Phenolic Compounds, Fatty Acid Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Commercial Cold- Pressed Grape Seed (Vitis Vinifera) Oils from Turkey Zeliha Ustun-Argon
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 4, April-2019 1211 ISSN 2229-5518 Phenolic Compounds, Fatty Acid Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Commercial Cold- Pressed Grape Seed (Vitis vinifera) Oils From Turkey Zeliha Ustun-Argon Abstract— Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are one of the largest fruit crops in the world and its consumed both as fresh fruits or processed products such as wine, jam, juice, grape seed extract, oil, vinegar. Grape seed oil is one of the most important by-product of grape juice and wine processes due to its beneficial health effects, flavor and special characteristics for food applications. Different samples of cold pressed grape seed oil from Turkey have been evaluated for fatty acid compositions and the samples found rich in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Phenolic components determined with LC-QTOF-MS have identified with Metlin_Metabolomic database and 26-77 different components were defined for five different samples. DPPH scavenging activities were determined as 31.00-45.31%. Index Terms— Cold press, DPPH radical scavenging, Fatty acid composition, Grape seed oil, LC-QTOF-MS, Phenolics, Vitis vinifera —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION n recent years, improving and maintaining health by and cold pressed oil is rich with unsaturated fatty acids I changing life styles, eating habits and using nutraceuticals (UFAs) such as linoleic acid (72–76%) and oleic acid (12-20% ) has became more popular. Therefore dietary properties of [9], [10], [11]. Grape seed oil with its fatty acid composition nonconventional foods for alternative usages have been de- and antioxidants has an important role in inhibition of cardi- veloped by novel researches. And products are launched in ovascular diseases, prevention of thrombosis, oxidation of the market to support the metabolism for managing or treat- low-density lipoproteins, cholesterol serum level reductions, ing diseases and to promote well-being. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) regulation of autonomic nerve [12]. Additionally, high content are one of the largest fruit crops in the world and its con- of tannins in grape seed oil cause higher stability against pe- sumed both as fresh fruits or processed products such as roxidations [11]. Cold pressed extracted grape seed oils tend to wine, jam, juice, grape seedIJSER extract, vinegar, jelly, grape seed have more antioxidant and significant level of phytochemi- oil and dried grapes [1]. After the wine and grape juice pro- cals, and aroma compounds since the process does not in- duction processes there is a great amount of pomace which is clude any heat or chemical applications. Therefore it is pre- 20-26% of the grape fruit. Grape seeds are rich in carbohy- ferred for supplements and a healthy diet. In addition, the drates (60%–70%), fatty acids (13%–19%), proteins (11%), and stability properties of cold pressed oils which include peroxide antioxidants. Tocopherols and tocotrienols belong to the vita- value and an oxidative stability index support a longer shelf min E family and are well known with antioxidant, anti- life for the oil [13], [14], [15], [16],[17], [18]. inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects in grape seeds [2]. Free radicals play an important role in health problems Grape seed oil is a valuable product which can be obtained such as cardiovascular diseases with the major effect on lipid from the grape juice and wine process as a by-product [3]. peroxidation. The mechanism of antioxidant products is relat- Grapeseed oil is one of the most commonly preferred gourmet ed with removal of free radicals. This is important for edible oil with its unique light and nutty flavor. It is used succesful- oils which are defined as antioxidants, as the oils lower the ly in frying due to its high smoke point also has been chosen low density lipoprotein levels and oxidative stress and sup- for baking, marinades, salad dressings purposes. In addition port reduction of inflammation with some diseases [19], [20], to the food applications, grape seed is also important for cos- [21]. meceutical, supplements, pharmaceutical and personal care In the present study, mostly preferred cold pressed grape products owing to bioactive components, antioxidants, fatty seed oils in the Turkish market have been evaluated. The acids and high amount of nutrients in its content [4], [5], [6], samples have been analysed for their fatty acids compositions [7], [8]. (FAME), phenolic profiles and DPPH radical scavenging ac- Grape seeds contain approximately 8–15% (w/w) of oil tivities. Since the measuring instruments’ performances have been improved , the authenticity and characterization of the ———————————————— conventional and unconventional oils were able to