl Ludwig Siegel *

1838 Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Mantua, ￿￿￿￿ Beaune, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Richmond, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Adrien-Marie Legendre * John Venn * Klaus Roth *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Hull, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Jean-Baptiste Biot * William Henry Young * Shing-Tung Yau *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ Kwuntung, ￿￿￿￿ Simeon´ Denis Poisson * Marius Sophus Lie * Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright *

1820 Pithiviers, ￿￿￿￿ Sceaux, ￿￿￿￿ Nordfjordeide, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ Aynho, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Augustin-Louis Cauchy * Giuseppe Peano * David Mumford * 1823 1821 1844 1890 1826 Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sceaux, ￿￿￿￿ Cuneo, ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Worth, ￿￿￿￿ Adhemar´ Jean Claude Barre´ de Saint-Venant * George Polya´ *

Villiers-en-Biere,` ￿￿￿￿ Saint Ouen, ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Palo Alto, ￿￿￿￿ Mikhail Vasilevich Ostrogradski * Henri Eugene` Pade´ * Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld *

Pashennaya, ￿￿￿￿ Poltava, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Khrakov, ￿￿￿￿ Niels Henrick Abel * Paul David Gustav du Bois-Reymmond * Stefan Banach * Edward Witten * 1826 1824 1829 Frindoe, ￿￿￿￿ Froland, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg, ￿￿￿￿ Krakovia, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Baltimore, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi * William Burnside * Alexander Grothendieck *

1838 1904 1911 Potsdam, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ West Wickham, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Sir William Rowan Hamilton * Alfred Tauber * Michael Hartley Freedman *

1843 Dubl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Dubl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Pressburg, ￿￿￿￿ Theresienstadt, ￿￿￿￿ Los Angeles,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Ferdinand Adolf Minding * Ludwig Georg Elias Moses Bieberbach *

1830 1838 1916 Kalisz, ￿￿￿￿ Dorpat, ￿￿￿￿ Goddelau, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Eduard Kummer * Norbert Wiener *

Sorau, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Columbia, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Evariste´ Galois * Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs * Bartel Leendert van den Waerden * 1832 1831 1930

Bourg-la-Reine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Moschin, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Eugene` Charles Catalan * Jesse Douglas *

1842 Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass * Pavel S. Urysohn * Yutaka Taniyama * Richard E. Borcherds *

1866 1872 1885

Ostenfelde, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Batz, ￿￿￿￿ Kisai, ￿￿￿￿ Tokio, ￿￿￿￿ Ciudad del Cabo, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Fred´ eric´ Frenet * Kurt Friedrichs *

Perigueux,´ ￿￿￿￿ Perigueux,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Ossian Bonnet * Heinz Hopf *

Montpellier, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Grabschen,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Zollikon, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Claude Bouquet * Albert Thoralf Skolem *

1856 Morteau, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sandsvaer, ￿￿￿￿ Oslo, ￿￿￿￿ Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz * Salomon Bochner *

Postdam, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Krakov,´ ￿￿￿￿ Houston, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Hermite * Reinhold Baer *

1873 Lorraine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Jules Antoine Lissajous * Waclaw Sierpinski *

Versailles, ￿￿￿￿ Plombieres,` ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ F. G. Max Eisenstein * Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro * Heisuke Hironaka *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Lugo, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Yamaguchi-ken, ￿￿￿￿ Eugene` Rouche´ * Hans Zassenhaus *

1862 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Koblenz-Moselweiss, ￿￿￿￿ Columbus, ￿￿￿￿ Edmond Nicolas Laguerre * Johann Radon *

Bar-le-Duc, ￿￿￿￿ Bar-le-Duc, ￿￿￿￿ Tetschen, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Eugenio Beltrami * Alonzo Church *

Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Hudson, ￿￿￿￿ Emile Leonard´ Mathieu * Antoni Zygmund *

Metz, ￿￿￿￿ Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Franz Mertens * John Willard Milnor *

Schroda, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Orange, ￿￿￿￿ Karl Herman Amandus Schwarz * Harish-Chandra *

1869 Hermsdorf, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Kanpur, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor * Lars Hormander¨ *

1874 1891 San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Mjallby,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Magnus Gosta¨ Mittag-Leffler * Gian-Carlo Rota *

Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Vigevano, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Wilhelm Karl Joseph Killing * Daniel Grey Quillen *

Burbach, ￿￿￿￿ Munster,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Orange, ￿￿￿￿ Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege * Enrico Bombieri *

Wismar, ￿￿￿￿ Bad Kleinen, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Leopold Bernhard Gegenbauer * Stanislaw Mazur *

Asperhofen, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jorgen Pedersen Gram *

Nustrup, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann *

1882 Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Robert Hjalmar Mellin *

Liminka, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jules Henri Poincare´ * Samuel Eilenberg * 1895 1892 1912 Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Andrei Andreyevich Markov *

Ryazan, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Edouard Jean-Baptiste Goursat *

Lanzac, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen *

Nakskov, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Thomas Little Heath *

Barnetby le Wold, ￿￿￿￿ Ashtead, ￿￿￿￿ Cesare Burali-Forti *

Arezzo, ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Adolf Kneser *

Grussow,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Painleve´ *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Erik Ivar Fredholm *

Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Steinitz *

1910 Laurahutte,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ Tullio Levi-Civita *

Padua, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Giuseppe Vitali *

Ravena,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Luther Pfahler Eisenhart *

York, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Godfrey Harold Hardy *

1912 Surrey, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Leopold Lowenheim¨ *

Krefeld, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Joseph Louis Fatou *

Lorient, ￿￿￿￿ Pornichet, ￿￿￿￿ Hans Hahn *

Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze *

Schleinz, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Frigyes Riesz *

Gyor,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Emmy Amalie Noether *

1919 Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Bryn Mawr, ￿￿￿￿ John Edensor Littlewood *

Rochester, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Alfred´ Haar *

Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Szeged, ￿￿￿￿ Louis Joel Mordell *

Filadelfia, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Kurt Mahler *

Krefeld, ￿￿￿￿ Canberra, ￿￿￿￿ Dudley Ernest Littlewood *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Bangor, ￿￿￿￿ Aurel Freidrich Wintner *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Frank P. Ramsey *

Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Max Zorn *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jean Alexandre Eugene` Dieudonne´ *

Lille, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ William Feller *

Zagreb, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Lars Ahlfors *

Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Hassler Whitney *

Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Mount Dents Blanches, ￿￿￿￿ Sergei Lvovich Sobolev *

San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Stanislaw Ulam *

Lemberg, ￿￿￿￿ Santa Fe, ￿￿￿￿ Anatoly Malcev *

Misheronsky, ￿￿￿￿ Novosibirsk, ￿￿￿￿ Norman Steenrod *

Dayton, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Oswald Teichm ¨uller *

Nordhausen im Harz, ￿￿￿￿Dnieper, ￿￿￿￿ Laurent Schwartz *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ 1

Kunihiko Kodaira *

Tokyo, ￿￿￿￿ Kofu, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Kac *

Krzemieniec, ￿￿￿￿ California, ￿￿￿￿ Alan Mathison Turing *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Wilmslow, ￿￿￿￿ Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar *

Lahore, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Aronovich Naimark *

Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Lev Pontryagin *

Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ R. E. A. C. Paley *

￿￿￿￿ Banff, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Krein *

Kiev, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Aleksandr Osipovich Gelfond *

1934 San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kurt Godel¨ *

Brno, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Andrei Nikolaevich Tikhonov *

Gzhatska, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Charles Ehresmann *

Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ John von Neumann *

Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ William Vallance Douglas Hodge *

Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov *

Tambov, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Julio Rey Pastor *

Logrono,˜ ￿￿￿￿ Buenos Aires, ￿￿￿￿ Srinivasa A. Ramanujan *

Erode, ￿￿￿￿ Kumbakonam, ￿￿￿￿ Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl *

Elmshorn, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ John Maynard Keynes *

Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Firle, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Henry Maclagen Wedderburn * 1907 1905 Forfar, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Lipot´ Fejer´ *

Pecs,´ ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Sergi Natanovich Bernstein *

1916 Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Guido Fubini *

Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Max Wilhelm Dehn *

Hamburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Black Mountain, ￿￿￿￿ Edmund Georg Hermann Landau *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Erhard Schmidt *

Dorpat, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Antoine Aristide Montel *

Niza, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Henri Leon´ Lebesgue *

1902 Beauvais, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Bertrand Arthur William Russell *

Ravenscroft, ￿￿￿￿ Penrhyndeudraeth, ￿￿￿￿ Felix´ Edouard´ Justin Emile´ Borel *

Saint Affrique, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ John Charles Fields *

1924 Hamilton, ￿￿￿￿ Toronto, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Martin Weber * Lipman Bers *

1893 Heidelberg, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Riga, ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, ￿￿￿￿ David Hilbert * 1903 1888 1893 1900 Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Ivar Otto Bendixson *

1901 Bergshyddan, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ernesto Cesaro` * Karl Johannes Herbert Seifert *

Napoles,´ ￿￿￿￿ Torre Annunziata, ￿￿￿￿ Bernstadt, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Otto Ludwig Holder¨ *

1889 Stuttgart, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Thomas Jan Stieltjes * Marshall Harvey Stone *

Zwolle, ￿￿￿￿ Toulouse, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Madras, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Emile Appell *

Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Giuseppe Veronese *

Chioggia, ￿￿￿￿ Padua, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Maschke * Claude Chevalley *

Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Johannesburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sophia V. Kovalevskaya * Georges de Rham *

Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Roche, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ Oliver Heaviside *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Torquay, ￿￿￿￿ Ferdinand Georg Frobenius * 1878 1877 1896 Berl´ın-Charlottenburg, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Diederik Johannes Korteweg *

’sHertogenbosch, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Zoel Garc´ıade Galdeano Yanguas * Alan Baker *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ William K. Clifford * Oskar Perron *

Exeter, ￿￿￿￿ Islas Madeira, ￿￿￿￿ Frankenthal, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Tannery * Karol Borsuk *

Mantes-la-Jolie, ￿￿￿￿ Pantin, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Franc¸ois Edouard Anatole Lucas * Gheorghe Vranceanu *

Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Valea Hogii, ￿￿￿￿ Bucarest, ￿￿￿￿ Julius Weingarten * Norman Levinson *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg im Breisgau, ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ Felice Casorati * Juliusz Pawel Schauder *

1868 Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Casteggio, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Hugues Charles Robert Meray´ * Leonid Kantorovich *

Chalon-sur-Saone,ˆ ￿￿￿￿ Dijon, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Rudolf Otto Sigismund Lipschitz * John Whittaker *

Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Sheffield, ￿￿￿￿ G. F. Bernhard Riemann * Ernst Leonard Lindelof¨ *

1854 1859 Breselenz, ￿￿￿￿ Selasca, ￿￿￿￿ Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ Enrico Betti * Wolfgang Krull *

Pistoia, ￿￿￿￿ Soiana, ￿￿￿￿ Baden-Baden, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Louis Franc¸ois Bertrand * Richard Dagobert Brauer *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Belmont, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Eduard Heine * Robert Lee Moore *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Dallas, ￿￿￿￿ Austin, ￿￿￿￿ Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev * Oscar Zariski *

Okatovo, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Kobrin, ￿￿￿￿ Brookline, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Alfred Serret * Hugo Dyonizy Steinhaus *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Versailles, ￿￿￿￿ Jaslo, ￿￿￿￿ Wroclaw, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Auguste Briot * Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin * Simon Kirwan Donaldson *

1859 Saint Hippolyte, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-d’Ault, ￿￿￿￿ Irkutsk, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ George Boole * Jacques Salomon Hadamard *

