Newell, J. 2004. the Russian Far East: a Reference Guide For

Home , Amur Oblast, Bureya (river), Dalnegorsk, Dalnerechensk, Lesozavodsk, Nakhodka

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OVERVIEW OVERVIEW Development. Newell, 2 3 4 5 1 1 6 9 8

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OVERVIEW OVERVIEW  Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian 1 R E T P A H C uchevskoi Volcano rising to mately Plateaus, mountain ranges, andfrom peaks about ecology and Geography moisture, but allows for little cultivation of land. permafrost, or eternally frozen ground, which melts on the surface in summer, providing time climate from warming the interior. Almost long, dry, and very cold. The mountains along the Pacifi ccoastline prohibitthe mari- Amur Oblast, and the entire Republic of Summer Sakha. is short but warm. Winter is and because dry strong air masses fl oweast from Siberia. Spring is longand cool. occasional fromheavy rainfall typhoons, particularly in Primorsky WinterKrai. is cold these regions, as monsoon storms blow in from the south. Autumn isand dry warm, with sky and Khabarovsk Amur Krais, Basin, and southern Summer Sakhalin). is humid in Pacifi cand Ocean the Sea of Japan bring a monsoon climate tothe southern Pacifi ccoast, while subarcticconditions persist onhigh mountain ridgesin the south.The break up these zones into irregular fl owsas temperateconditions reach far northalong the ( (– With frigid winters in northeastern the Sakha, coldest point in the northern hemisphere Climate Alaska. or theMore size of two-thirds than the United States, the Size seaboard of the Korea, Japan, and the separates Chukotka from Together, Alaska. China (north of Shanghai), North and South 50 Geographic regions, p. 1 The Russian Far East ( Location Overview 40 . 1 and 71 ) and is bordered by China to the south and North Korea to the southeast (see map 40 A Siberian, or continental, climate defi nesthe interior of Magadan Oblastand western ° c ° c ), climate zones in the percent of the Russian Federation. The Republic of alone Sakha is twice the size of ), and sweltering summers along the Amur and Ussuri River basins in the south 75 200 percent of the km fromkm Japan, respectively. In the far northeast, the narrow Bering Strait Far CA: rfe East: Daniel , is more than rfe rfe 13 rfe ). The form Northeast Asia. Vladivostok, the largest city on the eastern ) comprises the eastern third of the Russian Federation (see map A rfe . The great volcanoes of areKamchatka still higher with Kly- 4 , 750 & Reference range from arctic to nearly subtropical. Mountain ranges rfe m. Plains cover the remaining Daniel. 9 , ’s Island andSakhalin Primorsky are Krai less than 000 km andkm seven time zones away from Moscow. 466 Guide 75 1 percent of the , 000 pages rfe to for 3 covers , 000 Conservation 25 m high cover approxi- rfe 6 percent of the region; w e i v r e v O . 63 is dominated by million sq. km, rfe (Primor-  and 1

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OVERVIEW OVERVIEW Development. Newell, 4   there are four main vegetation belts: along mountain ridges. Broadly speaking, north, and subarctic vegetation extends south zones. Temperate forests reach far into the irregular horizontal fl owsas dothe climate Sakhalin. the shores of Primorsky and Krai southern Sea of Japan brings warm ocean currents to northern Japan, and the eastern in the world, is enclosed by the Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, perhaps the richest fi shery Kuril Islands. Tucked away like a pocket, the Ocean borders the eastern coast down to the separates the northern coast to the Bering Strait, which most people have settled here. plains are most suitable for growing crops, Bureya, and Ussuri Rivers. Because these Zeya, River and its main tributaries—the the most fertile are located along the Amur

