DOCSLIB.ORG

Baseline Leptin Levels Predict Change in Leptin Levels During Weight Loss in Obese Breast Cancer Survivors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Baseline Leptin Levels Predict Change in Leptin Levels During Weight Loss in Obese Breast Cancer Survivors SHORT COMMUNICATION Baseline Leptin Levels Predict Change in Leptin Levels During Weight Loss in Obese Breast Cancer Survivors Ananda Sen, PhD,* Kai-Lin Catherine Jen, PhD,† and Zora Djuric, PhD* *Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and †Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan n Abstract: Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone involved in regulation of satiety, and it also appears to have a role in breast cancer risk. Leptin therefore might be a useful indicator of the potential preventive effects of weight loss in breast cancer survivors. In this study we examined whether the change in leptin levels could be predicted by weight loss in obese breast can- cer survivors. The subjects in this study were participating in a randomized trial of an individualized approach towards weight loss in Detroit, MI. Breast cancer survivors (body mass index of 30–44 kg ⁄ m2) were enrolled and fasting blood samples were obtained for leptin analysis over 1 year of study. Leptin levels were available from at least two time points for 36 women, and weight change ranged from a gain of 11% to a loss of 25% of baseline weight. Using a repeated-measures regression model, both baseline leptin level and concurrent percent body fat were found to synergistically predict leptin levels. Thus, for women with the same body fat, those with higher baseline leptin levels are predicted to exhibit smaller decreases in leptin with weight loss. Similar results were obtained for body weight and body weight change, but the associations with body fat were stronger. Breast cancer survivors with initially higher leptin levels may differ with regard to regulation of change in leptin during weight loss resulting in relatively smaller changes in leptin with equivalent amounts of weight loss. n Key Words: breast cancer, leptin, obesity, weight loss eight gain leading to overweight and obesity is (8–11). In a Canadian study, weight gain after a diagno- W becoming a world-wide epidemic that has sis of breast cancer was greater in women treated with increased dramatically in prevalence during recent years chemotherapy (2.5 kg in the year after diagnosis) than (1). This is a matter of great importance for the treat- with surgery and ⁄ or hormonal therapy alone (0.6 kg) ment of breast cancer as recurrence rates and survival in (12). One small study showed that weight gain in breast early-stage disease are both negatively impacted by cancer patients was not greater than that in control increased body weight in the vast majority of studies women; however, the breast cancer patients were that have been conducted (2–4). Unlike the effects of unique in that there was a significant increase in body obesity on de novo breast cancer risk, which is different fat 6 months after chemotherapy (13). Other studies in pre- and postmenopausal women, the adverse effect also have shown that chemotherapy for breast cancer of increased body weight on recurrence risk and survi- results in sarcopenic weight gain, perhaps as a result of val has been evident in both pre- and postmenopausal decreased physical activity levels (10,14,15). women (3,5). For example, in a large study of young Several metabolic alterations associated with the women, higher body mass was associated with tumors adverse health effects of increased body weight, and in of higher cellular proliferation and decreased survival particular an increase in body fat, may affect breast from breast cancer (6). Obesity also has been shown to cancer recurrence risk. These include the effects of obes- increase the risk of contralateral breast cancer (7). ity on insulin levels and oxidative stress (16–18). Eleva- Weight gain after treatment for breast cancer can ted leptin levels also have been associated with exacerbate pre-existing overweight. Women diagnosed increased breast cancer risk and poor prognosis in with breast cancer have been observed to gain weight, breast cancer (19,20), although not all studies agree which can negatively affect health status in survivorship (21–24). Leptin is, however, associated with insulin resistance, breast cancer cell proliferation, and possibly Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Zora Djuric, Depart- ment of Family Medicine, 2150 Cancer and Geriatrics Center, 1500 E. Med- anti-estrogen resistance (25–28). Leptin is an obesity- ical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0930, USA, or e-mail: related hormone secreted by adipose tissue, and it is [email protected] decreased following weight loss. The