Depression and Anxiety: a Review
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Is Your Depressed Patient Bipolar?
J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.18.4.271 on 29 June 2005. Downloaded from EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL MEDICINE Is Your Depressed Patient Bipolar? Neil S. Kaye, MD, DFAPA Accurate diagnosis of mood disorders is critical for treatment to be effective. Distinguishing between major depression and bipolar disorders, especially the depressed phase of a bipolar disorder, is essen- tial, because they differ substantially in their genetics, clinical course, outcomes, prognosis, and treat- ment. In current practice, bipolar disorders, especially bipolar II disorder, are underdiagnosed. Misdi- agnosing bipolar disorders deprives patients of timely and potentially lifesaving treatment, particularly considering the development of newer and possibly more effective medications for both depressive fea- tures and the maintenance treatment (prevention of recurrence/relapse). This article focuses specifi- cally on how to recognize the identifying features suggestive of a bipolar disorder in patients who present with depressive symptoms or who have previously been diagnosed with major depression or dysthymia. This task is not especially time-consuming, and the interested primary care or family physi- cian can easily perform this assessment. Tools to assist the physician in daily practice with the evalua- tion and recognition of bipolar disorders and bipolar depression are presented and discussed. (J Am Board Fam Pract 2005;18:271–81.) Studies have demonstrated that a large proportion orders than in major depression, and the psychiat- of patients in primary care settings have both med- ric treatments of the 2 disorders are distinctly dif- ical and psychiatric diagnoses and require dual ferent.3–5 Whereas antidepressants are the treatment.1 It is thus the responsibility of the pri- treatment of choice for major depression, current mary care physician, in many instances, to correctly guidelines recommend that antidepressants not be diagnose mental illnesses and to treat or make ap- used in the absence of mood stabilizers in patients propriate referrals. -
Specificity of Psychosis, Mania and Major Depression in A
Molecular Psychiatry (2014) 19, 209–213 & 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1359-4184/14 www.nature.com/mp ORIGINAL ARTICLE Specificity of psychosis, mania and major depression in a contemporary family study CL Vandeleur1, KR Merikangas2, M-PF Strippoli1, E Castelao1 and M Preisig1 There has been increasing attention to the subgroups of mood disorders and their boundaries with other mental disorders, particularly psychoses. The goals of the present paper were (1) to assess the familial aggregation and co-aggregation patterns of the full spectrum of mood disorders (that is, bipolar, schizoaffective (SAF), major depression) based on contemporary diagnostic criteria; and (2) to evaluate the familial specificity of the major subgroups of mood disorders, including psychotic, manic and major depressive episodes (MDEs). The sample included 293 patients with a lifetime diagnosis of SAF disorder, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD), 110 orthopedic controls, and 1734 adult first-degree relatives. The diagnostic assignment was based on all available information, including direct diagnostic interviews, family history reports and medical records. Our findings revealed specificity of the familial aggregation of psychosis (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 2.9, confidence interval (CI): 1.1–7.7), mania (OR ¼ 6.4, CI: 2.2–18.7) and MDEs (OR ¼ 2.0, CI: 1.5–2.7) but not hypomania (OR ¼ 1.3, CI: 0.5–3.6). There was no evidence for cross-transmission of mania and MDEs (OR ¼ .7, CI:.5–1.1), psychosis and mania (OR ¼ 1.0, CI:.4–2.7) or psychosis and MDEs (OR ¼ 1.0, CI:.7–1.4). -
Psychomotor Retardation Is a Scar of Past Depressive Episodes, Revealed by Simple Cognitive Tests
European Neuropsychopharmacology (2014) 24, 1630–1640 www.elsevier.com/locate/euroneuro Psychomotor retardation is a scar of past depressive episodes, revealed by simple cognitive tests P. Gorwooda,b,n,S.Richard-Devantoyc,F.Bayléd, M.L. Cléry-Meluna aCMME (Groupe Hospitalier Sainte-Anne), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France bINSERM U894, Centre of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris 75014, France cDepartment of Psychiatry and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada dSHU (Groupe Hospitalier Sainte-Anne), 7 rue Cabanis, Paris 75014, France Received 25 March 2014; received in revised form 24 July 2014; accepted 26 July 2014 KEYWORDS Abstract Cognition; The cumulative duration of depressive episodes, and their repetition, has a detrimental effect on Major depressive depression recurrence rates and the chances of antidepressant response, and even increases the risk disorder; of dementia, raising the possibility that depressive episodes could be neurotoxic. Psychomotor Recurrence; retardation could constitute a marker of this negative burden of past depressive episodes, with Psychomotor conflicting findings according to the use of clinical versus cognitive assessments. We assessed the role retardation; of the Retardation Depressive Scale (filled in by the clinician) and the time required to perform the Scar; Neurotoxic neurocognitive d2 attention test and the Trail Making Test (performed by patients) in a sample of 2048 depressed outpatients, before and after 6 to 8 weeks of treatment with agomelatine. From this sample, 1140 patients performed the TMT-A and -B, and 508 performed the d2 test, at baseline and after treatment. At baseline, we found that with more past depressive episodes patients had more severe clinical level of psychomotor retardation, and that they needed more time to perform both d2 and TMT. -