The vegetation cover follows the same The Arctic Ocean extends along the and willows ( ( rivers and are interspersed with poplars trees, mostly larch, grow along the major soil, and cold, climate. dry Some large formations, stunted by the wind, shallow ( pines ( ern tundra zones, dwarf Japanese stone for and animals migratory birds. In south- tundra landscape, forming the food base a dense carpet of gray lichen covers the barren, frigid, and desert-dry. In summer, farther south. In winter, this region is tions of Oblast,Magadan and mountains Chukotka and northern por- Kamchatka, thin belt butin Sakha, covering most of Tundra northern regions of and Sakha Chukotka. along the Arctic Ocean coastline in the far and various grasses) grows in a thin belt tundra Arctic Larix gmelini Populus  T S A E R A F N A I S S U R E H T J. Pinus pumila grows further south, forming a ), chosenia ( 2004. rfe Salix from The PacifiAlaska. c ) grow in unusual horizontal (patches of moss, sedge, McKinleyville, The ). ) and Dahurian larch Chosenia arbutifolia Russian rfe . The Far CA: ), East: Daniel logical balance in many areas of the RFE. the of areas many in balance logical eco- the of disruption and stocks, of destruction poaching, widespread to led has use resource regulate to agencies government corrupt often and impoverished of failure The resources over control regulatory Increase –45). 39 pp. (see management environmental for responsible agencies government those bolster and system area protected Russia’s of support their continue to need groups international diffiand more Russian cult. protection such make will tion privatiza- land looming and resources for demand Increasing concern. top a as sustainability ecosystem with developed or protected either be should that fispecialists Russian by ed identi- hotspots biodiversity fi describes fty-eight book This places wild Protect Key and projects issues areas, and may not reduce poverty. poverty. reduce not may and areas, sensitive damage span, life short a have also they but coffers, government for revenue create Magadan in projects mining Gold- crises. energy RFE’s the exacerbate only may projects these ones, gas natural cleaner to stations coal-thermal ing pollut- convert to need the ignoring also while markets, tic domes- neglecting and markets export prioritizing By unlikely. argue, some and, ensured way no in are communities local benefi but to ts investment, large-scale to lead will pipeline) Transneft Siberia-RFE-China pipeline, Yukos Siberia-China Sakhalin, (offshore planned projects oil-and-gas massive The benefidiversifi and economy the society, ts es environment, the protects development resource Ensure extraction. resource for areas new open to pressure reduce could and jobs more create also would It manufacturers. Russian to and government federal and regional the to both revenue increase would processing value-added of amount the Increasing sustainable. mentally environ- nor economically neither is base, manufacturing a developing of expense the at Korea, South and China, Japan, to gas) fi and (timber, oil, materials metals, sh, raw Exporting capacity manufacturing Increase unabated. largely continues and 1990s the in levels peak reached species endangered A & Reference Daniel. 466 Guide 2

