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Fundamentos Filosóficos Dos Direitos Humanos: a Alternativa Teórica Do Humanismo Latino Em Francisco De Vitória

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Fundamentos Filosóficos Dos Direitos Humanos: a Alternativa Teórica Do Humanismo Latino Em Francisco De Vitória CENTRO UNIVERSITÁRIO DO ESTADO DO PARÁ – CESUPA HIAGO MENDES GUIMARÃES Fundamentos Filosóficos dos Direitos Humanos: a alternativa teórica do Humanismo Latino em Francisco de Vitória BELÉM – PA 2016 CENTRO UNIVERSITÁRIO DO ESTADO DO PARÁ – CESUPA HIAGO MENDES GUIMARÃES Fundamentos Filosóficos dos Direitos Humanos: a alternativa teórica do Humanismo Latino em Francisco de Vitória Dissertação apresentada no curso de Mestrado em Direito, Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento Regional, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito do Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará – PPGD/CESUPA, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Direito. Linha de Pesquisa: Direito, Políticas Públicas e Direitos Humanos Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sandro Alex de Souza Simões. BELÉM – PA 2016 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação-na-Publicação (CIP) Biblioteca do Cesupa, Belém - PA. G983f Guimarães, Hiago Mendes. Fundamentos filosóficos dos direitos humanos: a alternativa teórica do humanismo Latino em Francisco de Vitória. / Hiago Mendes Guimarães; orientador, Sandro Alex de Souza Simões, 2016. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Belém, 2016. 1. Direito. 2. Filosofia do direito. 3. Direitos humanos. 2. Humanismo. I. Simões, Sandro Alex de Souza. orient. II. Título. CDD. 23. ed. 340.1 HIAGO MENDES GUIMARÃES FUNDAMENTOS FILOSÓFICOS DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS: A ALTERNATIVA TEÓRICA DO HUMANISMO LATINO EM FRANCISCO DE VITÓRIA EM QUESTÃO Dissertação apresentada no curso de Mestrado em Direito, Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento Regional, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito do Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará – PPGD/CESUPA, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Direito. Data: ____________________ Resultado: ________________ BANCA EXAMINADORA: Professor: Dr. Sandro Alex de Souza Simões Assinatura: ________________________________ Professora: Dra. Loiane Prado Verbicaro Assinatura: ________________________________ Professor: Dr. Victor Sales Pinheiro Assinatura: ________________________________ AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus pais e minha irmã, sempre presentes, apesar da distância ocasional, e presentes mesmo, em todos os momentos, fáceis e difíceis. Os verdadeiros motivos para me fazer continuar. Ao meu orientador, Professor Sandro Alex Simões, por sua generosidade e paciência, sem as quais este trabalho não teria sido possível. Aos meus amigos e maiores companheiros nessa jornada: Amanda, sempre, e duas felizes surpresas que levo para a vida, Ricardo Evandro e Bráulio. Vocês três deixam tudo mais fácil. Aos meus amigos de turma, com quem compartilhei tantos momentos legais: Luciano, Whalasy, Kelly, Elaine, José. E outros amigos maravilhosos que estiveram presentes: Tamires, Ediene, Lívia, Luciana, Leliane, Ed, Nathalia, Alanna, Isadora, Victória, Camila. Aos melhores professores que alguém poderia desejar: Saulo de Matos, Paulo Weyl, Jean Dias, Beth Reymão, Ana Darwich, Luciana Fonseca, Loiane Verbicaro, José Cláudio, Ricardo Dib Táxi e Victor Pinheiro. E, por último, mas, sem dúvida, essencial para este trabalho, à querida Socorro. A menos que creias, não entenderás. Isaías 7: 9 RESUMO Trata do humanismo latino, na Escola de Salamanca, no Século XVI, por meio da leitura das obras centrais de Francisco de Vitória e da possibilidade deste como uma alternativa viável para fundamentação filosófica dos direitos humanos no mundo contemporâneo. Para isso, inicia com uma apresentação da Escola de Salamanca e do mestre Francisco de Vitória, tratando com relação a este, de sua importância para o direito internacional, para analisar suas principais obras, o De Indis e o De iuri belli, no intuito de proporcionar uma visão do humanismo latino e seus pressupostos para uma fundamentação filosófica dos direitos humanos. Segue tratando sobre uma fundamentação contraposta ao humanismo latino, sintetizada na razão de Estado, observada nos escritos de Nicolau Maquiavel e Thomas Hobbes. Para, por fim, lançar as bases do que entende como necessário para propor uma fundamentação filosófica dos direitos humanos, por meio da apresentação de um entendimento sobre o que seriam os direitos humanos e os elementos necessários para uma fundamentação destes, tais como, sua relação com os direitos naturais medieval e moderno, seu comprometimento com um entendimento sobre a história, dentre outras questões. Trabalha com a hipótese inicial de que o humanismo latino pode servir como modelo viável de alternativa, porém ao final temos considerações críticas sobre esse entendimento, a partir dos elementos críticos apresentados no que se refere ao