Major Depressive and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER Dana Bartlett, RN, BSN, MSN, MA Dana Bartlett is a professional nurse and author. His clinical experience includes 16 years of ICU and ER experience and over 20 years of as a poison control center information specialist. Dana has published numerous CE and journal articles, written NCLEX material and textbook chapters, and done editing and reviewing for publishers such as Elsevier, Lippincott, and Thieme. He has written widely on the subject of toxicology and was recently named a contributing editor, toxicology section, for Critical Care Nurse journal. He is currently employed at the Connecticut Poison Control Center and is actively involved in lecturing and mentoring nurses, emergency medical residents and pharmacy students. ABSTRACT Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder are psychiatric conditions with primary symptoms that often overlap. The treatment of each condition is often similar. Medication, psychotherapy and lifestyle changes are typically recommended as part of the patient treatment plan. Although often diagnosed as separate conditions, major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder often co- occur, and thoughtful consideration by psychiatric and primary care providers and nurses of selective treatment strategies to target primary symptoms will support patient compliance, progress and remission. nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 1 Continuing Nursing Education Course Planners William A. Cook, PhD, Director, Douglas Lawrence, MA, Webmaster, Susan DePasquale, MSN, FPMHNP-BC, Lead Nurse Planner Policy Statement This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the policies of NurseCe4Less.com and the continuing nursing education requirements of the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation for registered nurses. -
Understanding the Mental Status Examination with the Help of Videos
Understanding the Mental Status Examination with the help of videos Dr. Anvesh Roy Psychiatry Resident, University of Toronto Introduction • The mental status examination describes the sum total of the examiner’s observations and impressions of the psychiatric patient at the time of the interview. • Whereas the patient's history remains stable, the patient's mental status can change from day to day or hour to hour. • Even when a patient is mute, is incoherent, or refuses to answer questions, the clinician can obtain a wealth of information through careful observation. Outline for the Mental Status Examination • Appearance • Overt behavior • Attitude • Speech • Mood and affect • Thinking – a. Form – b. Content • Perceptions • Sensorium – a. Alertness – b. Orientation (person, place, time) – c. Concentration – d. Memory (immediate, recent, long term) – e. Calculations – f. Fund of knowledge – g. Abstract reasoning • Insight • Judgment Appearance • Examples of items in the appearance category include body type, posture, poise, clothes, grooming, hair, and nails. • Common terms used to describe appearance are healthy, sickly, ill at ease, looks older/younger than stated age, disheveled, childlike, and bizarre. • Signs of anxiety are noted: moist hands, perspiring forehead, tense posture and wide eyes. Appearance Example (from Psychosis video) • The pt. is a 23 y.o male who appears his age. There is poor grooming and personal hygiene evidenced by foul body odor and long unkempt hair. The pt. is wearing a worn T-Shirt with an odd symbol looking like a shield. This appears to be related to his delusions that he needs ‘antivirus’ protection from people who can access his mind. -
An Evidence Based Guide to Anxiety in Autism
Academic excellence for business and the professions The Autism Research Group An Evidence Based Guide to Anxiety in Autism Sebastian B Gaigg, Autism Research Group City, University of London Jane Crawford, Autism and Social Communication Team West Sussex County Council Helen Cottell, Autism and Social Communication Team West Sussex County Council www.city.ac.uk November 2018 Foreword Over the past 10-15 years, research has confirmed what many parents and teachers have long suspected – that many autistic children often experience very significant levels of anxiety. This guide provides an overview of what is currently known about anxiety in autism; how common it is, what causes it, and what strategies might help to manage and reduce it. By combining the latest research evidence with experience based recommendations for best practice, the aim of this guide is to help educators and other professionals make informed decisions about how to promote mental health and well-being in autistic children under their care. 3 Contents What do we know about anxiety in autism? 5 What is anxiety? 5 How common is anxiety and what does it look like in autism? 6 What causes anxiety in autism? 7-9 Implications for treatment approaches 10 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 10 Coping with uncertainity 11 Mindfulness based therapy 11 Tools to support the management of anxiety in autism 12 Sensory processing toolbox 12-13 Emotional awareness and alexithymia toolbox 14-15 Intolerance of uncertainty toolbox 16-17 Additional resources and further reading 18-19 A note on language in this guide There are different preferences among members of the autism community about whether identity-first (‘autistic person’) or person-first (‘person with autism’) language should be used to describe individuals who have received an autism spectrum diagnosis. -