pages for 1 Illegal trade in in trade Illegal Conservation and 

OVERVIEW OVERVIEW  Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian  ka ka coastlines. ofMore the total two-thirds than seabird population of the former jubatus Huge populations of northern seal fur ( Scientists estimate that more ofhalf than the wild Pacifi c salmoncan be foundin the ( the only place with sixall species of Pacifi c salmon:king ( salmon stocks (including king salmon, which reachcan almost arctos for the two thousand remaining Siberian cranes ( ( gulls ( mus Islands in Chukotka boast the highest denning population of polar bears ( Dicrostonyx pex lagopus The Arctic regions provide habitat for the snowy owl ( fauna and Flora A for listings of the major topological features in the Russian Far East. golicus portions of the Island, Sakhalin Moneron Island, and the Kuril Islands. Farther inland, the southernmost Similar mixed forests, composed of a different set of tree species, exist on southernmost  O. nerka Anser caeruleus Kamchatka PeninsulaKamchatka supports the world’s largest population of brown bears ( belt between Taiga covered areas of China, Korea, and Japan, but they have largely been destroyed. also support the majority of the ( and medicinal plants, such as the famed ginseng ( rean pine, varieties of maple ( the boreal forest thrive here together with temperate and subtropical species such as Ko- plant and species animal in temperate forests anywhere on the planet. forests in these regions have evolved to become one of the most diverse assemblages of just east of the North Korean and Chinese borders. Escaping the last glacial period, the Amur River. Conifer-broadleaved forests also grow south of range, the Sikhote-Alin River, which fl ows northwestfrom the Mountains and Sikhote-Alin drainsinto the Khabarovsk RussianstheseKrai. call forests the Ussuri Taiga, named after the Ussuri Mountain whichRange, extends along most of Primorsky and Krai into southern Conifer-broadleaved koraensis central and southern regions, spruces ( The north is dominated by Dahurian larch forests that grow well on permafrost. In becomes more complex, although tundra still can be found along the mountain ranges. Eleutherococcus senticosus ), as well as the largest concentrations of ( walrus ), estimated at Larus roseus ), chernozem prairies, and (‘black earth’) steppes of the Amur Valley. See appendix ), and sea otter ( , the large mass of boreal forest that forms the heart of the ), coho ( ), numerous sandpipers ( ), reindeer ( ), fi rs ( Far CA: rfe ) in the world. Most of the world’s population (fithousand) fty of Ross’s 70 O. kisutch East: ) nest in the northern Abies and are covered with broadleaved forests of Mongolian oak ( Daniel 7 , 500 Rangifer tarandus ), and Scots pine ( Enhydra lutris 50 forests grow below the zonetaiga along the Sikhote-Alin . In its rivers and along its shores are the world’s most abundant degrees latitude. Farther south, the forest composition gradually A ), pink ( ), combine to form an intricate mix of fl ora.These forests & Reference Acer Daniel. rfe Calidris O. gorbuscha ), birch ( ) congregate along the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchat- ’s rare and endangered species. Similar forests once Callorhinus ursinus rfe ), and many other fauna. Wrangel and Herald Picea obovata P. silvestris ), eiders ( . The Republic of is Sakha a major nesting site Betula 466 Guide ), chum ( Grus leucogeranus ) begin to appear. ), fi r,and lime ( pages Somateria Panax ginseng Odobaenus rosmarus Nyctea scandiaca , P. ajanensis Onorynchus tshawytscha O. keta for ), Steller’s sea lion ( ), lemmings ( 2 Conservation m in length), and it is ), and masu ( ) and eleutherococcus ). w e i v r e v O ), Korean pine ( Tulia rfe ), arctic fox ( , extends as a broad 3 ) and snow geese ). Southern vines Tree species of Ursus mariti- Quercus mon- Lemmus, Eumetopias O. masu U. ), sockeye ussr Pinus Alo-  rfe and , an ).

4 . 5 5

OVERVIEW OVERVIEW Development. Newell, 6 least populated regions per capita, and much lower thethan Russian national average of almost influx of prisoners tothe laborlocal camps, the populationgrew from about There are just over Population (pop.Magadan Ussuriisk (pop. (pop.Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (pop.Nakhodka Yakutsk (pop. Blagoveshchensk (pop. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (pop. Komsomolsk-on-Amur (pop. Khabarovsk (pop. Vladivostok (pop. cities Largest species of birds, and more than there are more than the Manchurian fi r ( Eastern leopards ( darin duck ( euptilura fi ( sh-owl include the Himalayan bear ( est cats in the world (see pp. estimated The Ussuri Taiga is home to the of the world’s species of cranes. basins provide habitat for four dreds of species of birds. wolverines ( phus Manchurian wapiti moose ( urus vulgaris ( bears, wolves ( foreststaiga teem with brown Sea of Okhotsk coastlines. The breed along the Bering Sea and sea eagles [ includes remainingall Steller’s estimated Martes zibellina

The Amur and Ussuri River  ), wild boars ( T S A E R A F N A I S S U R E H T 5 J. Alces alces, americanusA. million. Today, with about ), merganserscaly-breasted ( Ketupa blackistoni 250 4 Haliaeetus pelagicaus]), . 2004. Gulo gulo 5 ), lynxes ( Aix galericulata million pairs (which – Canis lupus 194 400 158 115 ), squirrels ( 159 , Panthera pardus orientalis Sus scrofa 617 613 000 , , 7