necessário para uma fundamentação filosófica. Palavras-Chave: Direitos Humanos – Fundamentação filosófica – Humanismo Latino – Razão de Estado – Francisco de Vitória ABSTRACT It deals with Latin humanism at the Salamanca School in the 16th century by reading the central works of Francisco de Vitoria and the possibility of this as a viable alternative for the philosophical foundation of human rights in the contemporary world. For this, it begins with a presentation of the School of Salamanca and the master Francisco de Vitoria, dealing with it, of its importance for international law, to analyze his main works, De Indis and De iuri belli, in order to provide a vision of Latin humanism and its presuppositions for a philosophical foundation of human rights. Then goes on to deal with a foundation opposed to Latin humanism, synthesized in the reason of State, observed in the writings of Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. To finally lay the foundations of that it deems necessary to propose a philosophical foundation of human rights, through the presentation of an understanding of what would be human rights and the necessary elements for a basis of these, such as their relationship with medieval and modern natural rights, its commitment to an understanding of history, among other issues. It works with the initial hypothesis that Latin humanism can serve as a viable alternative model, but in the end, we have critical considerations about this understanding, based on the critical elements presented in what is necessary for a philosophical foundation. Key-Words: Human Rights – Philosophical foundation – Latin humanism – Reason of State – Francisco de Vitoria Sumário INTRODUÇÃO: OU PORQUÊ E COMO PENSAR UMA ALTERNATIVA DE FUNDAMENTAÇÃO FILOSÓFICA PARA OS DIREITOS HUMANOS ..................... 11 CAPÍTULO 1 – HUMANISMO LATINO: FRANCISO DE VITÓRIA E O DIREITO DOS ÍNDIOS E DA GUERRA ............................................................................................ 15 1.1 Nota introdutória: o século XVI e seus desafios, direcionamentos de leitura 15 1.2 Francisco de Vitória: vida, atuação acadêmica e relevância para o direito 16 1.3 Os direitos dos índios e da guerra: leitura das primeira e segunda relectii sobre os direitos dos índios ................................................................................... 46 1.4 Resultados preliminares: apresentação conceitual do humanismo latino . 77 CAPÍTULO 2 – O MODELO CONTRAPOSTO: NICOLAU MAQUIAVEL, THOMAS HOBBES E A RAZÃO DE ESTADO MODERNA ...................................................... 81 2.1 Nota introdutória: um sentido de aplicação para a razão de Estado ............. 81 2.2 O berço florentino da razão de Estado: Nicolau Maquiavel ......................... 84 2.3 Razão de Estado e Filosofia Política: a contribuição de Thomas Hobbes . 101 2.4 Resultados preliminares: o contramodelo da razão de Estado ................... 109 CAPÍTULO 3 – HUMANISMO LATINO COMO ALTERNATIVA TEÓRICA DE FUNDAMENTAÇÃO FILOSÓFICA DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS: AVALIAÇÃO DE MODELOS .............................................................................................................. 110 3.1 Nota introdutória: direcionamentos de leitura do capítulo ........................... 110 3.2 Sobre a fundamentação filosófica dos direitos humanos: e a proposta de pensar o humanismo latino em Vitória como alternativa ..................................... 111 3.3 Uma definição de direitos humanos .......................................................... 124 3.4 Humanismo latino como fundamento ético para os direitos humanos .. 130 3.5 Resultados preliminares: primeiras conclusões da comparação entre humanismo latino e razão de Estado ................................................................... 137 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: HUMANISMO LATINO, FRANCISCO DE VITÓRIA E FUNDAMENTAÇÃO ÉTICA DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS ...................................... 138 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ....................................................................... 143 INTRODUÇÃO: OU PORQUÊ E COMO PENSAR UMA ALTERNATIVA DE FUNDAMENTAÇÃO FILOSÓFICA PARA OS DIREITOS HUMANOS Das conhecidas Teses sobre filosofia da história, de Walter Benjamin, surge aquele que seja talvez o mais importante vetor teórico deste trabalho. Falamos da existência de uma história dos vencedores. Benjamin (1989, p. 179-81) trata em seu texto do cuidado e das preocupações em torno de um estudo histórico, em trabalho, realizado por ele, a partir de uma consciência de classes, em que há opressores e oprimidos, juntamente com outros compromissos e posições originais decorrentes e deveniente de seu histórico papel como representante do pensamento Crítico. Sua citação, entretanto, já no primeiro parágrafo de nossa introdução, não visa a ousadia de assumir esses compromissos, ou quaisquer outros de proximidade teórica entre nosso trabalho e os escritos de Benjamin. Fazemo-lo no intuito de destacar a
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