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder By William A. Kehoe, Pharm.D., MA, FCCP, BCPS Reviewed by Sarah T. Melton, Pharm.D., BCPP, BCACP; and Clarissa J. Gregory, Pharm.D., BCACP, BCGP, CACP LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Distinguish between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and other psychiatric or medical disorders. 2. Using validated screening tools and procedures, develop a screening and diagnostic plan for the patient with possible GAD. 3. Develop a treatment and monitoring plan, including patient education on the goals, expected outcomes, and risks of treatment, for the patient with GAD. 4. Justify the use of second- and third-line agents in the treatment plan for a patient with GAD. 5. Design an appropriate treatment plan for GAD for patients requiring special considerations including children, the elderly, and patients who are pregnant. INTRODUCTION ABBREVIATIONS IN THIS CHAPTER CBT Cognitive behavioral therapy Overview of Anxiety Disorders CSTC Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical Anxiety disorders are common among patients in primary care and circuitry share a common thread: focusing on future threats. Worry, avoidant DSM-5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual behavior or behavioral adaptations, and autonomic and other somatic of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition complaints are also common. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of GABA γ-Aminobutyric acid Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) lists separation anxiety, selec- GAD Generalized anxiety disorder tive mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder (also called GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder social phobia), panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety, 7-Item Scale substance abuse/medication-induced anxiety, and anxiety disorder SGA Second-generation antipsychotic caused by another medical condition in its chapter on anxiety dis- SNRI Serotonin-norepinephrine reup- orders (APA 2013). -
Supporting a Person with Dementia Who Has Depression, Anxiety Or Apathy
Factsheet 444LP Supporting a October 2019 person with dementia who has depression, anxiety or apathy Depression, anxiety and apathy are known as ‘psychological conditions’ because they affect a person’s emotional and mental health. It’s common for people with dementia to experience these conditions. This factsheet looks at how they can affect a person with dementia. This can be different to how they affect people who don’t have dementia. It also looks at ways to support a person with dementia who has depression, anxiety or apathy. This includes day-to-day support that carers and other people can provide. It also includes non-drug treatments, such as talking therapies or ‘psychological therapies’, and explains the different types and how they can help. The information in this factsheet focuses on supporting someone with dementia who has depression, anxiety or apathy. However, anyone can experience these conditions. For more information about this if you’re caring for someone with dementia see ‘How can talking therapies help carers?’ on page 22. 2 Supporting a person with dementia who has depression, anxiety or apathy Contents n Depression — Causes of depression — Symptoms of depression — Treatment for depression — How to support a person with dementia who has depression n Anxiety — Causes of anxiety — Symptoms of anxiety — Treatment for anxiety — How to support a person with dementia who has anxiety n Apathy — Causes of apathy — Symptoms of apathy — Treatment for apathy — How to support a person with dementia who has apathy n Seeing a -
Empirical Redefinition of Delusional Disorder and Its Phenomenology: the DELIREMP Study ⁎ Enrique De Portugala, , Nieves Gonzálezb, Victoria Del Amoc, Josep M
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Comprehensive Psychiatry 54 (2013) 243–255 www.elsevier.com/locate/comppsych Empirical redefinition of delusional disorder and its phenomenology: the DELIREMP study ⁎ Enrique de Portugala, , Nieves Gonzálezb, Victoria del Amoc, Josep M. Harod, Covadonga M. Díaz-Caneja e, Juan de Dios Luna del Castillof, Jorge A. Cervillag aDepartment of Psychiatry, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain bResearch and Development Unit, Sant-Joan de Déu-SSM, Barcelona, Spain cDepartment of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain dParc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain eChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain fDepartment of Psychiatry & Institute of Neurosciences, University of Granada, Spain gCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain Abstract Aims: Since Kraepelin, the controversy has persisted surrounding the nature of delusional disorder (DD) as a separate nosological entity or its clinical subtypes. Nevertheless, there has been no systematic study of its psychopathological structure based on patient interviews. Our goal was to empirically explore syndromic subentities in DD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 86 outpatients with DSM-IV-confirmed DD using SCID-I. Psychopathological factors were identified by factor analysis of PANSS scores. The association between these factors and clinical variables (as per standardized instruments) was analyzed using uni- and multivariate techniques. -