1840 1896 Lincoln, ￿￿￿￿ Ballintemple, ￿￿￿￿ Versalles, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Laurent Wantzel * Alfred Bray Kempe * Israel Nathan Herstein *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Kensington, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Lublin, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Alphonse Laurent * Carle Runge * Stephen Smale *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Bremen, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Flint, ￿￿￿￿ Ludwig Otto Hesse * Francesco Paolo Cantelli *

Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Palermo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Augustus De Morgan * Constantin Caratheodory´ * Gerd Faltings *

Madras, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Gelsenkirchen-Buer, ￿￿￿￿ Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet * Kurt Hensel * Pere Menal Brufal *

1829 1837 Duren,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Marburg, ￿￿￿￿ Lleida, ￿￿￿￿ Barcelona, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Franc¸ois Verhulst * Alfred Pringsheim * Shigefumi Mori *

Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Ohlau, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Nagoya, ￿￿￿￿ Jacques Charles Franc¸ois Sturm * Luigi Bianchi * Michael Francis Atiyah *

Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Parma, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Janos´ Bolyai * Alfred North Whitehead * Jose´ Luis Rubio de Francia *

Kolozsvar,´ ￿￿￿￿ Marosvas´ arhaly,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ramsgate, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Miedes, ￿￿￿￿ Zaragoza, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Marie Constant Duhamel * Edmund Taylor Whittaker * Curtis T. McMullen *

Saint Malo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Southport, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Jakob Steiner * Hermann Minkowski * Nathan Jacobson *

Utzenstorf, ￿￿￿￿ Berna, ￿￿￿￿ Alexotas, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ William Hamilton * Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov * Georges Reeb *

1973 Glasgow, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Yaroslavl, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Saverne, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Friedrich Gauss * Charles Emile´ Picard * Charles Fefferman * 1799 1796 1809 1828 1879 1801 Brunswick, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Louis Puissant * Ulisse Dini * Alberto Pedro Calderon´ *

1878 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Mendoza, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Lorenzo Mascheroni * Julius Pl ¨ucker * Dimitri Feddrovich Egorov * John Griggs Thompson *

Bergamo,´ ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Elberfeld, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ Otawwa, ￿￿￿￿ Sir Isaac Newton * Caspar Wessel * George Gabriel Stokes * Hans Freudenthal * 1665 1669 1690 16651667 1687 1666 1671 1691 Woolsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Vestby, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Skreen, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Luckenwalde, ￿￿￿￿ Utrecht, ￿￿￿￿ Christiaan Huygens * Marie Jean A. N. de Caritat Condorcet * Iren´ ee-Jules´ Bienayme´ * Albert Einstein * Pierre-Louis Lions *

La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Ribemont, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-la-Reine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ulm, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Grasse, ￿￿￿￿ Pietro Mengoli * Vicenzo Riccati * Marie-Sophie Germain * Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow * Julia Bowman Robinson *

1816 1823 1872 Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Castelfranco Veneto, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ San Luis, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jean Picard * Daniel Bernoulli * Charles Julien Brianchon * Charles Jean Gustave Nicolas de la Vallee´ Poussin * Maxim Kontsevich *

1755 La Fleche,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Groninga, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Sevres,` ￿￿￿￿ Versalles, ￿￿￿￿ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ John Wallis * Gabriel Cramer * Lazare Nicolas Marguerite´ Carnot * Delfino Codazzi * Rene-Louis´ Baire * Paul Cohen *

1655 1797 Ashford, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Bagnols-sur-Ceze,` ￿￿￿￿ Nolay, ￿￿￿￿ Magdeburg, ￿￿￿￿ Lodi, ￿￿￿￿ Pav´ıa, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Chambery,´ ￿￿￿￿ Long Branch, ￿￿￿￿ John Pell * Christian Goldbach * Johann Friedrich Pfaff * Antonio Luigi Gaudenzio Giuseppe Cremona * Witold Hurewicz * Jean-Christofe Yoccoz *

1742 Southwick, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Stuttgart, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Lodz, ￿￿￿￿ Uxmal, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Fermat * Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri * Joseph-Louis Lagrange * James Joseph Sylvester * Emil Artin * William Timothy Gowers * 1640 1637 1760 1771 1942 Beaumont de Lomagne, ￿￿￿￿ Castres, ￿￿￿￿ San Remo, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Hamburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Marlborough, ￿￿￿￿ Peter Ramus * Rene´ Descartes * Johann Bernoulli * Pierre-Simon Laplace * Elwin Bruno Christoffel * Alfred Tarski * Foundations 1637 1809 Cuts, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ La Haye, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Beaumont-en-Auge, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Monschau, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Bachiller Juan Perez´ de Moya * Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri * Jacob Bernoulli * Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon * George Green * Otto Stolz * Andre´ Weil *

1562 1635 1647 1713 1827 1875 San Esteban del Puerto, ￿￿￿￿ Granada, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Montbard, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nottingham, ￿￿￿￿ Nottingham, ￿￿￿￿ Hall, ￿￿￿￿ Innsbruck, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Robert Recorde * Marin Mersenne * Michel Rolle * Alexandre Theophile´ Vandermonde * Karl Georg Christian von Staudt * Emanuel Lasker * Pierre Deligne *

1691 1770 Tenby, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Oize in Maine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ambert, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Rothenburg ob der Tauber, ￿￿￿￿ Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Berlinchen, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Michael Stifel * Gregorio Saint-Vincent * Jakob Hermann * Edward Waring * Michel Chasles * Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer *

1647 1711 1777 1911 Esslingen, ￿￿￿￿ Jena, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Old Heath, ￿￿￿￿ Pontesbury, ￿￿￿￿ Epernon, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Overschie, ￿￿￿￿ Blaricum, ￿￿￿￿ Hipias de Ellia * Menecmo * Scipione del Ferro * Franc¸ois Viete` * Evangelista Torricelli * Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus * Johann Bernoulli (II) * Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky * Karl Pearson * Sergi Novikov *

1644 1683 1829 1900 Ellia, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alopeconnesus, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Fontenay-le-Comte, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Florencia, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Dresde, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Nizhny Novgorod, ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Gorky, ￿￿￿￿ Teodoro de Cirene * Aristoteles´ * Bhaskara * Campanus de Novara * Nicolas Chuquet * Adam Ries * Henry Briggs * William Neil * Jacopo Francesco Riccati * Marc Antoine Parseval des Chenesˆ * Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan * Daniel Gorenstein *

1615 1624 1657 1870 1892

Cirene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Cirene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Stagirus, ￿￿￿ a.C. Chalcis, ￿￿￿ a.C. Biddur, ￿￿￿￿ Ujjain, ￿￿￿￿ Novara, ￿￿￿￿ Viterbo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Staffelstein, ￿￿￿￿ Annaberg, ￿￿￿￿ Warleywood, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Bishopsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿White Waltham, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, ￿￿￿￿ Rosieres-aux-Saline,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Zenon´ de Elea * Platon´ * Nicomedes * Severino Boecio * Ibn Al-Haitham * Juan Hispalense * Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi * Nicolas´ de Oresme * Piero della Francesca * Peter Apian * Thomas Harriot * Giovanni Domenico Cassini * Alexis Claude Clairaut * Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier * Richard Julius Wihelm Dedekind * Atle Selberg *

965 1350 1822 1855 1871 Elea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Elea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Roma, ￿￿￿ Pav´ıa, ￿￿￿ Basra, ￿￿￿ El Cairo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Tus, ￿￿￿￿ Kadhimain, ￿￿￿￿ Allemagne, ￿￿￿￿ Lisieux, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Borgo San Sepolero, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Perinaldo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Auxerre, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Braunschweig, ￿￿￿￿ Braunschweig, ￿￿￿￿ Langesund, ￿￿￿￿ Pitagoras´ de Samos * Hipocrates´ de Chios * Eudoxo de Cnido * Euclides de Alejandr´ıa * Apolonio de Perga * Moderato de Cadiz´ * Nicomaco´ de Gerasa * Proclo Diadoco * Brahmagupta * Alcuin de York * Thabit Ibn-Qurra * Gerberto de Aurillac * Adelardo de Bath * Li Yeh * Thomas Bradwardine * Nicolas´ de Cusa * Johann Werner * Rafael Bombelli * William Oughtred * G. F. A. Marquis de l’Hospital * G. E. Marquise du Chateletˆ * Simon Antoine Jean l’Huilier * Jean Gaston Darboux * Abraham Robinson *

-600 1328 1572 1696 1744 1784 1875 1966 Samos, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Chios, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Cnido, ￿￿￿ a.C. Cnido, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Perga, ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿ ￿￿ Gerasa, ￿￿ ￿￿￿ Constantinopla, ￿￿￿ Atenas, ￿￿￿ Ujjain, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ York, ￿￿￿ Tours, ￿￿￿ Harran, ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ Aquitania, ￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Bath, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Chichester, ￿￿￿￿ Lambeth, ￿￿￿￿ Trier, ￿￿￿￿ Todi, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Eton, ￿￿￿￿ Albury, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lunneville,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Nimes, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Waldenburg, ￿￿￿￿ New Haven, ￿￿￿￿ Tales de Mileto * Anaxagoras´ de Clamozene * Teeteto de Atenas * Eudemo de Rodas * Arqu´ımedesde Siracusa * Hiparco de Nicea * Geminus * Menelao de Alejandr´ıa * Diofanto de Alejandr´ıa * Pappus de Alejandr´ıa * Hypatia de Alejandr´ıa * Tsu Ch’ung Chi * Isidoro de Sevilla * Beda el Venerable * Al-Khowarizmi * Josephus Hispanus * Al-Karkhi * Omar Khayyam * Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci * Chu Shih-Chieh * Ghiyath al-Din J. Mas’ud al-Kashi * Johann M ¨ullerRegiomontanus * Juan de Ortega * Johannes Kepler * Sir Christopher Wren * Johann Heinrich Lambert * Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bernard Bolzano * Felix Christian Klein * Jean-Pierre Serre *

-10 1299 1303 1512 1615 1817 1834 1872 Mileto, ￿￿￿ a.C. Mileto, ￿￿￿ a.C. Clamozene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Lampsacu, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Siracusa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Siracusa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Nicea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿ a.C. ￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Fan-yang, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Cartagena, ￿￿￿ Sevilla, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Cataluna,˜ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Kashan, ￿￿￿￿ Samarcanda, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Palencia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Weil der Stadt, ￿￿￿￿ Regensburg, ￿￿￿￿ East Knoyle, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mulhausen,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Praga, ￿￿￿￿ Praga, ￿￿￿￿ Dusseldorf,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Bages, ￿￿￿￿ Empedocles´ de Acragas * Arquitas de Taranto * Aristarco de Samos * Heron´ de Alejandr´ıa * Claudio Ptolomeo * Aryabhata el Anciano * Abu’l-Wefa * Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra * Johannes de Sacrobosco * Richard Swineshead * Leone Battista Alberti * Nicolas´ Copernico´ * Simon Stevin * Blaise Pascal * Abraham de Moivre * Louis Franc¸ois Antoine Arbogast * Viktor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky * Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel *

1654 1718 1730 1791

Acragas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Peloponeso, ￿￿￿ a.C. Taranto, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿ ￿￿ Egipto, ￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Kusumapura, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Buzjan, ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Calahorra, ￿￿￿￿ Holywood, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Genova,´ ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Torun, ￿￿￿￿ Frombork, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Vitry, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mutzig, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Podolskaya, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Jerusalen,´ ￿￿￿￿ Antifon´ * Dinostrato * Eratostenes´ de Cirena * Al-Biruni * Gerardo de Cremona * Ch’in Chiu-Shao * Luca Pacioli * Ludovico Ferrari * Claude Gaspar Bachet de Meziriac´ * Philippe de La Hire * Etienne Bezout´ * Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel * Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky * Imre Lakatos *