McKinleyville, remaining Amur, or Siberian, tigers ( 000 400 ( , 2 million people living in the Abies holophylla Cervus ela- 800 The ), and hun- , , , 500 Felis lynx 800 100 ) 225 ) ) ) species of plants,vascular almost ), sable ) ) 180 , 200 ), yellow-throated marten ( ), ), and endemic Siberian grouse ( Russian Sci- 0 09 – 106 Ursus thibetanus , 309 000 ), ) 200 ), 256 , 400 ) species of butterfl iesin Primorskyalone.Krai ) forests in the far south of Primorsky InKrai. all, 1 ). Other endangered species sharing this ecosystem , . Mergus squamatus 000 1 ) inhabitants per sq. km, it is still one of the world’s plant; adult butterfl ies have almost been wiped out by commercial collectors. commercial by out wiped butterfl been adult almost plant; have ies alcinoi Parides Far ) CA: ), with a population of only about ), goral ( East: rfe Daniel is one of the rarest butterfl ies in the RFE. Its larvae feed on an endangered endangered an on feed larvae butterfl Its rarest RFE. of the the one in is ies . Between Nemorhaedus caudatus Martes fl avigula ), sika deer ( Panthera tigris altaica A 100 Falcipennis falcipennis & Reference 1928 mammalian species, mammalian Daniel. and Cervus nippon ), Amur cat ( 1959 466 ), Blackiston’s 1 , with the . 30 5 Guide ), the larg- million to , inhabit ), Man- ). Far pages Felis 400 for Conservation and

Yuri Shibnev 

OVERVIEW OVERVIEW  Development. Newell, Source: fi jure de used. are gures Note: East Far Russian 2000 RFE, the of Population 1.1Table Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Koryak Okrug Autonomous Chukotka Oblast Autonomous Jewish Oblast Magadan Oblast Kamchatka Oblast Sakhalin Sakha of Republic Oblast Amur Krai Khabarovsk Krai Primorsky J. De facto population fi gures are used for this table, but in some of the regional chapters chapters regional the of some in but table, fithis for used population are gures facto De Goskomstat, 2001. Goskomstat, 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian or, more accurately, Nunavut. equivalent to that of the provinces,Canadian with being Sakha comparable to Quebec, equal, with the exception of the Republic of Their Sakha. degree of autonomy is roughly okrug has tried to reverse the trend toward decentralization. governors enjoy much better working relations with Moscow. President Putin Vladimir tions of a sellout of the example, defi nedhis politicalcareer by defying Moscow’s authorityand launchingallega- ment among the local populace. Primorsky’s former governor Evgeny Nazdratenko, for their problems, eventually creating strong anti-Moscow and even periodic separatist senti- diverse, even though the region is often thought of as a unifi ed whole. the priorities and character of individual areas within the more political autonomy Chechnyathan ever asked for. Since the dissolution of the but are equal members of the Russian Federation. The Republic of now Sakha enjoys Jewish Autonomous Oblast ( government raised the political status of some Yeltsin administration encouraged decentralization. During this period, the Russian Perestroika status Political The In search of greater power, some local governors have routinely blamed Moscow for 1,506,700 7,098,200 2,157,700 590,600 378,300 973,800 227,200 997,500 197,500 s 68,900 28,500 Total , and one republic. Despite different designations, their status is more or less rfe

