DOCSLIB.ORG

Ophthalmic Consequences of Mid-Facial Trauma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ophthalmic Consequences of Mid-Facial Trauma OPHTHALMIC CONSEQUENCES OF MID-FACIAL TRAUMA G. N. DUTTON/ 1. AL-QURAINY,2 L. F. A. STASSEN 3 D. M. TITTERINGTON,4 K. F. MOOSs s A. EL-ATTAR, Glasgow, Plymouth and Sunderland SUMMARY severity of ophthalmic pathology deemed to merit report­ Fractures of the mid-face are commonly accompanied by ing, Reports written by maxillofacial and plastic surgeons injury to the visual system. Three hundred and sixty give lower estimates than those written by three patients who had sustained mid-facial fractures ophthalmologists, were assessed prospectively for evidence of such injury. When eye injuries are severe, they can be easily identi­ The data have been used to devise a scoring system for the fied by any clinician, but a number of injuries (such as maxillofacial surgeon in order to help identify those angle recession and retinal tears) may potentially threaten patients at risk of eye injury. The scoring system has been visual function and are difficult to detect by the non­ evaluated on a further cohort of 100 patients with a ophthalmologist. It is important to be able to identify such similar spectrum of injury and the sensitivity and speci­ patients so that correct referral can be made for appro­ ficity of the system have been determined. The results of priate treatment and with a view to thorough documenta­ these studies have been reported in the maxillofacial liter­ tion for potential medicolegal claims, ature. This paper reviews the data and results obtained. We have carried out a detailed prospective ophthalmic In summary, impaired visual acuity with a comminuted assessment on a cohort of 363 patients sustaining mid­ or out blow fracture , a motility abnormality, or facial facial fractures in order to determine the spectrum of oph­ fracture combined with head injury, sufficient to cause thalmic pathology which may arise and to identify those both retrograde and post-traumatic amnesia, emerged as individuals who would benefit from an ophthalmic opin­ major risk factors which are indicative of an adverse oph­ ionY These data have been used to devise a scoring thalmic outcome deemed to warrant referral. The scoring system whereby the maxillofacial surgeon can use his system which was developed from this data was found to observations (without recourse to detailed eye examin­ have a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificityof89% for the ation) to identify those patients who may benefit from an detection of patients thought to merit ophthalmic assess­ ophthalmic opinion,9 The system has subsequently been 0 ment. Failure to assess central visual function as objec­ evaluated on a separate cohort of 100 similar patients, 1 tively as practicable in patients who have sustained PATIENTS AND METHODS mid-facial fractures may lead to potentially treatable ophthalmic pathology not being identified. Patients Three hundred and sixty three patients who had sustained Mid facial trauma sufficient to give rise to a facial bone mid-facial or frontal bone fractures and who were treated fracture may also injure the visual system. Estimates of at the Maxillofacial Unit, Canniesbum Hospital, Glasgow the incidence of ocular disorders following midfacial frac­ between April 1, 1985 and March 31, 1987 were admitted 1 ture vary considerably and range between 1 % and 57%? to the initial study, All patients with persistent pathology These estimates depend upon referral practice, whether were followed up for at least one year. Patients with cra­ the studies were prospective3,4 or retrospective2,5,6 and the niofacial fractures managed by the same team in the 'Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow regional neurosurgical unit were only included if they Gl16NT, were transferred to or followed up in Canniesbum 2Royal Eye Infirmary, Apsley Road, Plymouth PL4 6PL HospitaL 3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sunderland District Patients with major trauma were evaluated ophthalmo­ General Hospital, Kayll Road, Sunderland, Tyne & Wear SR4 7TP, 4Department of Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G 12 logically within 48 hours of injury, whilst those with less 8QQ, severe injuries were assessed at the ensuing weekly oph­ 5Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Canniesburn thalmic clinic. At a later stage (between December 1989 Hospital, Bearsden, Glasgow G6l lQL Correspondence to: Dr. G, N, Dutton, FRCS, FCOphth, Tennent and August 1990), 100 additional patients with identical Institute of Ophthalmology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow GIl 6NT. entry criteria were evaluated in the same manner. Eye (1992) 6, 86-89 OPTHALMIC CONSEQUENCES OF MID-FACIAL TRAUMA 87 Clinical Assessment required, for example, retinal detachment and retro-bulbar All patients underwent prospective assessment of their haemorrhage.9 maxillofacial status and were subsequently assessed in Selection of Risk Factors detail by both an ophthalmologist and an orthoptist. All Each of the potential predictors was initially considered data concerningthe facial injuries, the ophthalmic compli­ separately with respect to each of