1499

Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Shahhat, ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Kath, ￿￿￿ Ghazna, ￿￿￿￿ Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Sichuan, ￿￿￿￿ Kwantung, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nemours, ￿￿￿￿ Basse-Loges, ￿￿￿￿ Minden, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Orekhovo, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Democrito´ de Abdera * Yang Hui * Johannes Widman * Niccolo Fontana * Galileo Galilei * Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz * Jean Le Rond d’Alembert * Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier * Hermann Hankel * Leonard Eugene Dickson * Efim I Zelmanov * 1673 1535 1672 1684 1747 1674 Abdera, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Eger, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Brescia, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Arcetri, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Dijon, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Schramberg, ￿￿￿￿ Independence, ￿￿￿￿ Harlingen, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Bryson de Heraclea * Alberto Durero * John Napier * Michelangelo Ricci * George Berkeley * Jacob Bernoulli (II) * August Ferdinand Mobius¨ * Elie Joseph Cartan * Vaughan Jones *

1614

Heraclea, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Merchiston Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Dysert Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Schulpforta, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Dolomieu, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Gisborne, ￿￿￿￿ Girolamo Cardano * Etienne Pascal * Pierre Varignon * Gian Francesco Malfatti * Joseph Liouville * Jan Arnoldus Schouten * 1844 1545 1770 1803 1843 Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Caen, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ala, ￿￿￿￿ Ferrara, ￿￿￿￿ Saint-Omer, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nieuweramstel, ￿￿￿￿ Epe, ￿￿￿￿ Gerardus Mercator * Albert Girard * James Gregory * Roger Cotes * Maria Gaetana Agnesi * George Biddell Airy * Gaston Maurice Julia *

1629 1671 1748

Rupelmonde, ￿￿￿￿ Duisburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Saint Michel, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Drumoak, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Burbage, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Alnwick, ￿￿￿￿ Greenwhich, ￿￿￿￿ Sidi Bel Abbes,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Georg Joachim von Lauchen Rheticus * Girard Desargues * Rene´ F. de Sluse * Nicolaus Bernoulli * Sylvester Franc¸ois Lacroix * Max Noether * Rene´ Thom *

1673

Feldkirch, ￿￿￿￿ Kassa, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Macon,ˆ ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Mannheim, ￿￿￿￿ Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Montbeliard,´ ￿￿￿￿ Joost B ¨urgi * Georg Mohr * Colin Maclaurin * John Playfair * Victor Alexandre Puiseux * George David Birkhoff * Gregori Aleksandrovic Margulis *

1742 1913 Lichtensteig, ￿￿￿￿ Kassel, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Kilmodan, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Benvie, ￿￿￿￿ Burntisland, ￿￿￿￿ Argenteuil, ￿￿￿￿ Frontenay, ￿￿￿￿ Overisel, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Gilles Personne de Roberval * Brook Taylor * Erland Samuel Bring * Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau * Arnaud Denjoy *

1630 1715 Senlis, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Edmonton, ￿￿￿￿ Somerset House, ￿￿￿￿ Ausas, ￿￿￿￿ Lund, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Auch, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Frans van Schooten * James Stirling * Joseph Diaz Gergonne * Vito Volterra * William Paul Thurston *

1881 Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Garden, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Montpellier, ￿￿￿￿ Ancona, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Nicolaus Mercator * Nicolaus Bernoulli (II) * John Wilson * Gabriel Lame´ * Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo * Jean Bourgain *

1668 1904 1908

Eutin, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Applethwaite, ￿￿￿￿ Kendal, ￿￿￿￿ Tours, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg im Breisgau, ￿￿￿￿ Ostende, ￿￿￿￿ Johan de Witt * Leonhard Euler * Jean Victor Poncelet * Felix Hausdorff * Alain Connes * 1748 1734 1740 1746 1813 1822 1914 Dordrecht, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Metz, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Draguignan, ￿￿￿￿ Johann van Waveren Hudde * Thomas Simpson * Paolo Ruffini * Leopold Kronecker * Harold Calvin Marston Morse *

1654 1795 1885

Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Valentano, ￿￿￿￿ Modena,´ ￿￿￿￿ Liegnitz, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Waterville, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Isaac Barrow * Johann Bernoulli (III) * Hermann G ¨unterGrassmann * Maurice Rene´ Frechet´ *

1663 1670 1906 Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Stettin, ￿￿￿￿ Stettin, ￿￿￿￿ Maligny, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Giovanni Ceva * Gaspard Monge * Arthur Cayley * Carl Ludwig Siegel *

1838 Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Mantua, ￿￿￿￿ Beaune, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Richmond, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Adrien-Marie Legendre * John Venn * Klaus Roth *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Hull, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Jean-Baptiste Biot * William Henry Young * Shing-Tung Yau *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ Kwuntung, ￿￿￿￿ Simeon´ Denis Poisson * Marius Sophus Lie * Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright *

1820 Pithiviers, ￿￿￿￿ Sceaux, ￿￿￿￿ Nordfjordeide, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ Aynho, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Augustin-Louis Cauchy * Giuseppe Peano * David Mumford * 1823 1821 1844 1890 1826 Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sceaux, ￿￿￿￿ Cuneo, ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Worth, ￿￿￿￿ Adhemar´ Jean Claude Barre´ de Saint-Venant * George Polya´ *

Villiers-en-Biere,` ￿￿￿￿ Saint Ouen, ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Palo Alto, ￿￿￿￿ Mikhail Vasilevich Ostrogradski * Henri Eugene` Pade´ * Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld *

Pashennaya, ￿￿￿￿ Poltava, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Khrakov, ￿￿￿￿ Niels Henrick Abel * Paul David Gustav du Bois-Reymmond * Stefan Banach * Edward Witten * 1826 1824 1829 Frindoe, ￿￿￿￿ Froland, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg, ￿￿￿￿ Krakovia, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Baltimore, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi * William Burnside * Alexander Grothendieck *

1838 1904 1911 Potsdam, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ West Wickham, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Sir William Rowan Hamilton * Alfred Tauber * Michael Hartley Freedman *

1843 Dubl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Dubl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Pressburg, ￿￿￿￿ Theresienstadt, ￿￿￿￿ Los Angeles,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Ferdinand Adolf Minding * Ludwig Georg Elias Moses Bieberbach *

1830 1838 1916 Kalisz, ￿￿￿￿ Dorpat, ￿￿￿￿ Goddelau, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Eduard Kummer * Norbert Wiener *

Sorau, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Columbia, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Evariste´ Galois * Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs * Bartel Leendert van den Waerden * 1832 1831 1930

Bourg-la-Reine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Moschin, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Eugene` Charles Catalan * Jesse Douglas *

1842 Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass * Pavel S. Urysohn * Yutaka Taniyama * Richard E. Borcherds *

1866 1872 1885

Ostenfelde, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Batz, ￿￿￿￿ Kisai, ￿￿￿￿ Tokio, ￿￿￿￿ Ciudad del Cabo, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Fred´ eric´ Frenet * Kurt Friedrichs *

Perigueux,´ ￿￿￿￿ Perigueux,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Ossian Bonnet * Heinz Hopf *

Montpellier, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Grabschen,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Zollikon, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Claude Bouquet * Albert Thoralf Skolem *

1856 Morteau, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sandsvaer, ￿￿￿￿ Oslo, ￿￿￿￿ Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz * Salomon Bochner *

Postdam, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Krakov,´ ￿￿￿￿ Houston, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Hermite * Reinhold Baer *

1873 Lorraine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Jules Antoine Lissajous * Waclaw Sierpinski *

Versailles, ￿￿￿￿ Plombieres,` ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ F. G. Max Eisenstein * Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro * Heisuke Hironaka *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Lugo, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Yamaguchi-ken, ￿￿￿￿ Eugene` Rouche´ * Hans Zassenhaus *

1862 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Koblenz-Moselweiss, ￿￿￿￿ Columbus, ￿￿￿￿ Edmond Nicolas Laguerre * Johann Radon *

Bar-le-Duc, ￿￿￿￿ Bar-le-Duc, ￿￿￿￿ Tetschen, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Eugenio Beltrami * Alonzo Church *

Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Hudson, ￿￿￿￿ Emile Leonard´ Mathieu * Antoni Zygmund *

Metz, ￿￿￿￿ Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Franz Mertens * John Willard Milnor *

Schroda, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Orange, ￿￿￿￿ Karl Herman Amandus Schwarz * Harish-Chandra *

1869 Hermsdorf, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Kanpur, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor * Lars Hormander¨ *

1874 1891 San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Mjallby,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Magnus Gosta¨ Mittag-Leffler * Gian-Carlo Rota *

Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Vigevano, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Wilhelm Karl Joseph Killing * Daniel Grey Quillen *

Burbach, ￿￿￿￿ Munster,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Orange, ￿￿￿￿ Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege * Enrico Bombieri *

Wismar, ￿￿￿￿ Bad Kleinen, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Leopold Bernhard Gegenbauer * Stanislaw Mazur *

Asperhofen, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jorgen Pedersen Gram *

Nustrup, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann *

1882 Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Robert Hjalmar Mellin *

Liminka, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jules Henri Poincare´ * Samuel Eilenberg * 1895 1892 1912 Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Andrei Andreyevich Markov *

Ryazan, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Edouard Jean-Baptiste Goursat *

Lanzac, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen *

Nakskov, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Thomas Little Heath *

Barnetby le Wold, ￿￿￿￿ Ashtead, ￿￿￿￿ Cesare Burali-Forti *

Arezzo, ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Adolf Kneser *

Grussow,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Painleve´ *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Erik Ivar Fredholm *

Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Steinitz *

1910 Laurahutte,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ Tullio Levi-Civita *

Padua, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Giuseppe Vitali *

Ravena,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Luther Pfahler Eisenhart *

York, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Godfrey Harold Hardy *

1912 Surrey, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Leopold Lowenheim¨ *

Krefeld, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Joseph Louis Fatou *

Lorient, ￿￿￿￿ Pornichet, ￿￿￿￿ Hans Hahn *

Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze *

Schleinz, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Frigyes Riesz *

Gyor,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Emmy Amalie Noether *

1919 Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Bryn Mawr, ￿￿￿￿ John Edensor Littlewood *

Rochester, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Alfred´ Haar *

Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Szeged, ￿￿￿￿ Louis Joel Mordell *

Filadelfia, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Kurt Mahler *

Krefeld, ￿￿￿￿ Canberra, ￿￿￿￿ Dudley Ernest Littlewood *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Bangor, ￿￿￿￿ Aurel Freidrich Wintner *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Frank P. Ramsey *

Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Max Zorn *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jean Alexandre Eugene` Dieudonne´ *

Lille, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ William Feller *

Zagreb, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Lars Ahlfors *

Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Hassler Whitney *

Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Mount Dents Blanches, ￿￿￿￿ Sergei Lvovich Sobolev *

San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Stanislaw Ulam *

Lemberg, ￿￿￿￿ Santa Fe, ￿￿￿￿ Anatoly Malcev *

Misheronsky, ￿￿￿￿ Novosibirsk, ￿￿￿￿ Norman Steenrod *

Dayton, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Oswald Teichm ¨uller *