physiological role ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 1075-122X/07 The Breast Journal, Volume 13 Number 2, 2007 180–186 of leptin may include signaling an increase in fat stores Leptin and Weight Loss • 181 to suppress hunger (29). In obese persons, however, lep- past 4 years and were free of any recurrence as con- tin resistance develops. Leptin resistance has been sug- firmed by a physician. Chemotherapy or radiation gested to occur at levels higher than 25 ng ⁄ mL as therapy was to have been completed at least 3 months transport of leptin to the brain is saturated at those lev- previously with the exception of tamoxifen. Recruit- els (29). Thus, very high levels of leptin might not be ment sources included direct mail to Race for the Cure incrementally effective for curbing energy intake. This participants, press releases and brochures at breast brings into concern the observations made in most stud- clinics. The study was reviewed and approved by the ies that breast cancer patients have significantly higher Institutional Review Board of Wayne State University. blood leptin levels than women without cancer, but this Subjects gave informed, written consent to participate. might not be the case in premenopausal women which Details of the study have been published previously is consistent with observations that obesity protects (44), and in the present analysis 36 women who com- against premenopausal breast cancer risk (20,30–35). pleted 12 months of study were included. We reported previously that the obese breast cancer sur- Forty-eight subjects were randomly assigned to one vivors in our study had higher leptin levels than those of four groups: control, Weight Watchers (WW), indi- reported for breast cancer patients of mixed body vidualized counseling, or a combination of WW and weight status (36). In breast cancer patients, regulation individualized counseling. Nine of the forty-eight of leptin pathways has not been investigated in as much women did not complete 12 months of participation. detail as it has in other obese persons. Subjects in the control arm received the National Can- A number of mechanisms by which leptin can cer Institute’s ‘‘Action Guide to Healthy Eating’’ and increase breast cancer risk are currently being exam- the ‘‘Food Guide Pyramid’’ pamphlets, but they ined. In vitro, leptin exerts proliferative effects in breast received no other dietary or exercise instructions or cancer cells (37–39). Leptin also appears to be angio- help. For the WW arm, women were given free cou- genic (19). In human breast tissues, leptin was detected pons and encouraged to attend WW meetings but in the cancerous tissue, the surrounding normal tissue, received no other dietary or exercise instruction. For and in areas of atypical hyperplasia, but it was not the Individualized arm, women received telephone localized in the normal breast (37). Leptin has therefore counseling with a registered dietitian. Finally, for the been hypothesized to be a reasonable target for inter- Combination arm, subjects received both individual- ventions that aim to decrease breast cancer risk (40). ized counseling and were asked to attend weekly WW Leptin decreased more in obese breast cancer survivors meetings using free coupons. This resulted in a popu- who lost 10% of their initial body weight versus those lation of women with varying amounts of weight loss losing less weight over 12 months (36). A decrease in at 12 months. leptin levels, if disclosed to study subjects, might be a motivating factor to lose weight because of its relation- Assessments ship to breast cancer risk. Previous studies in obese Women were asked to come to the appointments women, however, have indicated that high leptin levels after an overnight fast and to drink two glasses of are associated with low resting energy expenditure water in the morning. Plasma was prepared immedi- thereby affecting the extent of weight loss achieved ately after drawing blood at baseline, 3, 6 and (41–43). It was therefore important to determine whe- 12 months and stored frozen at )70°C until analysis. ther or not change in leptin levels can simply be predic- Leptin levels were determined with commercial ted by extent of weight or body fat loss in obese breast enzyme immunoassays kits using a high-affinity poly- cancer survivors or whether baseline leptin and body clonal capture antibody (Linco Research, St. Charles, fat do affect the subsequent rate of change in leptin lev- MO). Levels of insulin were also measured by radio- els over time. immunoassay (ICN Biomedicals Inc., Costa Mesa, CA), and glucose levels were measured using a spec- trophotometric assay with glucose oxidase (Sigma METHODS Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). Questionnaires were administered at baseline and intervals thereafter to Subjects capture demographic and health factors. At baseline, Eligible subjects were aged 18–70. Study subjects 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, the women were weighed in had stage I or II breast cancer diagnosed within the clothing but without shoes using a Health-o-Meter 182 • sen et al. Professional Beam Scale, model 402KLS (Bridgeview, 47–34) and after 12 months it was 37.5% (SD 3.8, IL). Percent body fat was measured using tetrapolar n ¼ 36, range 44–25). bioelectrical impedance (model BIA101S; RJL Sys- At baseline, leptin levels were available for 35 tems, Clinton Township, MI).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scientific Evidence of Diets for Weight Loss