brought with it a strong movement for greater regional autonomy, in that the currently includes fi ve Far CA: Persons Persons sq. km sq. 13.1 per per 6.8 5.5 5.3 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.3 2.7 1.9 1.1 East: Daniel krai Percentage Percentage rural areas rural living in living A 36% 35% 23% 22% 32% 32% 24% 19% 19% 74% ’s land and resources to the Chinese (see p. 7% jao & Reference ), for example, are no longer ofparts other Daniel. oblast urban areas urban Percentage Percentage living in in living 68% 68% 65% 26% 93% 64% 78% 76% 77% 81% 81% s (one autonomous), two 466 rfe Guide regions. Chukotka, and Koryakia, the is urban. however, Koryakia, remains 76 OblastMagadan and Chukotka. About marked in the northern regions, such as Population decline has been particularly Russia, stemming from economic crisis. also to migration back to European ing birth rates throughout Russia but steadily declined partly due to declin- years, the population of the suitable for agriculture. For the last ten climate is warmer and the land is more Amur Oblast ( Khabarovsk ( Krai ticularly Primorsky ( Krai in the southern part of the shows, most of the population lives 8 for complete statistics). and most live in areas (seerural p. 90 to a census done in indigenous peoples remain. According primarilylarge settlements rural; of . 7 pages percent of the , inhabitants per sq. km. tableAs 000 rfe indigenous peoples in the for have become much more Conservation 997 krai w e i v r e v O rfe , 500 1 s, two autonomous 6 , 1989 506 143 ’s total population ), where the ). , 700 , there are about oblast Other local 2 rfe , 157 rfe ), and s or , , par- 700 has ussr rfe,  101 krai ), and 1

. 1 , s, 7

OVERVIEW OVERVIEW Development. Newell, 8 of Kamchatka. Japan, the Bering Sea, and along the eastern shores waters around the northern Kurils, in the Sea of are distributed in the Sea of Okhotsk, in the coastal urchins (mostly shrimp, scallops, sea cucumbers, seaweed, and sea species include herring ( commercially lucrative species. Other important lion tons. Crab, pollock, and salmon are the most resource asset, with fi sh stocksestimated at mercury, lead, and zinc. located in the of platinum and palladium. Other important metals Khabarovsk regions are emerging as major suppliers deposits are found in southern and Koryakia Sakha. of the world’s second largest reserve of diamonds. Most Amur, and regions.Kamchatka boasts Sakha the in the Chukotka,Magadan, Sakha, Khabarovsk, potential. Gold and silver reserves are found mainly lar, and geothermal energy reserves also have strong offshore along most of the found mainly onIsland andSakhalin andin Sakha, in ferns, ginseng, and other medicinal plants. products ( forests also have many important nontimber forest AmurOblasts). Krais, and TheseSakhalin southern in the southern distribution is uneven, with most timber production however, are heavily overlogged. In addition, forest foreststure; near railroads and population centers, to mountainous landscapes and lack of infrastruc- forty percent of a listing of the forest resources of the thin to be commercially viable (see appendix B for whereSakha, the trees are primarily larch and too reserves in the estimates, there are over and other materials. diminished the bined with raw materials export reliance, have Decades wasteful extraction, of large-scale, com- resources Natural

rfe Marine resources are arguably the There may be as much as  T S A E R A F N A I S S U R E H T reserves (mostly inOil Sakha). and aregas rfe J. ’s confi rmed ntfp 2004. rfe rfe s) such as mushrooms, pine nuts, rfe rfe rfe Strongylocentrotus include tin, antimony, tungsten, , but over ofhalf these are in ’s accessible minerals, timber, McKinleyville, (Khabarovsk and Primorsky forests remain inaccessible due 7 According to forest service The 4 8 Clupea pallasi . 21 4 billion tons of iron ore billion cu. m of timber rfe Russian 19 coastline. Wind, so- billion tons of coal ). These resources rfe rfe ), fl atfi shes, ’s greatest ). About Far CA: 29 mil- East: Daniel �� A �� & Reference �� Daniel. �� 466 �� Guide �� pages �� for �� Conservation �� and 

