BA History Syllabus

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Department Overview:

The Department of History at SRM University AP, Amaravati will aim to equip the students to learn from history rather than merely learning history. The courses in the BACHELOR OF ARTS (B.A) degree in HISTORY are designed to equip students with the knowledge of historical processes, events and transformations in world and Indian History from Stone Age to the contemporary world. By putting forth the various arguments/positions on the nature of the discipline, the program is designed to ensure that the students gather and are equipped to answer the question as to what is history; the perspective that there are many histories of the same event will drive the entire program and thus dispel the notion that history is just a narrative of dates and personalities. The thrust here will be on intensive reading of a variety of texts in History rather than rote learning; tutorial sessions where the student reads through text(s) on specific topics and makes presentations before her/his peers will constitute an essential half of the evaluation system at SRM University AP, Amarawati; such assignments will include preparing book reviews and these will involve reading texts along with published comments on those. Thus every student will be trained in the art of reading, writing, speaking, reasoning and interpretation of texts in periodic seminars. Continuous evaluation through tutorials, term papers and seminars apart from the end-term examinations will be the hallmark of this program. The courses contain necessary knowledge in the subject for pursuing higher degree in social sciences, from an inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary approach as well as to equip the students to face such competitive exams like the civil services. The focus at SRM University AP, Amaravati, will be on interactive learning and the core principle at the SLABS is knowledge through critical thinking as against rote learning and performance in examinations. The core team of regular faculty members, drawn from among the best in the discipline, in the department along with a host of visiting faculty comprising of scholars of international repute will take education beyond the class-rooms and engage with the students within and outside the class-rooms and also on subjects that are not necessarily part of the curriculum. History in particular and Social Sciences in general will form the subject matter of regular extra-mural lectures by scholars of eminence from across the world. All these will then be brought into the exercises/assignments that are part of the continuous evaluation system that the department will follow through the program. All Courses carry four credits

An Introduction to History and the Historian’s Craft (Core) [Course Code HIS101] Course Description

The course has a two pronged purpose: To dispel the perception that History is a subject merely involving dates, names and events that are meant to be memorized, remembered and reproduced; and thereafter to discuss History as a discipline, the methods of History and the Historian’s craft wherein the importance of facts are not merely stressed in isolation but in context.

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Unit I: History of History

PreHistory and ProtoHistory and the Definition of History – Concepts of Time – Defining the region (physical, imagined, global, national and regional history): Written History: The Greco-Roman tradition (Heredotus, Thucydides, Levy and Tacitus); the Indian tradition (Itihasa, Purana, Buddhist & Jaina, Kalhana): Medieval European Historiography (St. Augustin) – Medieval West Asian Historiography (Al Beruni and Ibn Khaldun) – Medieval Indian Historiography (Amir Khusro, Barani, Ibn Batuta, Isami, Ferishta, Abdul Razak, Babar, Abul Fazal, Badauni)

Unit II: History and Historiography

Enlightenment historiography – Romanticist historiography – Positivist school – Critical method of Neibhur and Ranke - Annales School (Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch, Fernand Braudel, Roger Chartier) - Marxist School (Frankfurt School, British Marxist Historians) Indian Historiography: Imperialist Historiography (James Mill, V.A.Smith, Elphinstone, W.H.Moreland)- Nationalist Historiography (Naoroji, Ranade, Dutt, R.G. Bhandarkar, H.C. Raychaudhury, RC Majumdar, K.P. Jayaswal, J.N. Sarkar, K.A. Neelakantha Sastri) - Marxist Historiography (D.D. Kosambi, Mahammad Habib, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar, Bipan Chandra, Irfan Habib) and Subaltern Historiography (Ranajit Guha)

Unit III: The Theory in History - Its Nature and Meaning

Facts in History Writing (What is a Historical Fact): Objectivity, Causation and Generalization in History; Is History a Science: Sources for the Historian; Analysis of Evidence Models in History Writing – Cyclical (Arnold Toynbee) and Linear (Marxist), History and Post modernism (The Cultural turn).