the outcome categories. cations and the management were comprehensively docu­ For each of the two-way contingency tables obtained, the mented and coded for subsequent statistical analysis. Chi squared statistic was computed and those predictors which gave results at or near the 5% confidence level were Statistical Analysis noted. All data were coded and tabulated and most statistical analyses were carried out using the statistical package Construction of a Scoring System Minitab. The data obtained above were analysed by means of step­ wise linear regression analysis. This technique results in a Potential Predictors selection of the subset of predictors which extracts the Seven sets of data were chosen as potential predictors for meaningful predictive information contained by all the ophthalmic injury. These were selected on the basis that predictors. The resulting subset therefore provides a par­ they may all be routinely recorded by the maxillofacial simonious but efficient means of prediction. The coeffi­ surgeon and may have a bearing on the ultimate ophthal­ cients of the corresponding regression equation were mic outcome. They comprised: employed to derive the scores suitable for everyday 1. Basic patient data: sex, age and month of injury practice. 2. Cause of injury RESULTS 3. Type of bone and associated soft tissue injury 4. Method(s) of surgical treatment Details of Injuries Sustained 5. Ophthalmic data: Affected eye. Visual acuity Figure I illustrates the spectrum of mid-facial fractures 6. Ocular motility data: Symptoms of double vision or sustained in the population studied and Figure 2 indicates obvious signs of eye movement disorder the causes of the injuries sustained. The severity of eye 7. Associated conditions: Retrograde and post-traumatic injuries is illustrated in Figure 3. This was classified in a amnesia and cranial nerve palsies manner similar to the outcome criteria described by Holt and Hole in their extensive review of eye injuries sus­ Outcome Categories tained following facial fractures. Only 34 patients had no The types of potential ophthalmic injury were classified evidence of eye injury. Mild (reversible) disorders includ­ into three outcome categories.9 'Non-referral cases' com­ ing eyelid swelling and subconjunctival haemorrhage was prised such self-limiting disorders as bruising and swell­ seen in 230 patients (60%). Fifty seven patients had sus­ ing. 'Routine referral cases' included those patients with tained eye injuries sufficient to cause visual dysfunction traumatic pupillary changes, traumatic cataract and for a number of weeks including four cases of choroidal impaired accommodation. 'Early referral cases' were tears not involving the macula and 13 patients with mac­ those for whom urgent therapeutic intervention might be ular oedema. The types of severe ophthalmic injury seen in 42 patients were as follows: Types of Fracture CAUSES OF INJURY 120 Pure N � u _ Female m 96 b 100 CJ Male e n·363 80 0 Combinations I 60 45 45 45 P a t III i e Fort n t s Undisplaced Arch Fig.!. Pie diagram illustrating the range of fracture types Fig. 2. Histogram showing the types of injuries sustained in seen in the population studied. (Type IV malar fractures are the population studied. (RTA = Road traffic accident. Asslt = characterised by frontozygomatic distraction whilst Type 1lI Assault. Indst = Industrial accident). Patients injured whilst malar fractures are not.) under the influence of alcohol are illustrated separately. 88 G. N. DUTTON ET AL. Retrobulbar haemorrhage Development of the Scoring System (requiring surgical intervention) 4 Corneal laceration 1 Not surprisingly, impairment in visual acuity emerged as Hyphaema 5 the most sensitive, single predictor of eye injury. Angle recession 8 Comminuted fractures of the malar culminated in the Vitreous haemorrhage and/or retinal tears 9 Irreversible maculopathy 6 most severe eye and motility defects, no doubt as a sequel Optic nerve injury 9 to the loss of the protection normally afforded by the lat­ 42 eral orbital wall. Pure blow out fractures were commonly accompanied EYE INJURIES by motility defects warranting ophthalmic referral. N Abnormalities of eye movement can, in most cases, easily u 186 m be diagnosed by the maxillofacial surgeon primarily on b 200 Male e the basis of diplopia. Although this predictor 'overlaps' o Female with comminuted and blow out fractures, it emerged as a n·363 150 predictor which identified additional cases deemed to war­ 0 I rant referral. Head injuries of sufficient severity to result in mid­ P 100 a facial fractures accompanied by both retrograde and post - I 46-- i traumatic amnesia also affect the visual system in many e 50 n cases. This severe form of amnesia thus emerged as a sig­ t s nificant risk factor. Figure 5 illustrates these risk factors, 0 the scores apportioned, and their significance. The means NORMAL MILD MODERATE SEVERE whereby these values have been derived have been Ocular Disorder described previously.9 Fig. 3. Histogram showing the severity of the injuries The tests for validity for these scores (when applied to sustained.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 42 – Facial Trauma