OVERVIEW OVERVIEW  Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian Soviet planners developed industries in the industries Main town of Nelma on the Sea of Japan to reduce the cost of exporting logs to Japan. and timber companies want to build a road east from the ofvillage Sukpai to the port isNakhodka opening forests up Sikhote-Alin for logging. The Khabarovsk government way throughout the with a growing scarcity of accessible resources, new infrastructure projects are under the greatest obstacle to more investment. Driven by resource demand in Asia and faced maintain it. Many foreign investors, particularly Japanese, believe infrastructure to be Kamchatsky in Kamchatka. (Soviet Haven) in KholmskKhabarovsk onIsland;Krai; and Petropavlovsk-Sakhalin andNakhodka, Vladivostok in Primorsky Vanino Krai; and Sovetskaya-Gavan arein andexpanding.Kamchatka Sakhalin The largest ports in the in winter. The major international airports are in Vladivostok and Khabarovsk. Airports transportation and shipping goods in summer and are used as roads when they freeze over Magadan, and usually travelKamchatka by air. Rivers are also important for passenger construction diffi cultand expensive. When traveling longdistances, peoplefrom Sakha, this railroadhalf; connects to the mainland (through Vanino port) by regular ferry line. to the island’s center, was built by the Japanese when they controlled the island’s southern southern but Sakha, not as far as the capital, Yakutsk. Sakhalin’s railroad, which extends two railroads in Amur Oblast and Khabarovsk Krai, and a spur from the east-west direction. Most industries have developed along these lines. Spurs connect the MainlineTrans-Siberian ( and the Baikal-Amur largely limited infrastructure to the southern Mountainous terrain, severe weather, and low levels of federal capital investment have Infrastructure Regional Product ( Khabarovsk, and Primorsky) combine to produce ofabout the region’stwo-thirds Gross now the era trucks. defense plantsthirty-two into museums of rusting cranes, assembly andhangars, Soviet- Shark attack helicopters, and Sukhoi fighter planes hastransformed many ofthe region’s closely connected to production.military The sharp drop in orders for battleships, Black larger percentage of total industrial production theythan do now. Machine building was the major manufacturing sectors (machine building, light industry, etc.) formed a much 1 rebound in levels in ofall the No longer propped up by federal subsidies and a state-controlled economy, production During the Soviet era, about ofhalf the [coal town] or ment and supply raw materials, constructing entire cities (with names such as . 1 shows the increased reliance of the economy on resource extraction and export. In Existing Existing infrastructure is old, and the Russian government generally lacks funds to The northern regions have no railroads and few paved roads because permafrost makes Mining (nonferrous metallurgy), food (especially fiand shing), power generationare rfe Far 2000 ’s largest industries. Three of the CA: Neftegorsk . Manufacturing capacity, however, remains at pre- East: rfe grp Daniel rfe industries plummeted between ). . A federally funded highway under construction from Chita to 11 [oil town]) around the extraction of one or a few resources. A & Reference Daniel. rfe rfe ’s industrial output was related to defense. rfe rfe 466 primarily to manufacture equip- military Guide bam ’s ten administrative regions (Sakha, , where the two major railroads—the pages ) —run parallel to each other —run in an ) 1989 for and 1999 Conservation w e i v r e v O before beginning to rfe 1980 are Vostochny, levels. bam Uglegorsk reaches 10 Figure  9 1991 and