    Nutrition 69 (2020) 110549 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Nutrition journal homepage: www.nutritionjrnl.com Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular diets Rachel Freire Ph.D. * Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: New dietary strategies have been created to treat overweight and obesity and have become popular and widely adopted. Nonetheless, they are mainly based on personal impressions and reports published in books and magazines, rather than on scientific evidence. Animal models and human clinical trials have been Keywords: employed to study changes in body composition and metabolic outcomes to determine the most effective Obesity diet. However, the studies present many limitations and should be carefully analyzed. The aim of this review Weight-loss was to discuss the scientific evidence of three categories of diets for weight loss. There is no one most effec- Popular diets tive diet to promote weight loss. In the short term, high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets and intermittent Fasting Macronutrient fasting are suggested to promote greater weight loss and could be adopted as a jumpstart. However, owing to adverse effects, caution is required. In the long term, current evidence indicates that different diets pro- moted similar weight loss and adherence to diets will predict their success. Finally, it is fundamental to adopt a diet that creates a negative energy balance and focuses on good food quality to promote health. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Weight Watchers® Momentum™ Program Fact Sheet Launched December 2008
    Weight Watchers® Momentum™ Program Fact Sheet Launched December 2008 The key to successfully losing weight and keeping it off is to find a sustainable plan; a plan that doesn’t leave you hungry or deprived. A plan that is healthy. That’s why Weight Watchers introduced the new Momentum program. What can members get out of the new Momentum program? • Learn how to make smarter eating choices and stay satisfied longer with Filling Foods • Learn the benefits of tracking what you eat and drink in order to learn portion sizes and be in better control • Learn how to avoid emotional eating by listening to your body’s hunger signals and assessing whether you’re really hungry • Learn about the flexibility of the Weight Watchers POINTS ® Weight Loss System More about Weight Watchers Momentum program: • Combines the latest in scientific research with successful aspects of previous Weight Watchers food plans. • Teaches a more satisfying way of eating – guiding people toward healthy foods that help them feel satisfied longer so that they can achieve greater weight-loss success. • Has only one food plan; it is based on the POINTS System and incorporates “Filling Foods.” More about Filling Foods: • Filling Foods are foods that have been scientifically proven to help keep one feeling satisfied longer and are a central component of the Momentum program. • They are low in calories, but contain more water, air or fiber per serving, relative to the food’s weight. So they’re low in energy density. Many are also high in protein. • Consumers are encouraged to choose Filling Foods as part of their daily POINTS Target to keep hunger at bay.
    [Show full text]
  • 350 CROP Walk Takes Stroll for Hunger Sunday Planning
    ^ . i HOAG & SONS' 30OK BINDERY 350 ( Serving The I.aw ell Area far over 10(1 Years J SPRIMGPORT, MICHIGAN 49284 26m The Lowell Ledger Volume 23, Issue 30 Serving Lowell Area Readers Since 1893 Wednesday, May 2, 2001 Spirit of Community Planning Commission favors RV park Celebration Friday idea; chairman to investigate proposal By Thaddeus J. Kraus Lowell Ledger Editor By J.N. Boorsma Contributing Writer development of an RV park. Hall said one of his first moves will be developing a The Lowell community will come together Friday to With the North Country Trail and the improvements with marketing study to see if the park would be utilized and what celebrate leadership in arts, education and community the city, the Lowell Planning Commission is looking