    CrackCast Show Notes – Facial Trauma– September 2016 www.canadiem.org/crackcast Chapter 42 – Facial Trauma Episode Overview: 1) Describe the anatomy of the bones, glands, and ducts of the face. At what ages do the sinuses appear? 2) List 5 types of facial fractures. 3) Describe the clinical presentation and associated radiographic findings of an orbital blowout fracture. 4) Describe an orbital tripod fracture and its management. 5) List the indications for antibiotics in a patient with facial trauma? 6) What is the importance of perioral electrical burns? 7) What are the indications for specialist repair of an eyelid laceration? 8) Describe the classification and management of dental fractures. a. What is the management of an avulsed tooth? b. What is a luxed tooth? How is it managed? c. What is an alveolar ridge fracture? 9) Describe the method for reducing a jaw dislocation? What is the usual direction of the dislocation? Rosen’s in Perspective mechanism of facial trauma varies significantly age highly associated with alcohol use o 49% of maxillofacial trauma was ETOH related in one study . Of these, 78% were related to violence and assaults, and 13% to motor vehicle collisions. other common mechanisms include falls, animal bites, sports, and flying debris. much more common in unprotected vehicle users such as ATVs and motorcycles o 32% of injured ATV riders will have facial injuries. facial injury in these patients correlates with injury severity score children < 17 years old, sports injuries are the largest source of facial injuries (20%) children < 6 years old most commonly suffer facial injuries from family pets such as dogs in young children the face is the most common location of trauma associated with abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Approach to the Trauma Patient Will Help Reduce Errors
    The Approach To Trauma Author Credentials Written by: Nicholas E. Kman, MD, The Ohio State University Updated by: Creagh Boulger, MD, and Benjamin M. Ostro, MD, The Ohio State University Last Update: March 2019 Case Study “We have a motor vehicle accident 5 minutes out per EMS report.” 47-year-old male unrestrained driver ejected 15 feet from car arrives via EMS. Vital Signs: BP: 100/40, RR: 28, HR: 110. He was initially combative at the scene but now difficult to arouse. He does not open his eyes, withdrawals only to pain, and makes gurgling sounds. EMS placed a c-collar and backboard, but could not start an IV. What do you do? Objectives Upon completion of this self-study module, you should be able to: ● Describe a focused rapid assessment of the trauma patient using an organized primary and secondary survey. ● Discuss the components of the primary survey. ● Discuss possible pathology that can occur in each domain of the primary survey and recommend treatment/stabilization measures. ● Describe how to stabilize a trauma patient and prioritize resuscitative measures. ● Discuss the secondary survey with particular attention to head/central nervous system (CNS), cervical spine, chest, abdominal, and musculoskeletal trauma. ● Discuss appropriate labs and diagnostic testing in caring for a trauma patient. ● Describe appropriate disposition of a trauma patient. Introduction Nearly 10% of all deaths in the world are caused by injury. Trauma is the number one cause of death in persons 1-50 years of age and results in significant life years lost. According to the National Trauma Data Bank, falls were the leading cause of trauma followed by motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) and firearm related injuries with an overall mortality rate of 4.39% in 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Maxillofacial Trauma
    Case Report 2019 iMedPub Journals International Journal of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine www.imedpub.com ISSN 2471-982X Vol.5 No.1:3 DOI: 10.36648/2471-982X.5.1.27 Maxillofacial Trauma: Peri Operative Bulbulia BA*, Vally IM and Challenges in the Management of Facial Bone Vally U Ahmed Kathrada Private Hospital, Fractures Lenasia, South Africa *Corresponding author: Bulbulia BA Abstract Facial trauma and fractures of the facial bones may have associated brain and [email protected] cervical spine injuries. Assault, gunshot wounds and motor vehicle accidents (MVA) are major contributory causes. Trauma units must be competent in airway Ahmed Kathrada Private Hospital, Lenasia, management. Death may result from trauma itself, haemorrhage, aspiration or South Africa. hypoxia. Initial screening of neurological injury must be followed by neural imaging studies and neurological examination. Tel: 27834173527 Keywords: Facial bone fracture; Airway management; Cognitive assessment; High resolution brain scan; Definitive surgery delayed; Post-operative ventilation Citation: Bulbulia BA, Vally IM, Vally U Received: October 30, 2019; Accepted: October 30, 2019; Published: November 10, (2019) Maxillofacial Trauma: Peri Operative 2019 Challenges in the Management of Facial Bone Fractures. Int J Anesth Pain Med. Vol.5 Introduction No.1:3 Maxillofacial and neck trauma frequently present as emergencies. Sports related injuries, falls and industrial These injuries are daunting surgically and present unique accidents are other remaining causes challengers for anaesthesiologists. Airway management skills in head and neck trauma are essential as the anatomy may be The skeletal region of isolated facial bone fractures: red, frontal distorted and compromised by bleeding and aspiration of blood bone (0.4%); yellow, orbital bone (9.2%); green, nasal bone and vomitus into the lungs [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Penetrating Vascular Injuries of the Face and Neck: Clinical and Angiographic Correlation