OVERVIEW OVERVIEW Development. Newell, 10 products, annual further complicates the export picture. Taking into account unreported fi shand border timber between Russia and China. Much of the Russian-Chinese trade is by barter, which figures of log exportsare also dubious,with illegal trade prevalent acrossthe shared,much porousas rfe tanker shipments of Sakhalin oil. Of the are climbing rapidly). South Korea, Japan, and China are the primary markets, so far, for region’s most lucrative export: marine products (although Chinese imports of that resourcemore doublethan Japan’s annual log import. partner for the of which are made in European Russia) now line most shelves. imported packaged foods, such as butter from Australia, but Russian food products (many to import furniture from places as distant as Finland. The capacity. An underdeveloped wood-processing industry, for example, makes it necessary Imports are primarily manufactured goods, because of the 2001 foreign trade. Trade has more than doubled since South Korea, and the United account States—together for about products), such as Khabarovsk-built jet fighters China, toJapan, China. Four countries— exports a limited quantity of manufactured items (machinery, equipment, processed wood These four categories account for about king crab, pollock, salmon), raw logs, and fuelcoking (high-quality coal and crude oil). precious metals and gems (gold, silver, platinum, diamonds), marine products (especially The trade Foreign tigers in this region. Biologist Dale Miquelle has documented the negative impacts of road infrastructure on hotspot and one of the largest pristine watersheds left in the southern part of the ness. Thelogging Nelma-Sukpai road would bisect the Samarga watershed, a biodiversity and pipelinesgas and roads impactwill salmon rivers and open up new areas of wilder- them to consumers comes with environmental ecologists costs. Sakhalin are concerned oil rfe Khabarovsk, from central to Sakha China, and from Eastern Siberia (Angarsk) across the roads. Oil and pipelinesgas (and roads to build and service them) may be built through next decade as companies expand ports and construct pipelines, plants, and maintenance Oil and gas development sparkwill infrastructure expansion onIsland overSakhalin the tion and enhance the region’s role as a transit point for goods from China and Europe. ture and streamline customs procedures. These upgrades would facilitate resource extrac- ridor project to attract fi nancing to upgradeand expand

Trade statistics underestimate actual trade. Russian customs offi cials confi rm that as Exports have risen sharply but imports have not, remaining at In just the past few years, China has overtaken Japan as the most important trading Building the infrastructure required to access fuel and timber resources and transport Russian policymakers and international associations are promoting the East-West Cor- to South Korea in to Primorsky Krai. rfe (see fi g.  T S A E R A F N A I S S U R E H T J. economy today essentially relies on the export of four primary natural resources: u.s.$2 2004. 1 . . 1 rfe 5 ). billion of fi sh productsare exportedillegally each year (see p. rfe . Chinese demand for Russian logs is booming, with McKinleyville, 12 exports are closer to The 2000 , almost Russian 60 percent was crude oil. 80 u.s.$578 $8 Far percent of all export earnings. CA: – 14 9 But Japan remains the key market for the billion than East: million in products exported from the 1992 Daniel and totaled about rfe A rfe rfe $6 rail, port, and road infrastruc- & Reference used to rely heavily on ’s limited manufacturing billion (offi cial gures).fi Daniel. 1992 60 percent of all levels ( 2002 13 u.s.$6 The 466 u.s.$1 imports 58 Guide billion in rfe ). Offi cial rfe rfe billion). also pages . for Conservation and 

OVERVIEW OVERVIEW  Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian turnover. reduced funding to the region. Government planners and industry representatives in the unemployed, many of whom resort to poaching and toillegal harvesting secure income. facturing and noncommodity sectors. World Bank have urged Russia to diversify its economy by developing domestic manu- tion, and may exacerbate poverty. extractive industries grow more slowly, tofail employ a significant portion ofthe popula- sustainable development. Indeed, the region supplies evidence that economies based on decades. partner and havewill a huge impact on the development patterns of the China, with its rapidly growing definatural-resource cits, isthe region’s largesttrading for the Soviets, today the crab to sell to canneries in China, Japan, and the United States. Once a resource colony netters and refitted U.S. crabbers now plythe seas to harvest pollock, salmon,and king mined to export coking coal to steel factories in Japan. Foreign-built trawlers and drift- Korean pine, larch, and ash logs to sawmills in China and Japan. Coal deposits are being acrossgas to refiSakhalin neriesin Japanand South Korea. Roadsare being built tocarry ties to European Russia. Asia. The Chinese, Japanese, and South Korean markets now eclipse the region’s economic the region survives by supplying raw materials to resource-poor countries in Northeast (withMagadan its gold industry), retain close economic ties with Moscow, but most of people without heat in their homes. revenue. erraticAn energy supply also hinders steady factory production and leaves many manufacturing and devastated local communities dependent on the industry for jobs and intact. the aging and ineffi cientcomplex military-industrial built bythe Soviets remains largely Despite more athan decade of sweeping privatization and radical political restructuring, outlook General          a number of resources critical to Russia’s economy, including: Although the Federation Russian the in importance Economic See appendix C for foreign trade by Investment in manufacturing is unlikely to come from Moscow, which has drastically The A few areas in the A growing percentage of Russia’s oil and exportsgas More than Almost About About About About ofall Virtually Russia’s diamonds and tin About 15 High energy and transport costs combined with lack of investment have crippled rfe 14 25 10 50 75 50 ’s present economic reliance on natural resource exports is not the path to Far percent of Russian platinum percent of coal production and percent of Russia’s fi shand marine products percent of timberall production and percent of the country’s gold CA: percent of leadall rfe 90 percent of fl uorspar produces only about East: Daniel rfe 16 , such (with as Sakha its strategic diamond industry) and Pipelines are being planned to transport crude oil and natural rfe A is essentially a resource colony for the northern PacifiRim. c & Reference 17 Daniel. Both the International Monetary Fund ( 18 Manufacturing would create jobs for the region’s rfe 5 percent of Russia’s total industrial output, it has region, and see appendix D for total trade 40 466 percent of the country’s total reserves Guide 30 percent of log exports pages for Conservation w e i v r e v O rfe in the coming imf ) and the 