Nordhausen im Harz, ￿￿￿￿Dnieper, ￿￿￿￿ Laurent Schwartz *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ 1 * * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ Kofu, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, * ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Hudson, * Cambridge, Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ´ u, Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ıs, Utrecht, ´ Odessa, Lausana, Barcelona, Madras, * Estrasburgo, * Columbus, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Mosc * ￿￿￿￿ * Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Par * Canberra, * Zaragoza, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, * ´ 1973 ￿￿￿￿ u, ´ u, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ıs, * ´ ￿￿￿￿ Brookline, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Palo Alto, Santa Fe, Sheffield, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, California, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ıs, ´ Houston, Princeton, Varsovia, Par ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ıs, ´ San Petersburgo, Zurich, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Bangor, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Maxim Kontsevich Mosc ıs, ´ ￿￿￿￿ Mosc Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ William Timothy Gowers Marlborough, 1966 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Bucarest, Par ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * Par ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Belmont, Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Par * ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, Austin, Princeton, Epe, ￿￿￿￿ ´ ´ Munich, u, u, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Richard E. Borcherds Ciudad del Cabo, ￿￿￿￿ * Londres, Cambridge, Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Curtis T. McMullen Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Mount Dents Blanches, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Simon Kirwan Donaldson Cambridge, Jean-Christofe Yoccoz ￿￿￿￿ * Cambridge, ´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pierre-Louis Lions Grasse, * Angeles, * ´ Wroclaw, en, Efim I Zelmanov ￿￿￿￿ Zollikon, New Haven, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Gerd Faltings Gelsenkirchen-Buer, Jean Bourgain Ostende, Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld Khrakov, ıs, ´ ´ Princeton, Mosc Mosc e Luis Rubio de Francia * Cambridge, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, Roma, ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ´ Vaughan Jones Gisborne, u, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pere Menal Brufal Lleida, Shigefumi Mori Nagoya, Edward Witten Baltimore, Michael Hartley Freedman Los * Oslo, Par Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ın, ´ * * * Blaricum, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jos Miedes, Charles Fefferman Washington, Shing-Tung Yau Kwuntung, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ´ ￿￿￿￿ * e Jerusal ￿￿￿￿ * Princeton, ın, ´ ￿￿￿￿ Novosibirsk, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Alain Connes Draguignan, ıs, ´ ´ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Gregori Aleksandrovic Margulis Mosc William Paul Thurston Washington, on ￿￿￿￿ * Estocolmo, Nueva York, Tokio, Berl ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Deligne Bruselas, ´ Penrhyndeudraeth, an, Hamburgo, Par * * Berl ￿￿￿￿ * * Viena, * Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ * ıs, ´ ￿￿￿￿ ´ Uxmal, u, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, Buenos Aires, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Daniel Grey Quillen Orange, Enrico Bombieri Mil * ￿￿￿￿ ¨ * ormander Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Alan Baker Londres, 1942 ￿￿￿￿ * Par * ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ Sergi Novikov Gorky, * Princeton, * * Washington, ￿￿￿￿ * Edimburgo, Wilmslow, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ David Mumford Worth, * * Harlingen, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Mosc * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * Munich, * * * * ￿￿￿￿ ¨ allby, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Paul Cohen Long Branch, Firle, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * Lvov, ın, ´ * * * * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ John Griggs Thompson Otawwa, Gian-Carlo Rota Vigevano, ıs, ıs, ´ ´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ` Dnieper, ￿￿￿￿ Heisuke Hironaka Yamaguchi-ken, John Willard Milnor Orange, Lars H Mj ￿￿￿￿ 1934 * ene Dieudonn Princeton, Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Stephen Smale Flint, eliard, Helsinki, * * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Michael Francis Atiyah Londres, * ın, ´ ￿￿￿￿ Par Par * * * ´ Cambridge, Cambridge, * ￿￿￿￿ Alexander Grothendieck Berl e Thom Black Mountain, * * Roma, * Gotinga, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * Yutaka Taniyama Kisai, ıs, 1930 ´ Zurich, * Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * Jean-Pierre Serre Bages, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Klaus Roth Breslau, Marburg, * * Berl Ashtead, ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ıs, ´ ￿￿￿￿ Munich, Freiburg im Breisgau, Par ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, * ￿￿￿￿ Israel Nathan Herstein Lublin, Daniel Gorenstein Boston, Ren Montb Harish-Chandra Kanpur, ￿￿￿￿ ın, * ´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Imre Lakatos ￿￿￿￿ * Leipzig, ´ ın, * * ´ Amsterdam, ery, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ 1924 * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Viena, Par ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, * * Georges Reeb Saverne, Alberto Pedro Calder Mendoza, * Banff, * * ￿￿￿￿ * * Theresienstadt, Londres, ￿￿￿￿ * Tur ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Julia Bowman Robinson San Luis, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * ıs, ´ ￿￿￿￿ Szeged, * * Tur ￿￿￿￿ * Abraham Robinson Waldenburg, * * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * Atle Selberg Langesund, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Toronto, Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ * Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ 1919 * ￿￿￿￿ Bryn Mawr, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ee Poussin Kunihiko Kodaira Tokyo, Laurent Schwartz Par Breslau, Batz, ￿￿￿￿ * * ￿￿￿￿ ¨ * odel Chamb * ´ Mark Kac Krzemieniec, Lipman Bers Riga, ￿￿￿￿ u, Viena, ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ Samuel Eilenberg Varsovia, Oswald Teichm ¨uller Nordhausen im Harz, 1916 1916 ￿￿￿￿ ´ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ u, ´ ￿￿￿￿ ´ an, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ e Weil ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * Alan Mathison Turing Londres, Norman Levinson Boston, Leonid Kantorovich San Petersburgo, Hans Zassenhaus Koblenz-Moselweiss, * * * Pornichet, ın, ´ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, * * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ 1914 ￿￿￿￿ * * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Lahore, Nathan Jacobson Varsovia, Norman Steenrod Dayton, * 1913 ￿￿￿￿ ¨ Bolonia, unster, ıs, ´ Gotinga, Torquay, Mark Aronovich Naimark Odessa, Claude Chevalley Johannesburgo, Stanislaw Ulam Lemberg, Anatoly Malcev Misheronsky, 1912 ￿￿￿￿ 1912 * * Estocolmo, Estocolmo, Mil ￿￿￿￿ * Lev Pontryagin Mosc Sergei Lvovich Sobolev San Petersburgo, ıs, 1911 1911 ￿￿￿￿ ´ ın, ´ ￿￿￿￿ Berl M ￿￿￿￿ R. E. A. C. Paley ￿￿￿￿ Mark Krein Kiev, Karl Johannes Herbert Seifert Bernstadt, Lars Ahlfors Helsinki, Hassler Whitney Nueva York, 1910 ￿￿￿￿ ` * Mosc es, ın, ￿￿￿￿ ´ Pisa, * ￿￿￿￿ Aleksandr Osipovich Gelfond San Petersburgo, Kurt G Brno, Andrei Nikolaevich Tikhonov Gzhatska, Andr Par Max Zorn ￿￿￿￿ Jean Alexandre Eug Lille, William Feller Zagreb, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ın, * ´ ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Ehresmann Estrasburgo, Karol Borsuk Varsovia, John Whittaker Cambridge, Hans Freudenthal Luckenwalde, Stanislaw Mazur ￿￿￿￿ 1908 * Copenhague, * * Bad Kleinen, * ￿￿￿￿ Par ´ Erlangen, * ov, Cambridge, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Witold Hurewicz Lodz, 1907 West Wickham, ￿￿￿￿ * Padua, Kumbakonam, Berl Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ John von Neumann Budapest, William Vallance Douglas Hodge Edimburgo, Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov Tambov, Marshall Harvey Stone Nueva York, Georges de Rham Roche, Bartel Leendert van den Waerden Amsterdam, Alonzo Church Washington, Kurt Mahler Krefeld, Dudley Ernest Littlewood Londres, Aurel Freidrich Wintner ￿￿￿￿ Frank P. 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Marquis de l’Hospital Par ￿￿￿￿ 1663 * ￿￿￿￿ * Edimburgo, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ıs, ´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jacob Bernoulli Basilea, Pierre Varignon Caen, 1657 * Gante, White Waltham, * Michel Rolle Ambert, 1655 Par Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus Kieslingswalde, 1654 1654 ´ an, Castres, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Giovanni Ceva Mil * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Leipzig, Albury, Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ 1647 1647 ıs, ´ * * * ￿￿￿￿ Sir Isaac Newton Woolsthorpe, ıs, ´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ 1644 * ￿￿￿￿ * Philippe de La Hire Par Georg Mohr Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ıs, ´ Par James Gregory Drumoak, * William Neil Bishopsthorpe, 1640 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Par ￿￿￿￿ * * 1637 1637 ￿￿￿￿ Sir Christopher Wren East Knoyle, 1635 ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, Bolonia, * Isaac Barrow Londres, Florencia, Christiaan Huygens La Haya, Johann van Waveren Hudde Amsterdam, Arcetri, 1630 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pietro Mengoli Bolonia, 1629 ￿￿￿￿ ` eche, Giovanni Domenico Cassini Perinaldo, Johan de Witt Dordrecht, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, * 1624 Jean Picard La Fl Nicolaus Mercator Eutin, Michelangelo Ricci Roma, * Leiden, Kassel, Bourg-en-Bresse, * John Wallis Ashford, ´ ￿￿￿￿ eziriac Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Frans van Schooten Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ * * 1615 1615 * ￿￿￿￿ John Pell Southwick, 1614 Regensburg, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ Evangelista Torricelli Roma, * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, Gilles Personne de Roberval Senlis, ´ an, ´ Pierre Fermat Beaumont de Lomagne, e Descartes Edimburgo, Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri Mil ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ren La Haye, * Albert Girard Saint Michel, ıs, ´ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Girard Desargues Lyon, Par ￿￿￿￿ Marin Mersenne Oize in Maine, Etienne Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Gregorio Saint-Vincent Brujas, * Claude Gaspar Bachet de M Bourg-en-Bresse, Granada, ￿￿￿￿ * * Duisburgo, ￿￿￿￿ William Oughtred Eton, Johannes Kepler Weil der Stadt, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ 1572 ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * Galileo Galilei Pisa, ıs, ´ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Henry Briggs Warleywood, Kassa, Thomas Harriot Oxford, Par ￿￿￿￿ 1562 Roma, * ￿￿￿￿ Jena, ` ete ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Joost B ¨urgi Lichtensteig, ￿￿￿￿ John Napier Merchiston Castle, * Bolonia, Simon Stevin Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ * * Londres, 1545 Annaberg, Venecia, rn¸i Vi Franc¸ois Fontenay-le-Comte, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ´ erez de Moya 1535 ￿￿￿￿ * * ￿￿￿￿ Rafael Bombelli Bolonia, Frombork, ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ Ludovico Ferrari Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Peter Ramus Cuts, Georg Joachim von Lauchen Rheticus Feldkirch, Bachiller Juan P San Esteban del Puerto, Gerardus Mercator Rupelmonde, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, Robert Recorde Tenby, * 1512 Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ * Nuremberg, Girolamo Cardano Pavia, * Niccolo Fontana Brescia, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, * 1499 Peter Apian ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Adam Ries Staffelstein, ￿￿￿￿ * ´ * ernico * Michael Stifel Esslingen, ￿￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Juan de Ortega Palencia, ´ as Cop Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ * Nicol Torun, Alberto Durero Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Johann Werner Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ * Scipione del Ferro Bolonia, Borgo San Sepolero, Roma, Johannes Widman Eger, * ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Todi, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ıs, ´ Nicolas Chuquet Par Luca Pacioli Sansepolcro, * ¨ onigsberg, Johann M ¨ullerRegiomontanus K * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * ￿￿￿￿ Piero della Francesca Sansepolcro, Samarcanda, ´ as de Cusa ￿￿￿￿ ´ enova, Leone Battista Alberti G Nicol Trier, ￿￿￿￿ Ghiyath al-Din J. Mas’ud al-Kashi Kashan, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Lisieux, 1350 * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Lambeth, ´ as de Oresme * 1328 ￿￿￿￿ Nicol Allemagne, * ￿￿￿￿ Richard Swineshead ￿￿￿￿ 1303 1299 Thomas Bradwardine Chichester, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * Viterbo, ￿￿￿￿ Chu Shih-Chieh ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Kadhimain, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * ıs, ´ * ￿￿￿￿ Par Kwantung, Pisa, Yang Hui ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * * * Campanus de Novara Novara, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * Ch’in Chiu-Shao Sichuan, Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi Tus, * Ovaries and seeds Johannes de Sacrobosco Holywood, Li Yeh ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Toledo, Ujjain, Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Calahorra, ￿￿￿￿ * * * ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ * Nishapur, Bhaskara Biddur, Gerardo de Cremona Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Juan Hispalense ￿￿￿￿ * Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Adelardo de Bath Bath, * ￿￿￿￿ Omar Khayyam Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ghazna, El Cairo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Roma, * Bagdad, * ￿￿￿ Al-Biruni Kath, ￿￿￿ * * Ibn Al-Haitham Basra, 965 ￿￿￿ * Al-Karkhi Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Gerberto de Aurillac Aquitania, Abu’l-Wefa Buzjan, * ￿￿￿ ˜ na, Josephus Hispanus Catalu ￿￿￿ Bagdad, * ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Thabit Ibn-Qurra Harran, ￿￿￿ * Tours, ￿￿￿ Al-Khowarizmi Bagdad, * ￿￿￿ Alcuin de York York, ￿￿￿ * Beda el Venerable ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Sevilla, * ￿￿￿ Brahmagupta Ujjain, * ￿￿￿ Isidoro de Sevilla Cartagena, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ıa, ´ Pav * * ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Severino Boecio Roma, Aryabhata el Anciano Kusumapura, Atenas, * ￿￿￿ * Tsu Ch’ung Chi Fan-yang, ￿￿￿ Proclo Diadoco Constantinopla, ￿￿￿ ıa, ´ Alejandr * ￿￿￿ ıa, ´ Hypatia de Alejandr´ıa Alejandr ￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿ ıa, ´ Pappus de Alejandr´ıa Alejandr ￿￿￿ * Diofanto de Alejandr´ıa ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ıa, ´ Alejandr ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ * * ￿￿ * Claudio Ptolomeo Egipto, ￿￿ ıa, ´ ￿￿ Menelao de Alejandr´ıa Alejandr ￿￿ ´ omaco de Gerasa Nic Gerasa, ￿￿ ￿￿ * * ￿￿ ´ ıa, adiz ´ ´ on de Alejandr´ıa Her Alejandr * a.C. Moderato de C ￿ ￿￿ Geminus Rodas, -10 a.C. ￿￿￿ Rodas, * a.C. ￿￿￿ Hiparco de Nicea Nicea, a.C. a.C. ￿￿￿ ıa, ´ ￿￿￿ ıa, ´ Alejandr a.C. Alejandr a.C. ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Siracusa, a.C. * ￿￿￿ * a.C. ￿￿￿ * a.C. Apolonio de Perga Perga, * ￿￿￿ a.C. ´ ostenes de Cirena a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Erat Shahhat, ￿￿￿ ıa, ´ Nicomedes ￿￿￿ * Alejandr Arqu´ımedesde Siracusa Siracusa, a.C. * ￿￿￿ a.C. Aristarco de Samos ￿￿￿ a.C. Euclides de Alejandr´ıa ￿￿￿ a.C. a.C. * a.C. ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ a.C. Chalcis, ￿￿￿ Eudemo de Rodas Rodas, a.C. a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Atenas, * a.C. * Cnido, a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. * ´ oteles ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Menecmo Alopeconnesus, Arist Stagirus, a.C. * Atenas, Dinostrato ￿￿￿ * a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. * a.C. a.C. a.C. ￿￿￿ Eudoxo de Cnido Cnido, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ a.C. a.C. a.C. Cirene, a.C. Teeteto de Atenas Atenas, ￿￿￿ * ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ´ on * Plat Atenas, Arquitas de Taranto Taranto, Atenas, a.C. * a.C. a.C. a.C. ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ * * * Elea, a.C. a.C. Lampsacu, Bryson de Heraclea Heraclea, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ ´ ocrito de Abdera Peloponeso, ￿￿￿ a.C. Hipias de Ellia Ellia, Dem Abdera, * ￿￿￿ Teodoro de Cirene Cirene, * ´ ocrates de Chios a.C. Hip Chios, * ￿￿￿ * ´ on a.C. a.C. Antif Atenas, a.C. a.C. ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ´ on de Elea ￿￿￿ ´ edocles de Acragas Zen Elea, Emp Acragas, ´ agoras de Clamozene Anax Clamozene, * a.C. a.C. ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Mileto, ´ agoras de Samos Pit Samos, -600 * a.C. ￿￿￿ Tales de Mileto Mileto, 16651667 1687 1666 1671 1691 Woolsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Christiaan Huygens *

