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Coral Reef Status Report for the Western Indian Ocean (2017).Pdf Coral reef status report for the Western Indian Ocean (2017) Edited by Blue Tower, 4th floor, Rue de l’Institut, David Obura, Mishal Gudka, Fouad Abdou Rabi, Suraj Bacha Gian, Jude Bijoux, Ebène, Mauritius Sarah Freed, Jean Maharavo, Jelvas Mwaura, Sean Porter, Erwan Sola, Phone: (+230) 402 61 00 Julien Wickel, Saleh Yahya and Said Ahamada Fax: (+230) 465 67 98 www.coi-ioc.org This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and can in no way reflect the views of the European Union. Extracts from this publication, excluding photographs, may be reproduced without permission, provided the source is acknowledged (© 2017 Indian Ocean Commission). Graphic design and layout: Precigraph Limited. ISBN Number: 978-99949-0-400-6 Coral reef status report for the Western Indian Ocean (2017) Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Edited by David Obura, Mishal Gudka, Fouad Abdou Rabi, Suraj Bacha Gian, Jude Bijoux, Sarah Freed, Jean Maharavo, Jelvas Mwaura, Sean Porter, Erwan Sola, Julien Wickel, Saleh Yahya and Said Ahamada under scientific coordination of In the framework of the Nairobi Convention Coral Reef task Force and ICRI With the support of the Indian Ocean Commission through its Biodiversity Programme funded by the European Union and the Sustainable coastal management project funded by FFEM i Coral reef status report for the Western Indian Ocean (2017) Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Main Findings The future • In 1998, coral reefs in the Western Indian Ocean • While resistance of corals to the 2016 bleaching crossed a threshold, due to impact of the 1st global event was significant (2/3 of affected corals bleaching event in that year. recovered) and the decline in coral cover • On average, coral cover declined by 25% - from resulting from the bleaching event was less 40% before 1998 to 30% after 1998. than in 1998, the recovery potential of reefs is likely to be less than in 1998 due to the lower • Algal cover increased by 2.5 times after 1998, coral cover, higher algal cover, and increasing from 15% before to about 35% after. role of algal-herbivory dynamics. • Fish community structure is now dominated • The broad-based coral reef monitoring (about 80% of biomass) by small-bodied community in the Western Indian Ocean is herbivores and detritivores. active, but would benefit from increased • In 2016, the 3rd global bleaching event impacted investment and stability, and more secure data the WIO, with 30% of reefs showing evidence of management and sharing practices. high or severe bleaching, but only 10% showing • Management of local threats and increasing high or severe mortality. the coverage of effective management to • The threat from all major drivers of reef decline meet 2020 and 2030 targets will be needed has increased and is projected to continue to to buy time for coral reefs, while countries increase in the coming decades - ocean warming increase their commitments to achieve the Paris and acidification, fishing pressure, human Agreement. population growth and development in the coastal zone, expanding global trade. Citation: David Obura, Mishal Gudka, Fouad Abdou Rabi, Suraj Bacha Gian, Jude Bijoux, Sarah Freed, Jean Maharavo, Jelvas Mwaura, Sean Porter, Erwan Sola, Julien Wickel, Saleh Yahya and Said Ahamada (2017) Coral reef status report for the Western Indian Ocean. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)/International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI). pp 144. About this report. This report provides an update to the regional sections in the Global Status reports publication by the GCRMN in 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2008. It is a joint output of the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), the Indian Ocean Commission, Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO), the United Nations Environment’s Nairobi Convention Coral Reef Task Force and the International Union for the Conservatoin of Nature Species Survival Commission’s (IUCN- SSC) Coral Specialist Group. Funding was provided by the European Union to the Indian Ocean Commission’s Biodiversity Project, with cofinance from the French Facility for the Global Environment (FFEM) and support from CORDIO East Africa. Maps were produced from open source country and coral reef layers by James Mbugua from CORDIO East Africa. The designation of geographical entities in this report, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. iii Coral reef status report for the Western Indian Ocean (2017) Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network The Western Indian Ocean contains 16% of the world’s coral reefs, and the