Diagnosis and Management of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder BRADLEY D
Diagnosis and Management of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder BRADLEY D. GRINAGE, M.D., University of Kansas School of Medicine–Wichita, Wichita, Kansas Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating anxiety disorder that may cause significant distress and increased use of health resources, the condition O A patient informa- often goes undiagnosed. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the United States is 8 to tion handout on post- traumatic stress disor- 9 percent, and approximately 25 to 30 percent of victims of significant trauma der, written by the develop PTSD. The emotional and physical symptoms of PTSD occur in three clusters: author of this article, re-experiencing the trauma, marked avoidance of usual activities, and increased is provided on page symptoms of arousal. Before a diagnosis of PTSD can be made, the patient’s symp- 2409. toms must significantly disrupt normal activities and last for more than one month. Approximately 80 percent of patients with PTSD have at least one comorbid psychi- atric disorder. The most common comorbid disorders include depression, alcohol and drug abuse, and other anxiety disorders. Treatment relies on a multidimensional approach, including supportive patient education, cognitive behavior therapy, and psychopharmacology. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the mainstay of pharmacologic treatment. (Am Fam Physician 2003;68:2401-8,2409. Copyright© 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians) ost-traumatic stress disorder Background (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder The psychologic effects of trauma have that occurs following exposure to been described throughout military history. a traumatic event. The disorder Da Costa syndrome (“soldier’s heart”), which has not been extensively studied is characterized by cardiac symptoms associ- Pin primary care; however, the events of Sep- ated with irritability and increased arousal, tember 11, 2001, raised both public and pro- was described in veterans of the American fessional awareness of PTSD. -
Chapter 2 Mood Disorders
A Report on Mental Illnesses in Canada CHAPTER 2 MOOD DISORDERS Highlights • Mood disorders include major depression, bipolar disorder (combining episodes of both mania and depression) and dysthymia. • Approximately 8% of adults will experience major depression at some time in their lives. Approximately 1% will experience bipolar disorder. • The onset of mood disorders usually occurs during adolescence. • Worldwide, major depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability, and the fourth cause of disability- adjusted life years (DALYs). • Mood disorders have a major economic impact through associated health care costs as well as lost work productivity. • Most individuals with a mood disorder can be treated effectively in the community. Unfortunately, many individuals delay seeking treatment. • Hospitalizations for mood disorders in general hospitals are approximately one and a half times higher among women than men. • The wide disparity among age groups in hospitalization rates for depression in general hospitals has narrowed in recent years, because of a greater decrease in hospitalization rates in older age groups. • Hospitalization rates for bipolar disorder in general hospitals are increasing among women and men between 15 and 24 years of age. • Individuals with mood disorders are at high risk of suicide. 31 A Report on Mental Illnesses in Canada What Are Mood Disorders? Mood disorders may involve depression only with the illness progresses. (also referred to as “unipolar depression”) or Both depressive and manic episodes can they may include manic episodes (as in change the way an individual thinks and bipolar disorder, which is classically known as behaves, and how his/her body functions. -
Mental Health and PD
Mental Health and PD Laura Marsh, MD Director, Mental Health Care Line Michael E. DeBakey Medical Center Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology Baylor College of Medicine Recorded on September 18, 2018 Disclosures Research Support Parkinson’s Foundation, Dystonia Foundation, Veterans Health Admin Consultancies (< 2 years) None Honoraria None Royalties Taylor & Francis/Informa Approved/Unapproved Uses Dr. Marsh does intend to discuss the use of off-label /unapproved use of drugs or devices for treatment of psychiatric disturbances in Parkinson’s disease. 1 Learning Objectives • Describe relationships between motor, cognitive, and psychiatric dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD) over the course of the disease. • List the common psychiatric diagnoses seen in patients with PD. • Describe appropriate treatments for neuropsychiatric disturbances in PD. 2 James Parkinson 1755 - 1828 “Involuntary tremulous motion, with lessened muscular power, In parts not in action and even when supported; with a propensity to bend the trunk forward, and to pass from a walking to a running pace; … 3 James Parkinson 1755 - 1828 “Involuntary tremulous motion, with lessened muscular power, In parts not in action and even when supported; with a propensity to bend the trunk forward, and to pass from a walking to a running pace; the senses and intellects being uninjured.” 4 The Complex Face of Parkinson’s Disease • Affects ~ 0.3% general population ~ 1.5 million Americans, 7-10 Million globally ~ 1% population over age 50; ~ 2.5% > 70 years; ~ 4% > 80 years ~ All