    855 Penetrating Vascular Injuries of the Face and Neck: Clinical and Angiographic Correlation Charles M. North 1. 2 A retrospective review was made of 139 clinically stable patients who had sustained Jamshid Ahmadi penetrating trauma to the face and neck. The study was done to learn more about the Hervey D. Segall indications for angiography and the impact of angiography upon patient management. Chi-Shing Zee Some relationship between the physical examination and the angiographic findings was found. In the presence of anyone of four physical signs or symptoms (absent pulse, bruit, hematoma, or alteration of neurologic status) there was a 30% incidence of vascular injury. However, it is unlikely that a clinically significant traumatic vascular lesion will be missed if angiography is not obtained when these clinical signs and symptoms are not present. In the group of 78 patients who presented with only a wound penetrating the ' platysma and no other findings or symptoms, just two had vascular injuries on angiograms; one of these lesions was minor and the other did not affect the patient's management. There was a substantially higher rate (50%) of vascular injury in patients with trauma cephalad to the angle of the mandible compared with 11 % of patients who had neck trauma. Gunshot wounds were associated with vascular damage more frequently than were stab wounds. Angiography is often performed in penetrating trauma to the head and neck to evaluate the possibility of vascular injury and to aid in planning appropriate management [1]. Nonetheless, the role of angiography in penetrating head and neck trauma has remained controversial.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Trauma Overview - ABC
    Basic Trauma Overview - ABC Dale Dangleben, MD, FACS 1 2 Team 3 Extended Team 4 Team Leader Decrease chaos / optimize care. – Remains calm – Maintains control and provides direction – Stays decisive – Sees the big picture (situational awareness) – Is open to other team members input – Directs resuscitation – Makes early decision to transfer the patients that exceed the local capabilities 5 Team Members − Know your roles in the trauma team − Remain calm − Be responsive to team leader −Voice suggestions or concerns 6 Responsibilities – Perform the Primary and secondary survey – Verbalize patient care – Report completed tasks 7 Responsibilities – Monitors the patient – Manual BP – Obtains IV access – Administers medications – Dresses wounds – Performs or assists in resuscitative procedures 8 Responsibilities Records data Ensures documentation accompanies patient upon transfer Assists team members as needed 9 Responsibilities – Obtains needed supplies – Coordinates communication with local and external resources – Assists team members as needed 10 Responsibilities • Place Oxygen on patient • Manage airway • Hold C spine • Manage ventilator if • Manage rapid infuser line patient intubated where indicated • Assists team members as needed 11 Organization of trauma resuscitation area – Basic adult and pediatric equipment for: • Airway management (cart) • IV access with warm fluids • Chest tube insertion • Hemorrhage control (tourniquets, pelvic binders) • Immobilization • Medications • Pediatric length/weight based tape (Broselow Tape) – Warming
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 and the Impact on the Cranio-Oro-Facial Trauma Care in Italy: an Epidemiological Retrospective Cohort Study
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article COVID-19 and the Impact on the Cranio-Oro-Facial Trauma Care in Italy: An Epidemiological Retrospective Cohort Study Fausto Famà 1, Roberto Lo Giudice 1,* , Gaetano Di Vita 2, João Paulo Mendes Tribst 3 , Giorgio Lo Giudice 4 and Alessandro Sindoni 5,6 1 Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “G. Barresi”, University Hospital “G. Martino” of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98123 Messina, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Dentistry, University of Tautabé (UNITAU), Taubaté 12030-040, Brazil; [email protected] 4 Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialities, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Viale Abramo Lincoln 5, 80138 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 6 Direzione Sanitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-393-439-9197 Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has deeply modified the organization of hospitals, health care centers, and the patient’s behavior. The aim of this epidemiological retrospective cohort study is to evaluate if and how the COVID-19 pandemic has determined a modification in cranio- oro-facial traumatology service. Methods: The dataset included hospital emergency room access of Citation: Famà, F.; Lo Giudice, R.; Di a six-month pre-pandemic period and six months into pandemic outbreak.