La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Pietro Mengoli * Vicenzo Riccati *

Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Castelfranco Veneto, ￿￿￿￿ An extraordinary century Jean Picard * Daniel Bernoulli *

La Fleche,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Groninga, ￿￿￿￿ John Wallis * Gabriel Cramer *

1655 Ashford, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Bagnols-sur-C John Pell * Christian Goldbach *

1742 1580 - 1680 Southwick, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Fermat * Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri * Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1640 1637 Beaumont de Lomagne, ￿￿￿￿ Castres, ￿￿￿￿ San Remo, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Tur Rene´ Descartes * Johann Bernoulli *

1637 Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ La Haye, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, erez´ de Moya * Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri * Jacob Bernoulli * Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon

1562 1635 1647 1713 San Esteban del Puerto, ￿￿￿￿ Granada, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Montbard, ￿￿￿￿ Marin Mersenne * Michel Rolle * Alexandre Th

1691 Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Oize in Maine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ambert, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, Gregorio Saint-Vincent * Jakob Hermann * Edward Waring

1647 1711 Jena, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Old Heath, Franc¸ois Viete` * Evangelista Torricelli * Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus * Johann Bernoulli (II) *

1644 1683 Fontenay-le-Comte, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Florencia, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Dresde, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Henry Briggs * William Neil * Jacopo Francesco Riccati *

1615 1624 1657

Annaberg, ￿￿￿￿ Warleywood, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Bishopsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿White Waltham, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, Thomas Harriot * Giovanni Domenico Cassini * Alexis Claude Clairaut *

￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Perinaldo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Rafael Bombelli * William Oughtred * G. F. A. Marquis de l’Hospital * G. E. Marquise du Chateletˆ *

1572 1696 Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Eton, ￿￿￿￿ Albury, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lunneville,´ Johannes Kepler * Sir Christopher Wren * Johann Heinrich Lambert

1615 ￿￿￿￿ Weil der Stadt, ￿￿￿￿ Regensburg, ￿￿￿￿ East Knoyle, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mulhausen,¨ Simon Stevin * Blaise Pascal * Abraham de Moivre *

1654 1718 1730

Frombork, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Vitry, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, Ludovico Ferrari * Claude Gaspar Bachet de Meziriac´ * Philippe de La Hire * Etienne B

￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nemours, Galileo Galilei * Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz * Jean Le Rond d’Alembert 1673 1672 1684 1674 Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Arcetri, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ John Napier * Michelangelo Ricci * George Berkeley *

1614 Merchiston Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Dysert Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, Etienne Pascal * Pierre Varignon * Gian Francesco Malfatti

1545 Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Caen, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ala, ￿￿￿￿ Gerardus Mercator * Albert Girard * James Gregory * Roger Cotes * Maria Gaetana Agnesi

1629 1671

Duisburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Saint Michel, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Drumoak, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Burbage, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Georg Joachim von Lauchen Rheticus * Girard Desargues * Rene´ F. de Sluse * Nicolaus Bernoulli *

1673

Kassa, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Joost B ¨urgi * Georg Mohr * Colin Maclaurin *

1742 Lichtensteig, ￿￿￿￿ Kassel, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Kilmodan, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, Gilles Personne de Roberval * Brook Taylor * Erland Samuel Bring

1630 1715 Senlis, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Edmonton, ￿￿￿￿ Somerset House, ￿￿￿￿ Ausas, Frans van Schooten * James Stirling *

Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Garden, ￿￿￿￿ Nicolaus Mercator * Nicolaus Bernoulli (II) * John Wilson

1668

Eutin, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Johan de Witt * Leonhard Euler *

1734 1740 Dordrecht, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Johann van Waveren Hudde * Thomas Simpson *

1654

Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Isaac Barrow *

1663 1670 Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Giovanni Ceva *

Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Mantua, ￿￿￿￿ Simon Stevin (1548-1620)

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! The Paris connections Ecole Polytechnique

Joseph Fourier Gabriel Lamé 1768-1830 1795-1870 Gabriel Lamé’s superellipses (1817)

n n n

a + b = c

Lamé was considered as the best French mathematician of his generation by Gauss

Piet Hein’s supereggs Nature’s superellipses (and unit circles) THE RULES OF ARITHMETIC AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE SCIENCES Stifel

Yanghui Mersenne !!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!!!!!!!!!!!# !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"$!!!!!!!!!"#$!!!!!!!!!!#$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%!"&%!!!!!!%#"$!!!!!!!!%#$"!!!!!!!!!#& %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%!"'!!!!!!&#%$!!!!!!!'#"$"!!!!!!!!!&#$%!!!!!!!#' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%!"(!!!!!!(#&$!!!!!)*#%$"!!!!!)*#"$%!!!!!!!&#$&!!!!!!#(

(a+b)n = 1a n + Can-1 b1 +...... + Cʼa1 bn-1+ 1b n Development of algebra, analytic geometry ......

Vary the coefficients for general polynomials

With general coefficients A, B, C....

Sum of first two rows gives Ax + By + C = 0: a straight line

Sum of first three rows: Ax2 + Bxy+ Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

The conics: circle, ellipse, hyperbola, parabola

Viète (1540-1603): TO LEAVE NO PROBLEM UNSOLVED

Compound interest, probability theory •S = (1 + b)n with a = 1; b is interest and n is number of periods.

•Tossing of coins, e.g. 8 x = 23 ! (H + T)3 = 1H3 + 3H2T + 3 HT2 + 1 T3

•Binomium of Newton Binary system

• BINARY NUMBER: a and b become I en 0 (on or off) e.g. (I + 0)3 = 1I3 + 3I20 + 3 I02 + 1 03 This gives: III / II0 I0I 0II / I00 0I0 00I / 000

Inventor: Leibniz Pure numbers and geometric means !"$%!!!!!!"#$!!!!!!!#$ !"&%!!!!!!%#"$!!!!!!!!%#$"!!!!!!!!!#&

or: squares & rectangles, cubes & beams Geometric and arithmetic means

Given: a rectangle with sides a and b, area equal to a.b The geometric means is the side of a square with the same AREA as the original rectangle The arithmetic mean is the side of a square with the same CIRCUMFERENCE as the orginal rectangle. Geometric and arithmetic means

Given: a rectangle with sides a and b, area equal to a.b The geometric means is the side of a square with the same AREA as the original rectangle The arithmetic mean is the side of a square with the same CIRCUMFERENCE as the orginal rectangle.