at the would be necessary to attract the motorhome and converted service. development of an RV park. coach (highway buses that have been convened info The Spirit of Community Annual Celebration is in- The park, proposed by Lowell Planning Commission motorhomes) crowd to the park. He also plans to offer an area spired by the life and community leadership of the late Ray chair, James Hall, would be loca'ted on the city-owned prop- for tenters. Quada. It will celebrate his special involvement in and erty adjacent to the Flat and Grand rivers. The plan would Because of his background in design. Hall said he feels affection for many Lowell community groups and organi- utilize the Moose, Rogers, and Flat River island properties, comfortable in developing initial drawings for the project and zations.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Most Common Weight-Loss Programs, Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, Nutrisystem, and Medifast, Which Is the Most Effective? Jenna Carlson
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep 2014 Awards for Excellence in Student Research 2014 Awards for Excellence in Student Research and Creative Activity Documents and Creativity 3-2014 Of the Most Common Weight-loss Programs, Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, Nutrisystem, and Medifast, which is the most effective? Jenna Carlson Follow this and additional works at: http://thekeep.eiu.edu/lib_awards_2014_docs Recommended Citation Carlson, Jenna, "Of the Most Common Weight-loss Programs, Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, Nutrisystem, and Medifast, which is the most effective?" (2014). 2014 Awards for Excellence in Student Research and Creative Activity Documents. 2. http://thekeep.eiu.edu/lib_awards_2014_docs/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the 2014 Awards for Excellence in Student Research and Creativity at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in 2014 Awards for Excellence in Student Research and Creative Activity Documents by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Question: Of the most common weight-loss programs, Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, Nutrisystem, and Medifast, which is the most effective? Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared obesity as a global epidemic, estimating 2.3 billion people will be overweight, and 700 million people will be obese by 2015. With the rise in obesity, weight-loss programs are one avenue that consumers are using to battle the epidemic. Approximately 2/3 of adults in the Western population are trying to lose weight or avoid weight gain. The purpose of this paper is to review the current research of four major weight-loss programs: Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, Nutrisystem, and Medifast, regarding fundamentals of the programs, the programs safety for consumers use, effectiveness of the programs short-term, and the long-term results available through studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition and Health: Issues and Insights
    Nutrition and Health: Issues and Insights Jamie Pope, MS, RDN, LDN, FAND Assistant Professor, Nutritional Sciences Vanderbilt University School of Nursing DATES: Tuesdays and Thursdays, June 18, 20, 25, 27; July 9, 11 TIME: 10:00 a.m.–11:30 a.m. LOCATION: Scarritt Bennett Center, Laskey Hall, 1008 19th Ave S Food and Health Survey IFIC – International Food and Information Council Source: www.foodinsight.org https://health.usnews.com/best-diet/best-diets-overall Best Diets Overall #1 Mediterranean Diet #2 DASH Diet #3 Flexitarian Diet #4 MIND Diet #4 Weight Watchers Diet #6 Mayo Clinic Diet #6 Volumetrics Diet #8 TLC Diet How Eating Plans Evaluated https://health.usnews.com/wellness/food/articles/how-us-news- ranks-best-diets • A panel of nationally recognized experts in diet, nutrition, obesity, food psychology, diabetes and heart disease rated each diet considering: • how easy to follow • https://health.usnews.com/wellness/food/articles/what-makes-a- diet-easy-to-follow • ability to produce short-term and long-term weight loss • nutritional completeness • conformance with 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans • safety and potential for preventing and managing diabetes and heart disease Jamie Pope Steven Nizielski Vanderbilt University Grand Valley State University Nutrition: FOR A CHANGING WORLD SECOND EDITION Chapter 2 Healthy Diets Copyright © 2019 W. H. Freeman and Company What is a Healthy Diet? • A healthy diet should: • Meet nutrient and calorie needs at different life stages • Help maintain a healthy body weight • Help prevent chronic diseases • Foster an enjoyment of eating and appreciation of food Adequacy, balance, variety and moderation are the core characteristics of healthy diets • Characteristics….