region is now thought to host the second peak of coral reef biodiversity globally. The coral reef ecosystems underpin the economies of the countries in the region, particularly fisheries and tourism sectors, and provide livelihood opportunities and income for local communities. However, anthropogenic threats at all scales, such as from fishing, development and climate change, are all increasing with human population growth and local to regional development. Western Indian Ocean coral reefs experienced widespread coral bleaching during the first global coral bleaching event in 1998, in which 30-50% of corals were estimated to have died. It was also affected by what has been dubbed the “3rd global coral bleaching event” in 2016, documented in this report. This coral reef status report for the Western Indian Ocean summarises data from monitoring programmes in Comoros, France, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa and Tanzania. It has been prepared in the context of the International Coral Reef Initiative as a joint output of the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network through national and sub-regional networks and the Nairobi Convention Coral Reef Task Force. The report includes national chapters on the state of coral reefs up to 2016, impacts of the global bleaching event in 2016, and current information on pressures, management and policy responses relevant to coral reefs in each country. Included are regional synthesis chapters on the overall trends of reef health, the bleaching event in 2016, and on large scale drivers and projections for the region in the coming decades. The report finds that while reefs in some countries have recovered successfully since 1998, the overall state of coral reef health has stayed at the same level since the 1st global bleaching event in 1998, and has suffered another, though smaller, decline in health in 2016. The report provides a valuable baseline for preparation of the next steps towards the strengthening of regional networks during 2017-2020 through improving data management and reporting processes, and developing options for open access to reef monitoring data in accordance with international guidelines. It is expected that the report will support all countries of the region to sustainably manage their coral reefs and associated biodiversity for the well-being of coastal populations and their posterity. Support for preparation of the report was mainly provided through a cooperative arrangement of the European Union and the Indian Ocean Commission through a Biodiversity Program, with the scientific coordination of Coastal Oceans Research and Development – Indian Ocean East Africa. Hamada Madi Marjaana Sall Mette L. Wilkie General Secretary, Ambassador of the European Director, Indian Ocean Commission Union Delegation in Mauritius Ecosystems Division, UN Environment FOREWORD v Coral reef status report for the Western Indian Ocean (2017) Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Reconnaissant l’importance des valeurs socio-économiques et écologiques des récifs coralliens et de la problématique de leur dégradation généralisée, les pays de l'océan Indien occidental, à travers la Commission de l'océan Indien et la Convention de Nairobi, se sont alignés sur l'Initiative internationale pour les récifs coralliens (ICRI) et notamment son Réseau mondial de surveillance (GCRMN) pour contribuer à la gestion durable de ces écosystèmes vitaux. Il s’agit particulièrement d’un cadre régional qui a été mis en place pour le suivi de l'état des récifs coralliens et de leur biodiversité associée. Ce rapport présente la dernière compilation et une évaluation quantitative des données sur la santé des récifs coralliens, realisées par les réseaux nationaux de surveillance des récifs, sous la coordination du réseau regional, et vient actualiser les précédents rapports GCRMN publiés de 1999 à 2008. L'objectif principal de ce rapport est de fournir des informations actualisées sur l'état des récifs coralliens de la région, y compris l'impact du troisième événement mondial de blanchissement des coraux de 2016. Les objectifs secondaires visent à: a) illustrer des modèles généraux qui expliquent l'état de santé des récifs et les perspectives de gestion durable, et b) présenter les facteurs de changement régionaux et leur impact au cours des prochaines années pour aider les pays dans la prévision des impacts et la régénération des récifs coralliens. La première partie du rapport fournit un aperçu régional, documentant les tendances quantitatives de 1992 à 2016 sur la santé des récifs coralliens de l'océan Indien occidental, des algues et des poissons à partir des données provenant de 822 sites récifaux répartis sur 9 pays.
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