Geometric Arithmetic mean Relations mean GM AM

Numbers a !a.b (a+b)/2 = GM " AM and b Some Questions

Do we study starfish and squares on basis of the circle, or on the basis of their own shape: a starfish as unit ball. If we choose for the second: Can we find a common measure for squares, flowers, starfish,...... ? Can it be expressed in a simple way? For example, analogous to the Pythagorean Theorem? 1

Kunihiko Kodaira *

Tokyo, ￿￿￿￿ Kofu, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Kac *

Krzemieniec, ￿￿￿￿ California, ￿￿￿￿ Alan Mathison Turing *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Wilmslow, ￿￿￿￿ Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar *

Lahore, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Aronovich Naimark *

Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Lev Pontryagin *

Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ R. E. A. C. Paley *

￿￿￿￿ Banff, ￿￿￿￿ Mark Krein *

Kiev, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Aleksandr Osipovich Gelfond *

1934 San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kurt Godel¨ *

Brno, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Andrei Nikolaevich Tikhonov *

Gzhatska, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Charles Ehresmann *

Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ John von Neumann *

Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ William Vallance Douglas Hodge *

Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov *

Tambov, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Julio Rey Pastor *

Logrono,˜ ￿￿￿￿ Buenos Aires, ￿￿￿￿ Srinivasa A. Ramanujan *

Erode, ￿￿￿￿ Kumbakonam, ￿￿￿￿ Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl *

Elmshorn, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ John Maynard Keynes *

Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Firle, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Henry Maclagen Wedderburn * 1907 1905 Forfar, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Lipot´ Fejer´ *

Pecs,´ ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Sergi Natanovich Bernstein *

1916 Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Guido Fubini *

Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Max Wilhelm Dehn *

Hamburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Black Mountain, ￿￿￿￿ Edmund Georg Hermann Landau *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Erhard Schmidt *

Dorpat, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Antoine Aristide Montel *

Niza, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Henri Leon´ Lebesgue *

1902 Beauvais, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Bertrand Arthur William Russell *

Ravenscroft, ￿￿￿￿ Penrhyndeudraeth, ￿￿￿￿ Felix´ Edouard´ Justin Emile´ Borel *

Saint Affrique, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ John Charles Fields *

1924 Hamilton, ￿￿￿￿ Toronto, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Martin Weber * Lipman Bers *

1893 Heidelberg, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Riga, ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, ￿￿￿￿ David Hilbert * 1903 1888 1893 1900 Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Ivar Otto Bendixson *

1901 Bergshyddan, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ernesto Cesaro` * Karl Johannes Herbert Seifert *

Napoles,´ ￿￿￿￿ Torre Annunziata, ￿￿￿￿ Bernstadt, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Otto Ludwig Holder¨ *

1889 Stuttgart, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Thomas Jan Stieltjes * Marshall Harvey Stone *

Zwolle, ￿￿￿￿ Toulouse, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Madras, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Emile Appell *

Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Giuseppe Veronese *

Chioggia, ￿￿￿￿ Padua, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Maschke * Claude Chevalley *

Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Johannesburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sophia V. Kovalevskaya * Georges de Rham *

Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Roche, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ Oliver Heaviside *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Torquay, ￿￿￿￿ Ferdinand Georg Frobenius * 1878 1877 1896 Berl´ın-Charlottenburg, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Diederik Johannes Korteweg *

’sHertogenbosch, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Zoel Garc´ıade Galdeano Yanguas * Alan Baker *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ William K. Clifford * Oskar Perron *

Exeter, ￿￿￿￿ Islas Madeira, ￿￿￿￿ Frankenthal, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Tannery * Karol Borsuk *

Mantes-la-Jolie, ￿￿￿￿ Pantin, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Franc¸ois Edouard Anatole Lucas * Gheorghe Vranceanu *

Amiens, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Valea Hogii, ￿￿￿￿ Bucarest, ￿￿￿￿ Julius Weingarten * Norman Levinson *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg im Breisgau, ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ Felice Casorati * Juliusz Pawel Schauder *

1868 Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Casteggio, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Hugues Charles Robert Meray´ * Leonid Kantorovich *

Chalon-sur-Saone,ˆ ￿￿￿￿ Dijon, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Rudolf Otto Sigismund Lipschitz * John Whittaker *

Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Sheffield, ￿￿￿￿ G. F. Bernhard Riemann * Ernst Leonard Lindelof¨ *

1854 1859 Breselenz, ￿￿￿￿ Selasca, ￿￿￿￿ Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ Enrico Betti * Wolfgang Krull *

Pistoia, ￿￿￿￿ Soiana, ￿￿￿￿ Baden-Baden, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Louis Franc¸ois Bertrand * Richard Dagobert Brauer *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Belmont, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Eduard Heine * Robert Lee Moore *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Dallas, ￿￿￿￿ Austin, ￿￿￿￿ Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev * Oscar Zariski *

Okatovo, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Kobrin, ￿￿￿￿ Brookline, ￿￿￿￿ Joseph Alfred Serret * Hugo Dyonizy Steinhaus *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Versailles, ￿￿￿￿ Jaslo, ￿￿￿￿ Wroclaw, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Auguste Briot * Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin * Simon Kirwan Donaldson *

1859 Saint Hippolyte, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-d’Ault, ￿￿￿￿ Irkutsk, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ George Boole * Jacques Salomon Hadamard *

1840 1896 Lincoln, ￿￿￿￿ Ballintemple, ￿￿￿￿ Versalles, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Laurent Wantzel * Alfred Bray Kempe * Israel Nathan Herstein *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Kensington, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Lublin, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Alphonse Laurent * Carle Runge * Stephen Smale *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Bremen, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Flint, ￿￿￿￿ Ludwig Otto Hesse * Francesco Paolo Cantelli *

Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Palermo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Augustus De Morgan * Constantin Caratheodory´ * Gerd Faltings *

Madras, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Gelsenkirchen-Buer, ￿￿￿￿ Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet * Kurt Hensel * Pere Menal Brufal *

1829 1837 Duren,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Marburg, ￿￿￿￿ Lleida, ￿￿￿￿ Barcelona, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Franc¸ois Verhulst * Alfred Pringsheim * Shigefumi Mori *

Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Ohlau, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Nagoya, ￿￿￿￿ Jacques Charles Franc¸ois Sturm * Luigi Bianchi * Michael Francis Atiyah *

Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Parma, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Janos´ Bolyai * Alfred North Whitehead * Jose´ Luis Rubio de Francia *

Kolozsvar,´ ￿￿￿￿ Marosvas´ arhaly,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ramsgate, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Miedes, ￿￿￿￿ Zaragoza, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Marie Constant Duhamel * Edmund Taylor Whittaker * Curtis T. McMullen *

Saint Malo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Southport, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Jakob Steiner * Hermann Minkowski * Nathan Jacobson *

Utzenstorf, ￿￿￿￿ Berna, ￿￿￿￿ Alexotas, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ William Hamilton * Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov * Georges Reeb *

1973 Glasgow, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Yaroslavl, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Saverne, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Friedrich Gauss * Charles Emile´ Picard * Charles Fefferman * 1799 1796 1809 1828 1879 1801 Brunswick, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Louis Puissant * Ulisse Dini * Alberto Pedro Calderon´ *

1878 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Mendoza, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Lorenzo Mascheroni * Julius Pl ¨ucker * Dimitri Feddrovich Egorov * John Griggs Thompson *

Bergamo,´ ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Elberfeld, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ Otawwa, ￿￿￿￿ Sir Isaac Newton * Caspar Wessel * George Gabriel Stokes * Hans Freudenthal * 1665 1669 1690 16651667 1687 1666 1671 1691 Woolsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Vestby, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Skreen, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Luckenwalde, ￿￿￿￿ Utrecht, ￿￿￿￿ Christiaan Huygens * Marie Jean A. N. de Caritat Condorcet * Iren´ ee-Jules´ Bienayme´ * Albert Einstein * Pierre-Louis Lions *

La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Ribemont, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-la-Reine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ulm, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Grasse, ￿￿￿￿ Pietro Mengoli * Vicenzo Riccati * Marie-Sophie Germain * Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow * Julia Bowman Robinson *

1816 1823 1872 Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Castelfranco Veneto, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ San Luis, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jean Picard * Daniel Bernoulli * Charles Julien Brianchon * Charles Jean Gustave Nicolas de la Vallee´ Poussin * Maxim Kontsevich *

1755 La Fleche,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Groninga, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Sevres,` ￿￿￿￿ Versalles, ￿￿￿￿ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Lovaina, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ John Wallis * Gabriel Cramer * Lazare Nicolas Marguerite´ Carnot * Delfino Codazzi * Rene-Louis´ Baire * Paul Cohen *

1655 1797 Ashford, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Bagnols-sur-Ceze,` ￿￿￿￿ Nolay, ￿￿￿￿ Magdeburg, ￿￿￿￿ Lodi, ￿￿￿￿ Pav´ıa, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Chambery,´ ￿￿￿￿ Long Branch, ￿￿￿￿ John Pell * Christian Goldbach * Johann Friedrich Pfaff * Antonio Luigi Gaudenzio Giuseppe Cremona * Witold Hurewicz * Jean-Christofe Yoccoz *

1742 Southwick, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Stuttgart, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Lodz, ￿￿￿￿ Uxmal, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Fermat * Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri * Joseph-Louis Lagrange * James Joseph Sylvester * Emil Artin * William Timothy Gowers * 1640 1637 1760 1771 1942 UE STRADE REALI Beaumont de Lomagne, ￿￿￿￿ Castres, ￿￿￿￿ San Remo, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Hamburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Marlborough, ￿￿￿￿ D Peter Ramus * Johann Bernoulli * Alfred Tarski * Rene´ Descartes * Pierre-Simon Laplace * Elwin Bruno Christoffel *

1637 1809 Cuts, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ La Haye, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Beaumont-en-Auge, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Monschau, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Berkeley, ￿￿￿￿ Bachiller Juan Perez´ de Moya * Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri * Jacob Bernoulli * Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon * George Green * Otto Stolz * Andre´ Weil *

1562 1635 1647 1713 1827 1875 San Esteban del Puerto, ￿￿￿￿ Granada, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Montbard, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nottingham, ￿￿￿￿ Nottingham, ￿￿￿￿ Hall, ￿￿￿￿ Innsbruck, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Robert Recorde * Marin Mersenne * Michel Rolle * Alexandre Theophile´ Vandermonde * Karl Georg Christian von Staudt * Emanuel Lasker * Pierre Deligne *

1691 1770 Tenby, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Oize in Maine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ambert, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Rothenburg ob der Tauber, ￿￿￿￿ Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Berlinchen, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Michael Stifel * Gregorio Saint-Vincent * Jakob Hermann * Edward Waring * Michel Chasles * Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer *

1647 1711 1777 1911 Esslingen, ￿￿￿￿ Jena, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Old Heath, ￿￿￿￿ Pontesbury, ￿￿￿￿ Epernon, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Overschie, ￿￿￿￿ Blaricum, ￿￿￿￿ Hipias de Ellia * Menecmo * Scipione del Ferro * Franc¸ois Viete` * Evangelista Torricelli * Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus * Johann Bernoulli (II) * Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky * Karl Pearson * Sergi Novikov *

1644 1683 1829 1900 Ellia, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alopeconnesus, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Fontenay-le-Comte, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Florencia, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Dresde, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Nizhny Novgorod, ￿￿￿￿ Kazan, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Gorky, ￿￿￿￿ Teodoro de Cirene * Aristoteles´ * Bhaskara * Campanus de Novara * Nicolas Chuquet * Adam Ries * Henry Briggs * William Neil * Jacopo Francesco Riccati * Marc Antoine Parseval des Chenesˆ * Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan * Daniel Gorenstein *

1615 1624 1657 1870 1892

Cirene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Cirene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Stagirus, ￿￿￿ a.C. Chalcis, ￿￿￿ a.C. Biddur, ￿￿￿￿ Ujjain, ￿￿￿￿ Novara, ￿￿￿￿ Viterbo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Staffelstein, ￿￿￿￿ Annaberg, ￿￿￿￿ Warleywood, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Bishopsthorpe, ￿￿￿￿White Waltham, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Treviso, ￿￿￿￿ Rosieres-aux-Saline,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Boston, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Zenon´ de Elea * Platon´ * Nicomedes * Severino Boecio * Ibn Al-Haitham * Juan Hispalense * Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi * Nicolas´ de Oresme * Piero della Francesca * Peter Apian * Thomas Harriot * Giovanni Domenico Cassini * Alexis Claude Clairaut * Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier * Richard Julius Wihelm Dedekind * Atle Selberg *