    [Show full text]
  • Miniplate Fixation to an Edentulous Mandibular Fracture in Panfacial Trauma
    Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10562 Miniplate Fixation to an Edentulous Mandibular Fracture in Panfacial Trauma Dieter Brummund 1 , Angela Chang 2 , Joseph Michienzi 3 1. Department of General Surgery, Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, USA 2. Department of Anesthesiology, Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, USA 3. Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, USA Corresponding author: Dieter Brummund, [email protected] Abstract A 70-year-old edentulous male presented with bilateral mandible and left midface fractures following an assault. Imaging confirmed fractures and showed mandible thickness greater than 20 millimeters. The patient was treated by open reduction internal fixation with miniplates via an intra-oral approach and recovered without deficit. While miniplate fixation and an intra-oral approach is typically reserved for the dentulous patient, this case illustrates that in select edentulous patients with sufficient bone thickness and amenable midface fractures this technique may be successfully utilized. Categories: Otolaryngology, Plastic Surgery, Trauma Keywords: mandible fracture, mental foramen, edentulous, panfacial trauma, assault, inferior alveolar nerve, 3-d miniplate, champy Introduction Mandibular fractures are the second most common fracture in facial trauma [1]. Mandibular fractures are classified according to location with the symphysis and body, angle, and condyle, each roughly accounting for one-third of all fractures. Due to force transduction, fractures often occur in multiple locations at points of weakness in the bone, such as the mental foramen, angle of mandible, and the thin bone of the condyles. Fractures can be horizontally or vertically favorable or unfavorable given their location. Favorability is determined by how the fracture line relates to the origin and insertion of the muscles of mastication due to the stabilizing or distracting forces they generate when firing.
    [Show full text]
  • Facial Trauma Among Patients with Head Injuries
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2014206.535 Journal of IMAB Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 2014, vol. 20, issue 6 ISSN: 1312-773X http://www.journal-imab-bg.org FACIAL TRAUMA AMONG PATIENTS WITH HEAD INJURIES Shazia Yasir PG Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, North Campus, Karachi, Pakistan. ABSTRACT any trauma that can cause injury of scalps, brain or skull. Introduction: Facial trauma is without a doubt a most The injury could be a minor bruise or serious injury on the challenging area for any emergency physician. Despite many head and brain injury [2]. Some injuries can result in researches and advances in the understanding of multiple prolonged or unrecoverable brain damage. The injury can techniques; initial assessment and management of facial cause bleeding inside the brain or forces that damages the injuries in emergency and early stages remained a complex brain directly. The most common cause of head injuries are area for patient care. road traffic accidents, fall, physical assault or others. These Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the accidents can occur at home, work, outdoors, sports or many prevalence of facial trauma among patients with head injuries other places. that may help emergency department physicians to deliver Head injuries are commonly associated with facial accurate and quick diagnosis and decision. Trauma to this trauma; is directly related to high intensity forceful injury region is often associated with mortality and morbidity and to facial skeleton. The common causes of facial trauma varying degree of physical and functional damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Maxillofacial Injuries in Severely Injured Patients Max J
    Scheyerer et al. Journal of Trauma Management & Outcomes (2015) 9:4 DOI 10.1186/s13032-015-0025-2 RESEARCH Open Access Maxillofacial injuries in severely injured patients Max J. Scheyerer1*†, Robert Döring1†, Nina Fuchs1, Philipp Metzler2, Kai Sprengel1, Clement M. L. Werner1, Hans-Peter Simmen1, Klaus Grätz2 and Guido A. Wanner1 Abstract Background: A significant proportion of patients admitted to hospital with multiple traumas exhibit facial injuries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence and cause of facial injuries in severely injured patients and to examine the role of plastic and maxillofacial surgeons in treatment of this patient collective. Methods: A total of 67 patients, who were assigned to our trauma room with maxillofacial injuries between January 2009 and December 2010, were enrolled in the present study and evaluated. Results: The majority of the patients were male (82 %) with a mean age of 44 years. The predominant mechanism of injury was fall from lower levels (<5 m) and occurred in 25 (37 %) cases. The median ISS was 25, with intracranial bleeding found as the most common concomitant injury in 48 cases (72 %). Thirty-one patients (46 %) required interdisciplinary management in the trauma room; maxillofacial surgeons were involved in 27 cases. A total of 35 (52 %) patients were treated surgically, 7 in emergency surgery, thereof. Conclusion: Maxillofacial injuries are often associated with a risk of other serious concomitant injuries, in particular traumatic brain injuries. Even though emergency operations are only necessary in rare cases, diagnosis and treatment of such concomitant injuries have the potential to be overlooked or delayed in severely injured patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Resident Manual of Trauma to the Face, Head, and Neck