detected • Zeliha Ustun-Argon is currently assistant professor in Biyosistem Engineering in Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey, PH- extensively [22]. With this respect the analysis has been com- 905553804496. E-mail:[email protected] pleted by using advanced instruments, such as LC-Q-TOF-MS, GC-MS to be able to see the differences between diffeent IJSER © 2019 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 4, April-2019 1212 ISSN 2229-5518 brandnames. This study also aimed to determine the trends in 2.5 DPPH Free Radical-Scavenging Assay components of the grape seed oils by applying principal The free radical scavenging activity was determined by the component (PCA) analysis. DPPH assay spectrophotometrically [24]. Shortly, the extract was taken as 1.0 mL and mixed with DPPH (1.0 mL and 0.8 mmol/L). After shaking the mix left for 30 min. At the end of 2 MATERIAL AND METHOD the time the absorbance was measured at 517 nm against a 2.1 Material reagent blank for 5% solution. Gallic acid and BHT used as Cold pressed grape seed oil samples have been chosen from standards. Analysis have been repeated for three times. The amongst the mostly known brandnames. Samples have been inhibition percentage for scevenging DPPH radical it was cal- bought from the pharmacies and natural supplements shops. culated with the following equation; 2.2 Chemicals DPPH radical scavenging effect (%)=(A control-A sample )/(A All the reagents were obtained from J.T. Baker, and Sigma– control ) x 100 Aldrich and they are either chromatographic or analytical A Control : The initial concentration of the DPPH grade. Millipore ultrapure water (Type I) was used for all A Sample : The remaining concentration of DPPH’s absorb- analysis. ance in the presence of the extract and positive controls. 2.3 Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) analysis The method to determine fatty acid composition was TABLE 1 COI/T.20/Doc. No 33 for olive oils [23]. The standard for re- ELLUTION STEPS tention time to identify the fatty acids was A 37 component mixture of FAME (Supelco). The quantitative analysis was completed with the area ratio of the relevant peak. The in- strument was An Agilent 6890 GC-FID system. The column Time (min) Mobile phase was a Supelco 2560 capillary column (100 m x 0.25 mm ID x 0.2 μm) with 1:100 split ratio, injection and detector tempera- 0 % 5 B tures were 250°C and 260°C, respectively. The oven tempera- ture is held at 140°C for 1 min and then, increased to 240°C at 8 % 15 B a rate of 4°C/min and hold for 5 min. 10 % 20 B 2.4 Phenolics An HPLC Agilent 1260 Infinity series (Agilent Technologies, 13 % 25 B Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a the double pump, degasser, automatic sample dispenser was used for chroma- 18 % 30 B tographic separation. CompoundIJSER seperations completed by using Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (3.0X50 mm, particle size 2.7 μm) 20 % 45 B (Agilent) column. The gradient washing (elution) steps given in the table. Mobile phase A was the mixture of 0.1% formic 24 % 60 B acid and water and mobile phase B was the acetonitrile. The column temperature was 35 ° C, 3 μL sample was injected 27 % 80 B and the flow rate was arranged as 0.4 mL/min. 30 % 90 B The Agilent 6550 iFunnel high resolution Accurate Mass QTOF-MS is used for MS analysis. The instrument equipped 32 % 5 B with Agilent Dual Jet Stream which is able to operate in positive ion electrospray ionization (Dual AJS ESI) interface. The drying gas temperature was 290 ° C ; gas flow of 3 Conditioning cycle desiccant was 14.0 L / min; nebilizer gas pressure was 35 psi; sheath gas temperature was 400 ° C; the sheath nitrogen gas flow was at 12 L/min. Mass spectra were recorded in the negative ionization mode in a mass range of 50-1700 m/z. MassHunter Workstation software was used for Integration and data detailing were performed using the station. Agilent METLIN Metabolomix database, library and full mass personal com-posite database and library (METLIN_AM_PCDL) have been used to identify analytes. Positive and negative modes are conducted in the same conditions. IJSER © 2019 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 4, April-2019 1213 ISSN 2229-5518 2.6 Data Analysis tification for grape seed oils. Different studies mentioned The multivariate data matrix is evaluated with fatty acid me- about vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, catechin, procyanidin B1, thyl esters, phenolics and DPPH radical scavenging activity of trans-resveratrol, epicatechin, and sinapic phenolic com- the chosen samples. Results are given means±SD for triplicate pounds in the grape seed oil [29], [27]. Total phenolic content analysis. Chemometric methods, PCA (Ward’s algorithmic (TPC) of Muscadine, Concord, Ruby red, Chardonnay varie- method are used to classify and characterize the grape seeds ties found as 0.44,0.80,0.16 and 0.23 mf GAE/g respectively oil samples. Multivariate analysis completed with Minitab 15 [4].