965 1350 1822 1855 1871 Elea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Elea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Roma, ￿￿￿ Pav´ıa, ￿￿￿ Basra, ￿￿￿ El Cairo, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Tus, ￿￿￿￿ Kadhimain, ￿￿￿￿ Allemagne, ￿￿￿￿ Lisieux, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Borgo San Sepolero, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Perinaldo, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Auxerre, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Braunschweig, ￿￿￿￿ Braunschweig, ￿￿￿￿ Langesund, ￿￿￿￿ Pitagoras´ de Samos * Hipocrates´ de Chios * Eudoxo de Cnido * Euclides de Alejandr´ıa * Apolonio de Perga * Moderato de Cadiz´ * Nicomaco´ de Gerasa * Proclo Diadoco * Brahmagupta * Alcuin de York * Thabit Ibn-Qurra * Gerberto de Aurillac * Adelardo de Bath * Li Yeh * Thomas Bradwardine * Nicolas´ de Cusa * Johann Werner * Rafael Bombelli * William Oughtred * G. F. A. Marquis de l’Hospital * G. E. Marquise du Chateletˆ * Simon Antoine Jean l’Huilier * Jean Gaston Darboux * Abraham Robinson *

-600 1328 1572 1696 1744 1784 1875 1966 Samos, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Chios, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Cnido, ￿￿￿ a.C. Cnido, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Perga, ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿ ￿￿ Gerasa, ￿￿ ￿￿￿ Constantinopla, ￿￿￿ Atenas, ￿￿￿ Ujjain, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ York, ￿￿￿ Tours, ￿￿￿ Harran, ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ Aquitania, ￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Bath, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Chichester, ￿￿￿￿ Lambeth, ￿￿￿￿ Trier, ￿￿￿￿ Todi, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Eton, ￿￿￿￿ Albury, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Lunneville,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Ginebra, ￿￿￿￿ Nimes, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Waldenburg, ￿￿￿￿ New Haven, ￿￿￿￿ Tales de Mileto * Anaxagoras´ de Clamozene * Teeteto de Atenas * Eudemo de Rodas * Arqu´ımedesde Siracusa * Hiparco de Nicea * Geminus * Menelao de Alejandr´ıa * Diofanto de Alejandr´ıa * Pappus de Alejandr´ıa * Hypatia de Alejandr´ıa * Tsu Ch’ung Chi * Isidoro de Sevilla * Beda el Venerable * Al-Khowarizmi * Josephus Hispanus * Al-Karkhi * Omar Khayyam * Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci * Chu Shih-Chieh * Ghiyath al-Din J. Mas’ud al-Kashi * Johann M ¨ullerRegiomontanus * Juan de Ortega * Johannes Kepler * Sir Christopher Wren * Johann Heinrich Lambert * Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bernard Bolzano * Felix Christian Klein * Jean-Pierre Serre *

-10 1299 1303 1512 1615 1817 1834 1872 Mileto, ￿￿￿ a.C. Mileto, ￿￿￿ a.C. Clamozene, ￿￿￿ a.C. Lampsacu, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Siracusa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Siracusa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Nicea, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Rodas, ￿￿ a.C. ￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Fan-yang, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Cartagena, ￿￿￿ Sevilla, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Cataluna,˜ ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ Nishapur, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Kashan, ￿￿￿￿ Samarcanda, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Palencia, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Weil der Stadt, ￿￿￿￿ Regensburg, ￿￿￿￿ East Knoyle, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mulhausen,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Praga, ￿￿￿￿ Praga, ￿￿￿￿ Dusseldorf,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Bages, ￿￿￿￿ Empedocles´ de Acragas * Arquitas de Taranto * Aristarco de Samos * Heron´ de Alejandr´ıa * Claudio Ptolomeo * Aryabhata el Anciano * Abu’l-Wefa * Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra * Johannes de Sacrobosco * Richard Swineshead * Leone Battista Alberti * Nicolas´ Copernico´ * Simon Stevin * Blaise Pascal * Abraham de Moivre * Louis Franc¸ois Antoine Arbogast * Viktor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky * Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel *

1654 1718 1730 1791

Acragas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Peloponeso, ￿￿￿ a.C. Taranto, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿ ￿￿ Egipto, ￿￿ Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ Kusumapura, ￿￿￿ ￿￿￿ Buzjan, ￿￿￿ Bagdad, ￿￿￿ Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Calahorra, ￿￿￿￿ Holywood, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Genova,´ ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Torun, ￿￿￿￿ Frombork, ￿￿￿￿ Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Vitry, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Mutzig, ￿￿￿￿ Estrasburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Podolskaya, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Jerusalen,´ ￿￿￿￿ Antifon´ * Dinostrato * Eratostenes´ de Cirena * Al-Biruni * Gerardo de Cremona * Ch’in Chiu-Shao * Luca Pacioli * Ludovico Ferrari * Claude Gaspar Bachet de Meziriac´ * Philippe de La Hire * Etienne Bezout´ * Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel * Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky * Imre Lakatos *

1499

Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. Atenas, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Shahhat, ￿￿￿ a.C. Alejandr´ıa, ￿￿￿ a.C. Kath, ￿￿￿ Ghazna, ￿￿￿￿ Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Toledo, ￿￿￿￿ Sichuan, ￿￿￿￿ Kwantung, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Sansepolcro, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Bourg-en-Bresse, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nemours, ￿￿￿￿ Basse-Loges, ￿￿￿￿ Minden, ￿￿￿￿ Konigsberg,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Orekhovo, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Democrito´ de Abdera * Yang Hui * Johannes Widman * Niccolo Fontana * Galileo Galilei * Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz * Jean Le Rond d’Alembert * Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier * Hermann Hankel * Leonard Eugene Dickson * Efim I Zelmanov * 1673 1535 1672 1684 1747 1674 Abdera, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Eger, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Brescia, ￿￿￿￿ Venecia, ￿￿￿￿ Pisa, ￿￿￿￿ Arcetri, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Dijon, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Schramberg, ￿￿￿￿ Independence, ￿￿￿￿ Harlingen, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Bryson de Heraclea * Alberto Durero * John Napier * Michelangelo Ricci * George Berkeley * Jacob Bernoulli (II) * August Ferdinand Mobius¨ * Elie Joseph Cartan * Vaughan Jones *

1614

Heraclea, ￿￿￿ a.C. ￿￿￿ a.C. Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Nuremberg, ￿￿￿￿ Merchiston Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Dysert Castle, ￿￿￿￿ Oxford, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Schulpforta, ￿￿￿￿ Leipzig, ￿￿￿￿ Dolomieu, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Gisborne, ￿￿￿￿ Girolamo Cardano * Etienne Pascal * Pierre Varignon * Gian Francesco Malfatti * Joseph Liouville * Jan Arnoldus Schouten * 1844 1545 1770 1803 1843 Pavia, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Clermont-Ferrand, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Caen, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Ala, ￿￿￿￿ Ferrara, ￿￿￿￿ Saint-Omer, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Nieuweramstel, ￿￿￿￿ Epe, ￿￿￿￿ Gerardus Mercator * Albert Girard * James Gregory * Roger Cotes * Maria Gaetana Agnesi * George Biddell Airy * Gaston Maurice Julia *

1629 1671 1748

Rupelmonde, ￿￿￿￿ Duisburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Saint Michel, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Drumoak, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Burbage, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Alnwick, ￿￿￿￿ Greenwhich, ￿￿￿￿ Sidi Bel Abbes,` ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Georg Joachim von Lauchen Rheticus * Girard Desargues * Rene´ F. de Sluse * Nicolaus Bernoulli * Sylvester Franc¸ois Lacroix * Max Noether * Rene´ Thom *

1673

Feldkirch, ￿￿￿￿ Kassa, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lyon, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Macon,ˆ ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Mannheim, ￿￿￿￿ Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Montbeliard,´ ￿￿￿￿ Joost B ¨urgi * Georg Mohr * Colin Maclaurin * John Playfair * Victor Alexandre Puiseux * George David Birkhoff * Gregori Aleksandrovic Margulis *

1742 1913 Lichtensteig, ￿￿￿￿ Kassel, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Kieslingswalde, ￿￿￿￿ Kilmodan, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Benvie, ￿￿￿￿ Burntisland, ￿￿￿￿ Argenteuil, ￿￿￿￿ Frontenay, ￿￿￿￿ Overisel, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Moscu,´ ￿￿￿￿ Gilles Personne de Roberval * Brook Taylor * Erland Samuel Bring * Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau * Arnaud Denjoy *

1630 1715 Senlis, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Edmonton, ￿￿￿￿ Somerset House, ￿￿￿￿ Ausas, ￿￿￿￿ Lund, ￿￿￿￿ Bruselas, ￿￿￿￿ Gante, ￿￿￿￿ Auch, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Frans van Schooten * James Stirling * Joseph Diaz Gergonne * Vito Volterra * William Paul Thurston *

1881 Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Leiden, ￿￿￿￿ Garden, ￿￿￿￿ Edimburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Montpellier, ￿￿￿￿ Ancona, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Nicolaus Mercator * Nicolaus Bernoulli (II) * John Wilson * Gabriel Lame´ * Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo * Jean Bourgain *

1668 1904 1908

Eutin, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Applethwaite, ￿￿￿￿ Kendal, ￿￿￿￿ Tours, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg im Breisgau, ￿￿￿￿ Ostende, ￿￿￿￿ Johan de Witt * Leonhard Euler * Jean Victor Poncelet * Felix Hausdorff * Alain Connes * 1748 1734 1740 1746 1813 1822 1914 Dordrecht, ￿￿￿￿ La Haya, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Metz, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Bonn, ￿￿￿￿ Draguignan, ￿￿￿￿ Johann van Waveren Hudde * Thomas Simpson * Paolo Ruffini * Leopold Kronecker * Harold Calvin Marston Morse *

1654 1795 1885

Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Market Bosworth, ￿￿￿￿ Valentano, ￿￿￿￿ Modena,´ ￿￿￿￿ Liegnitz, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Waterville, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Isaac Barrow * Johann Bernoulli (III) * Hermann G ¨unterGrassmann * Maurice Rene´ Frechet´ *

1663 1670 1906 Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Basilea, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Stettin, ￿￿￿￿ Stettin, ￿￿￿￿ Maligny, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Giovanni Ceva * Gaspard Monge * Arthur Cayley * Carl Ludwig Siegel *

1838 Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Mantua, ￿￿￿￿ Beaune, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Richmond, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Gotinga, ￿￿￿￿ Adrien-Marie Legendre * John Venn * Klaus Roth *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Hull, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Jean-Baptiste Biot * William Henry Young * Shing-Tung Yau *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Lausana, ￿￿￿￿ Kwuntung, ￿￿￿￿ Simeon´ Denis Poisson * Marius Sophus Lie * Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright *

1820 Pithiviers, ￿￿￿￿ Sceaux, ￿￿￿￿ Nordfjordeide, ￿￿￿￿ Christiania, ￿￿￿￿ Aynho, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Augustin-Louis Cauchy * Giuseppe Peano * David Mumford * 1823 1821 1844 1890 1826 Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sceaux, ￿￿￿￿ Cuneo, ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Worth, ￿￿￿￿ Adhemar´ Jean Claude Barre´ de Saint-Venant * George Polya´ *

Villiers-en-Biere,` ￿￿￿￿ Saint Ouen, ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Palo Alto, ￿￿￿￿ Mikhail Vasilevich Ostrogradski * Henri Eugene` Pade´ * Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld *

Pashennaya, ￿￿￿￿ Poltava, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Khrakov, ￿￿￿￿ Niels Henrick Abel * Paul David Gustav du Bois-Reymmond * Stefan Banach * Edward Witten * 1826 1824 1829 Frindoe, ￿￿￿￿ Froland, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Freiburg, ￿￿￿￿ Krakovia, ￿￿￿￿ Lvov, ￿￿￿￿ Baltimore, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi * William Burnside * Alexander Grothendieck *

1838 1904 1911 Potsdam, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ West Wickham, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Sir William Rowan Hamilton * Alfred Tauber * Michael Hartley Freedman *

1843 Dubl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Dubl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Pressburg, ￿￿￿￿ Theresienstadt, ￿￿￿￿ Los Angeles,´ ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Ferdinand Adolf Minding * Ludwig Georg Elias Moses Bieberbach *