    Resident Manual of Trauma to the Face, Head, and Neck First Edition ©2012 All materials in this eBook are copyrighted by the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, 1650 Diagonal Road, Alexandria, VA 22314-2857, and are strictly prohibited to be used for any purpose without prior express written authorizations from the American Academy of Otolaryngology— Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved. For more information, visit our website at www.entnet.org. eBook Format: First Edition 2012. ISBN: 978-0-615-64912-2 Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................16 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................18 Resident Trauma Manual Authors ...............................................................19 Chapter 1: Patient Assessment ......................................................................21 I. Diagnostic Evaluations ........................................................................21 A. Full-Body Trauma Assessment ....................................................21 B. History ...............................................................................................22 C. Head and Neck Examination........................................................24 1. Upper Third ................................................................................24 2. Middle Third ...............................................................................24
    [Show full text]
  • FACIAL TRAUMA (GENERAL) Trh25 (1)
    FACIAL TRAUMA (GENERAL) TrH25 (1) Facial Trauma (GENERAL) Last updated: April 20, 2019 ETIOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 1 CLINICAL FEATURES ............................................................................................................................... 1 DIAGNOSIS................................................................................................................................................ 2 PREHOSPITAL MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................. 2 TREATMENT ............................................................................................................................................. 3 FACIAL LACERATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 3 Timing .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Open Care ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Closure Procedure ............................................................................................................................ 4 FACIAL FRACTURES ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Maxillofacial Fractures in Patients with Multiple Injuries and Polytrauma
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2016222.1120 Journal of IMAB Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 2016, vol. 22, issue 2 ISSN: 1312-773X http://www.journal-imab-bg.org MAXILLOFACIAL FRACTURES IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE INJURIES AND POLYTRAUMA Elitsa G. Deliverska Department of Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Faculty of Dental medicine, Medical university- Sofia ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Introduction Severity and complexity of combined The maxillofacial area traumas have specific charac- maxillofacial trauma require not only multidisciplinary ap- teristics arising from their topographic, anatomic-physiology proach, but prevention of trauma is also of extreme impor- and functional maxillofacial area (MFA) features. Near it, vi- tance, as this may reduce direct and indirect social economic tal organs are located and their damage explains the large losses. Understanding the trauma etiology, types, and sever- complexity and variety in clinical picture. ity may support clinical priorities determination, increase Head and neck are one of the most resilient, but also treatment effectiveness, and also may achieve certain trauma of most vulnerable topographic area in human body. There prevention. In polytrauma patients, omissions in early injury is no such other area with so many vital structures, located diagnostics is often observed, especially in uncooperative and on so restricted area. Traumas, penetrating or not, regardless intoxicated patients, as well as in patients in unconscious of the force and mechanism of injury, can cause life-threat- state. MFS is important in multiple trauma patients and is es- ening conditions because of possible damage of brain, eyes, sential for exact and correct diagnosis, as well as for adequate trachea, larynx, esophagus, large blood vessels, cerebral maxillofacial trauma treatment.
    [Show full text]