    [Show full text]
  • The Weight Watchers Referral Scheme Content
    For health professionals only The Weight Watchers Referral Scheme The Weight Watchers Referral Scheme Working with the NHS for effective weight management Working with the NHS for effective weight management Guidance for Health Service Managers What You Need To Do If you are interested in talking to someone about setting up a Contents referral scheme in your area – simply contact: Email [email protected] 1 Summary or tel. 01628 415287 2-3 What is Weight Watchers offering? 4 Does Weight Watchers work? References 5 Is Weight Watchers cost-effective? Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (1984) Diet and Cardiovascular Disease. Poulter J and Hunt P (2007) Evaluation of Referral to Weight Watchers. Int. J. Obesity, Report on Health and Social Subjects No 28. The Stationery Office: London. 31, S110. Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (1991) Dietary Reference Values for Food Poulter J and Hunt P (2008) Weight change of participants in the Weight Watchers 6 Which patients are suitable? Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects No Referral Scheme, Int J Obesity, 32, S233. 41. The Stationery Office: London. Prochaska J, DiClemente and Norcross (1996) Changing for Good: A Revolutionary six-stage program to overcoming bad habits and moving your life positively forward. 11 How does the scheme operate? Department of Health (2006) Obesity Care Pathway and Your Weight The Guildford Press: New York. Foresight (2007) Tackling Obesities: Future Choices, www.foresight.gov.uk Rollnick S et al (1999) Health Behaviour Change: A Guide for Practitioners. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Weight Watchers and Atkins Diets: the Effects Of
    Running head: EFFECTS OF CALORIE RESTRICTION 1 An Analysis of the Weight Watchers and Atkins Diets: The Effects of Calorie Restriction and Nutrition Levels Heather Brown A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2014 EFFECTS OF CALORIE RESTRICTION 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ Monica L. Parson, Ed.D. Thesis Chair ______________________________ Jon J. House, Ed.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Chad Magnuson, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ James H. Nutter, D.A. Honors Director ______________________________ Date EFFECTS OF CALORIE RESTRICTION 3 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a calorie-restricted diet versus one with restricted food groups. To accomplish this, a survey with 19 participants, age ranging from 25 to 74 years, was taken for people who attempted Weight Watchers, a calorie-restricted diet, and Atkins, a low-carbohydrate diet. The success rates of each of these diets will be compared and analyzed in this study. Participants reported short-term and long-term weight loss results. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics and two independent t-tests were performed. For short-term weight loss on Atkins, M = 20.25, and on Weight Watchers, M = 44.33. With net weight loss, Atkins averaged 11.25 pounds and Weight Watchers group averaged 44.33 pounds. Although the independent t- tests did not show a significant difference, research suggests that calorie restriction is more effective for long-term maintenance.
    [Show full text]
  • Want to Lose Weight? Commercial Weight Loss Programs Vs
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Physician Assistant Capstones The Graduate School Summer 5-5-2016 Want to Lose Weight? Commercial Weight Loss Programs vs. Primary Care Jessica Jacobson James Madison University Katherine Chui James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/pacapstones Part of the Alternative and Complementary Medicine Commons, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Commons, Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Commons, Family Medicine Commons, Preventive Medicine Commons, Primary Care Commons, and the Public Health Education and Promotion Commons Recommended Citation Chui K, Jacobson J. Want to lose weight? Commercial weight loss programs vs. primary care. JMU Scholarly Commons Physician Assistant Capstones. http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/pacapstones/7/. Published August 1, 2016. This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physician Assistant Capstones by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Want to Lose Weight? Comparing the Efficacy of Commercial Weight Loss Programs versus Primary Care Interventions for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance Katherine Chui & Jessica Jacobson December 11, 2015 Want to Lose Weight? Comparing the Efficacy of Commercial Weight Loss Programs versus Primary Care Interventions for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance By Katherine Chui and Jessica Jacobson ABSTRACT Context Overweight and obesity rates are on a continuous incline in the United States leading to increased rates of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death. Much of the healthcare costs are going into treating this disease; therefore, it is vital to find effective weight loss treatments in both the primary care and community settings to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity and subsequent healthcare costs.