1830 1838 1916 Kalisz, ￿￿￿￿ Dorpat, ￿￿￿￿ Goddelau, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Eduard Kummer * Norbert Wiener *

Sorau, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Columbia, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Evariste´ Galois * Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs * Bartel Leendert van den Waerden * 1832 1831 1930

Bourg-la-Reine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Moschin, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Amsterdam, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Eugene` Charles Catalan * Jesse Douglas *

1842 Brujas, ￿￿￿￿ Lieja, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass * Pavel S. Urysohn * Yutaka Taniyama * Richard E. Borcherds *

1866 1872 1885

Ostenfelde, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Odessa, ￿￿￿￿ Batz, ￿￿￿￿ Kisai, ￿￿￿￿ Tokio, ￿￿￿￿ Ciudad del Cabo, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Fred´ eric´ Frenet * Kurt Friedrichs *

Perigueux,´ ￿￿￿￿ Perigueux,´ ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ New Rochelle, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Ossian Bonnet * Heinz Hopf *

Montpellier, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Grabschen,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Zollikon, ￿￿￿￿ Jean Claude Bouquet * Albert Thoralf Skolem *

1856 Morteau, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Sandsvaer, ￿￿￿￿ Oslo, ￿￿￿￿ Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz * Salomon Bochner *

Postdam, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Krakov,´ ￿￿￿￿ Houston, ￿￿￿￿ Charles Hermite * Reinhold Baer *

1873 Lorraine, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Zurich, ￿￿￿￿ Jules Antoine Lissajous * Waclaw Sierpinski *

Versailles, ￿￿￿￿ Plombieres,` ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ F. G. Max Eisenstein * Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro * Heisuke Hironaka *

Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Lugo, ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Yamaguchi-ken, ￿￿￿￿ Eugene` Rouche´ * Hans Zassenhaus *

1862 ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Koblenz-Moselweiss, ￿￿￿￿ Columbus, ￿￿￿￿ Edmond Nicolas Laguerre * Johann Radon *

Bar-le-Duc, ￿￿￿￿ Bar-le-Duc, ￿￿￿￿ Tetschen, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Eugenio Beltrami * Alonzo Church *

Cremona, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Washington, ￿￿￿￿ Hudson, ￿￿￿￿ Emile Leonard´ Mathieu * Antoni Zygmund *

Metz, ￿￿￿￿ Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Chicago, ￿￿￿￿ Franz Mertens * John Willard Milnor *

Schroda, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Orange, ￿￿￿￿ Karl Herman Amandus Schwarz * Harish-Chandra *

1869 Hermsdorf, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Kanpur, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor * Lars Hormander¨ *

1874 1891 San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Halle, ￿￿￿￿ Mjallby,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Magnus Gosta¨ Mittag-Leffler * Gian-Carlo Rota *

Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Vigevano, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Wilhelm Karl Joseph Killing * Daniel Grey Quillen *

Burbach, ￿￿￿￿ Munster,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Orange, ￿￿￿￿ Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege * Enrico Bombieri *

Wismar, ￿￿￿￿ Bad Kleinen, ￿￿￿￿ Milan,´ ￿￿￿￿ Leopold Bernhard Gegenbauer * Stanislaw Mazur *

Asperhofen, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jorgen Pedersen Gram *

Nustrup, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann *

1882 Hannover, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Robert Hjalmar Mellin *

Liminka, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jules Henri Poincare´ * Samuel Eilenberg * 1895 1892 1912 Nancy, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Varsovia, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Andrei Andreyevich Markov *

Ryazan, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Edouard Jean-Baptiste Goursat *

Lanzac, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen *

Nakskov, ￿￿￿￿ Copenhague, ￿￿￿￿ Thomas Little Heath *

Barnetby le Wold, ￿￿￿￿ Ashtead, ￿￿￿￿ Cesare Burali-Forti *

Arezzo, ￿￿￿￿ Tur´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Adolf Kneser *

Grussow,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Breslau, ￿￿￿￿ Paul Painleve´ *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ Erik Ivar Fredholm *

Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Estocolmo, ￿￿￿￿ Ernst Steinitz *

1910 Laurahutte,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Kiel, ￿￿￿￿ Tullio Levi-Civita *

Padua, ￿￿￿￿ Roma, ￿￿￿￿ Giuseppe Vitali *

Ravena,´ ￿￿￿￿ Bolonia, ￿￿￿￿ Luther Pfahler Eisenhart *

York, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Godfrey Harold Hardy *

1912 Surrey, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Leopold Lowenheim¨ *

Krefeld, ￿￿￿￿ Berl´ın, ￿￿￿￿ Pierre Joseph Louis Fatou *

Lorient, ￿￿￿￿ Pornichet, ￿￿￿￿ Hans Hahn *

Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Viena, ￿￿￿￿ Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze *

Schleinz, ￿￿￿￿ Munich, ￿￿￿￿ Frigyes Riesz *

Gyor,¨ ￿￿￿￿ Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Emmy Amalie Noether *

1919 Erlangen, ￿￿￿￿ Bryn Mawr, ￿￿￿￿ John Edensor Littlewood *

Rochester, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Alfred´ Haar *

Budapest, ￿￿￿￿ Szeged, ￿￿￿￿ Louis Joel Mordell *

Filadelfia, ￿￿￿￿ Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Kurt Mahler *

Krefeld, ￿￿￿￿ Canberra, ￿￿￿￿ Dudley Ernest Littlewood *

Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Bangor, ￿￿￿￿ Aurel Freidrich Wintner *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Frank P. Ramsey *

Cambridge, ￿￿￿￿ Londres, ￿￿￿￿ Max Zorn *

￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Jean Alexandre Eugene` Dieudonne´ *

Lille, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ William Feller *

Zagreb, ￿￿￿￿ Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Lars Ahlfors *

Helsinki, ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿￿￿ Hassler Whitney *

Nueva York, ￿￿￿￿ Mount Dents Blanches, ￿￿￿￿ Sergei Lvovich Sobolev *

San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ San Petersburgo, ￿￿￿￿ Stanislaw Ulam *

Lemberg, ￿￿￿￿ Santa Fe, ￿￿￿￿ Anatoly Malcev *

Misheronsky, ￿￿￿￿ Novosibirsk, ￿￿￿￿ Norman Steenrod *

Dayton, ￿￿￿￿ Princeton, ￿￿￿￿ Oswald Teichm ¨uller *

Nordhausen im Harz, ￿￿￿￿Dnieper, ￿￿￿￿ Laurent Schwartz *

Par´ıs, ￿￿￿￿ FRAMEWORK: A dual choice!

Description and computation based on the circle and isotropy Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolomy, Newton, Fourier,......

Use the shape itself as central, with its own metric (conic sections) Apollonius, Galilei, Kepler, Lamé, Minkowski, Finsler......

“One might call: Archimedean the geometry of measurements, and Apollonean the geometry of forms and situations. These two may and do overlap. It is a difference of emphasis”

George Sarton Ecole Polytechnique

Joseph Fourier Gabriel Lamé 1768-1830 1795-1870 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 ! 2ab a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 ! (3a2b + 3ab2 ) an + bn = (a + b)n ! (...... ) = c n

The geometry of means Euclid is a geometrical treatment of the number system (Chern)

If we want the GM to coincide with the AM, we have to place 0 at infinity. In some sense the parallelpostulate ensures that GM < AM, the cornerstone of numbers. Means of higher order

• AM1/3.HM2/3 =a.b • AM2/3.HM1/3 =a.b • GM1/3.GM2/3 =a.b

• AMi/n.HMn-i/n =a.b • AMn-i/n.HMi/n =a.b • GMi/n.GMn-i/n =a.b Means in the triangle

a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 ! (3a2b + 3ab2 )

(a + b)3 = (a3 + b3 ) + (3a2b + 3ab2 )

Means in the triangle

a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 ! (3a2b + 3ab2 )

(a + b)3 = (a3 + b3 ) + (3a2b + 3ab2 )

• The Lamé-part is the pure numbers

Means in the triangle

a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 ! (3a2b + 3ab2 )

(a + b)3 = (a3 + b3 ) + (3a2b + 3ab2 )

• The Lamé-part is the pure numbers • the modulo-part consists of the various geometric means up to order

Means in the triangle

a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 ! (3a2b + 3ab2 )

(a + b)3 = (a3 + b3 ) + (3a2b + 3ab2 )

• The Lamé-part is the pure numbers • the modulo-part consists of the various geometric means up to order • The famous Last Theorem of Fermat We can study nature using only ‘pure numbers’ no geometric means!!!!!!!

1 (a+b)n !! ! 1a 1b ! n=2 ! 1a2 2ab 1b2 n=3 1a3 3a2b 3ab2 1b3 1a4 4a3b 6a2b2 4ab3 1b4 1a5 5a4b 10a3b2 10a2b3 4ab4 1b5 We can study nature using only ‘pure numbers’ no geometric means!!!!!!!

1 (a+b)n !! ! 1a 1b ! n=2 ! 1a2 2ab 1b2 n=3 1a3 3a2b 3ab2 1b3 1a4 4a3b 6a2b2 4ab3 1b4 1a5 5a4b 10a3b2 10a2b3 4ab4 1b5 We can study nature using only ‘pure numbers’ no geometric means!!!!!!!

1 (a+b)n !! ! 1a 1b ! n=2 ! 1a2 2ab 1b2 n=3 1a3 3a2b 3ab2 1b3 1a4 4a3b 6a2b2 4ab3 1b4 1a5 5a4b 10a3b2 10a2b3 4ab4 1b5

!(a + b)n = [an + bn ] + modular part

! FROM SUPERELLIPSES TO SUPERSHAPES APPLICATION: UNIFORM DESCRIPTION

All creatures great and small

100

0

- 100 100

100 50 GPa

in 0 0 L hkl H E - 50 - 100

- 100 - 100 0 - 100 - 50 0 50 100 100 EHhklLin GPa Living and the non-living

Yesterday, today, tomorrow THE NATURE OF DIFFERENTIATION

WHAT IS DIFFERENTIATION? FRAMEWORK The derivative can be thought of as:

(1) Infinitesimal: the ratio of the infinitesimal change in the value of a function to the infinitesimal change in a function. (2) Symbolic: the derivative of sin(x) is cos(x), etc. (3) Logical: f′(x) = d iff for every ε there is a δ such that ... (4) Geometric: the derivative is the slope of a line tangent to the graph of the function, if the graph has a tangent. (5) Microscopic: The derivative of a function is the limit of what you get bylooking at it under a microscope of higher and higher power. .... (37) The derivative of a real-valued function f in a domain D is the Lagrangian section of the cotangent bundle T∗(D) that gives the connection form for the unique flat connection on the trivial R-bundle D " R for which the graph of f is parallel. One person’s clear mental image is another person’s intimidation.... Unless great efforts are made to maintain the tone and flavor of the original human insights, the differences start to evaporate as soon as the mental concepts are translated into precise, formal and explicit definitions (W. Thurston) One person’s clear mental image is another person’s intimidation.... Unless great efforts are made to maintain the tone and flavor of the original human insights, the differences start to evaporate as soon as the mental concepts are translated into precise, formal and explicit definitions (W. Thurston)

Leibniz and Newton played a trick.... Differentiation is still a mystery to me! (Shiing-Shin Chern) Rules of Algebra (Viète, Peano)

But: Is it really impossible to add x3 + x2 + x geometrically? EXTENSION: IT’S ALL ABOUT THE UNIT !

Addition and multiplication

Nature described by superconic sections Addition and multiplication

Functions Expression Graph xn and ym

Addition & Arithmetic xn + ym Lamé curves / superellipses mean

Multiplication & Geometric xn.ym = C Power functions, mean y = C xn/m superparabola

Nature described by superconic sections A uniform description of shape thank you for your attention