and 11

OVERVIEW OVERVIEW Development. Newell, 12 be continually championed. in the But the Putin Administration’s recent harassment of mediacertain outlets and many ofparts the of the great successes coming out of the by industry and regional governments fearing the loss of access to natural resources. One tions to claim legal right to their traditional lands, efforts which have often been resisted organizations and individuals across the globe. Indigenous peoples also formed associa- ing from human rights to nuclear pollution, and the collaboration of these groups with governmental organizations ( which may pose the greatest long-term threat to the natural ecosystems of the sian fi rms. Butconsumer countries alsowill have to curb wasteful resourceconsumption, export methods. Consumers, in turn, could then demand imports from certifi ed Rus- would allow certification for businesses practicing and legal sustainableand harvesting Russian regulators by documentation requiring chain-of-custody for resources. This lucrative. agencies themselves. For corrupt offi cials, bribesand illicit business enterprisesare highly regulation. The greatest obstacle to reform, however, may be corruption in the regulatory of government environmental agencies, and the proliferation of small fi rmsin need of proven particularly formidable because of federal budget constraints, the decentralization hinders efforts to environmentally certify responsible fi rms.Combating illegality has ment, drives down resource prices (making it harder for honest fi rms tocompete), and inability also reduces government revenue, discourages domestic and foreign invest- crab, pollock [ control this problem threatens to wipe out species (such as Korean pine, ash [ most intractable problem: illegal resource harvest. The inability of regulatory agencies to overdependence. by international fi nancialinstitutions suchasthe Worldthat Bank counsel against such raw materials. Ironically, most foreign investment projects are subsidized and facilitated creased manufacturing. Instead it has increased industry’s capacity to extract and export know-how. To date, however, foreign direct investment ( rfe

The Importers and government agencies from China, Japan, and South Korea could assist The Russian government meanwhile continues to combat what is perhaps the —Josh Newell —Josh continue to hope foreign investors bringwill the necessary capital, technology, and  rfe T S A E R A F N A I S S U R E H T 1990 J. serves as a reminder that these civil liberties are by no means assured and must 2004. s witnessed remarkable social change in Russia, with the emergence of non- Theragra, Pollacius rfe McKinleyville, The (the percentage of protected land in the Russian ngo ], and ginseng) in high demand by markets.Asian This s) and independent media championing causes rang- 1990 Far CA: s was the creation of new protected areas in East: Daniel fdi A ) in the region has not in- & Reference rfe Daniel. , however, remains low). 466 Fraxinus Guide rfe ngo rfe . pages leaders ’s ], for Conservation and 