    [Show full text]
  • Weight Watchers
    Group 4- Weight Watchers Chelsea Knudsen, Brent Lawless, Josh Shulman, Kaylan Porter Topic: Our group was assigned the weight loss program Weight Watchers. We wanted to take a look at the program’s perceived success or failure against the program’s real world success or failure. To do this, we plan to survey both members of Weight Watcher’s as well as the general public (Geneseo students) and compare those results to real-world findings. The librarian who aided us in our research was Liz Argentieri. Sources do not need to be numbered, they should just be listed alphabetically. These should come after the text as in a normal essay. Ahh... now I see the you've attached the final References Cited as a Word document. Remove the draft references immediately below. I asked for everything on one page in part so I can easily edit/note problems. Your References Cited is not divided into Scholarly/Peer-Reviewed and Other References Cited (at least one of your sources is "Other") , and there are some errors (Elsevier, a publisher, is listed as a journal title, some other minor problems). These minor issues will not lower your grade in any major way but its always impressive to see students/groups who follow the guidelines very closely. Source 1: Jebb, Susan 2011 Primary Care Referral to a Commercial Provider for Weight Loss Treatment Versus Standard Care: A Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet 378 (9801): 1485-1492. This article gives a detailed look into a research study (funded by Weight Watchers International) designed to compare the effectiveness of adhering to the Weight Watchers program as opposed to standard treatment in primary care as outlined by one’s doctor.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of the Effects of Four Commercially Available Weight-Loss Programmes on Lipid-Based Cardiovascular Risk Factors
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51421169 Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovascular risk factors Article in Public Health Nutrition · June 2009 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980008003236 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 34 264 11 authors, including: Linda Morgan Bruce A Griffin University of Surrey University of Surrey 187 PUBLICATIONS 8,570 CITATIONS 158 PUBLICATIONS 5,381 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Anne Delooy Kenneth R Fox University of Plymouth University of Bristol 3 PUBLICATIONS 204 CITATIONS 380 PUBLICATIONS 13,513 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: TREAD - exercise and depression trial View project functional food View project All content following this page was uploaded by Linda Morgan on 25 March 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Public Health Nutrition: 12(6), 799–807 doi:10.1017/S1368980008003236 Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovascular risk factors LM Morgan1,*, BA Griffin1, DJ Millward1, A DeLooy2, KR Fox3, S Baic3, MP Bonham4, JMW Wallace4, I MacDonald5, MA Taylor5 and H Truby1 1School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK: 2Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh EH12 8TS, UK: 3Department of Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TP, UK: 4Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK: 5School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK Submitted 26 July 2007: Accepted 7 May 2008: First published online 23 July 2008 Abstract Objective: To investigate the relative efficacy of four popular weight-loss programmes on plasma lipids and lipoproteins as measures of CVD risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting and Time-Restricted Feeding
    nutrients Review Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting and Time-Restricted Feeding Compared to Continuous Energy Restriction for Weight Loss Corey A. Rynders 1,2,*, Elizabeth A. Thomas 3,4, Adnin Zaman 3, Zhaoxing Pan 5, Victoria A. Catenacci 3,4 and Edward L. Melanson 1,2,3 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; [email protected] 2 Eastern Colorado Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; [email protected] (E.A.T.); [email protected] (A.Z.); [email protected] (V.A.C.) 4 Department of Medicine, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA 5 Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 August 2019; Accepted: 5 October 2019; Published: 14 October 2019 Abstract: The current obesity epidemic is staggering in terms of its magnitude and public health impact. Current guidelines recommend continuous energy restriction (CER) along with a comprehensive lifestyle intervention as the cornerstone of obesity treatment, yet this approach produces modest weight loss on average. Recently, there has been increased interest in identifying alternative dietary weight loss strategies that involve restricting energy intake to certain periods of the day or prolonging the fasting interval between meals (i.e., intermittent energy restriction, IER).
    [Show full text]
  • Loss Claims Compared to Results from Randomized Controlled Trials Rachit M
    Original Article Obesity CLINICAL TRIALS AND INVESTIGATIONS Commercial Programs’ Online Weight-Loss Claims Compared to Results from Randomized Controlled Trials Rachit M. Vakil1, Zoobia W. Chaudhry2, Ruchi S. Doshi2, Jeanne M. Clark2,3,4, and Kimberly A. Gudzune 2,3 Objective: To characterize weight-loss claims and disclaimers present on websites for commercial weight-loss programs and compare them with results from published randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: A content analysis of all home pages and testimonials available on the websites of 24 ran- domly selected programs was performed. Two team members independently reviewed each page and abstracted information from text and images to capture relevant content, including demographics, weight loss, and disclaimers. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the efficacy of these programs by searching MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the mean weight change from each RCT included was abstracted. Results: Overall, the amount of weight loss portrayed in the testimonials was extreme across all pro- grams examined (range median weight loss 10.7-49.5 kg). Only 10 out of the 24 programs had eligible RCTs. Median weight losses reported in testimonials exceeded that achieved by trial participants. Most programs with RCTs (78%) provided disclaimers stating that the testimonial’s results were nontypical and/or gave a range of typical weight loss. Conclusions: Weight-loss claims within testimonials were higher than results from RCTs. Future studies should examine
    [Show full text]