Unit IV: Historians’ Craft- Sources of History

Archaeology, Epigraphy, Numismatics, Inscriptions, Official Chronicles, Archives and Literary Sources. Historian and the Computer: Quantitative history and computers, coming to terms with mass of historical information, towards ‘total’ history. History in the Digital Age: Studying digital historical atlas in India

Unit V: History and other Social Sciences

History and Sociology, History and Archaeology, History and Anthropology, History and Political Science, History and Linguistics, History and Economics, History and Literature.

Recommended Readings:

1) Aloka Parasher Sen, ‘The Making of Digital Historical Atlas’, The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2006. 2) Bernard Lewis, History: Remembered, Recovered, Invented, Simon & Schuster, 1987. 3| BA History - SYLLABUS

3) Bertrand Russel, Selected Writings of Bertrand Russel, Routledge (Chapters: 4) Bhupendra Yadav, Framing History: Context and Perspectives, New Delhi, 2012. 5) Dipesh Chakraborty, The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empira of Truth, Orient Blackswan, 2016 6) E.H. Carr, What is History? Penguin, (Reprint), 2008. 7) Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The Territory of the Historian, University of Chicago Press, 1982. 8) Eric Hobsbwam, On History , Little Brown Book Group, 1998 9) Marc Bloch, The Historian’s Craft, Vintage, 1964. 10) Shashi Bhushan Upadhyaya, Historiography in the Modern World: Western and Indian Perspectives, Oxford University Press, 2016.

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Human Civilizations (Core) [Course Code HIS102]

Course Description This course will engage students with the story of Human evolution, origin and development of civilization in a broad archaeological and historical context. We will analyse geographical, political, economic, religious and social structures of ancient civilisation with focused attention on Mesopotamia, India, Egypt, China and Europe. The course is designed to create an understanding of the earliest cities, states, kingdoms and empires that developed in different parts of the world. Unit I - Early Settlements What is Civilisation? Stages of Human evolution; African Origins of Humanity; overview of Hominin evolution: Sexual dimorphism, Development of Language: Patterns of lithic technological development, and stone tool technology, gathering and hunting in human evolution- social and economic structure.

Unit II – The Neolithic and Beyond Climate change and end of Ice- Age, towards the Mesolithic period and extension of settlement in new ecological zones, changes in subsistence strategies based on the case studies from West Asia, Europe and Meso America; changes in tool manufacture and social organisation. Neolithic Period: Origin of food production; Gender Division of Labour; early farming settlements at Catal Hoyuk/Abu Hureya/Jericho/Syria and Jordan; early farming societies in Europe, Asia and the Nile Valley; Neolithic sites, art and architecture; Domestication of animals; burial customs and belief.

Unit III –The Urban Revolution and Civilization Discovery of metals, science of forging metals, development of writing system; Tigris and Euphrates river valley: Emergence of Cities. Urban Revolution: Ancient Egyptian Civilisation, Private life in ancient Egypt; Minion Civilisation of Crete, Gender in the Mediterranean, Nomadic Pastoralism; pastoral people of middle east; pastoralism in central Asia: Horse, wheel, cart and chariot; impacts on the environment; socio- political interaction with the urban centres. The advent of Iron- its origin and implications.

Unit IV – Towards the Early State Ancient Greece; emergence of polis, Athens and Sparta, myth of arcadia. Slave Mode of Production: Emergence of Slavery in ancient Greece, organization of production, nature of classical urbanism, population and forms of slavery; Private life and ancient Greece. Hellenistic Phase: Characteristic features of Hellenism, cities and rural world, art, and culture.

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Unit V – Religious Formation in Early Societies Cults to Religion, Development of ‘World Religions’, ‘The Sacred and the Profane’, Shamanism, Priests and the Early state, Cave Art to Temples -Evolution of Religious Architecture, Religion:Legitimacy and Social Cohesion, Towards Institutionalised Religious Formations.

Recommended Readings: 1. Barnard, Alan (ed.), Hunter-Gatherers in History, Archaeology and Anthropology, Berg, Oxford, 2004. 2. Bogucki, P. The Origins of Human Society. Massachusets and Oxford: Wiley Blackwell Publishers,1999. 3. Cartledge, Paul (ed), The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece, Cambridge, 1998. 4. Childe, V. Gordon, What Happened in History, 1942. 5. Clark, Grahame, World Prehistory: A New Outline: Revised Edition, Cambridge, 1977. 6. Farooqui, Amar, Early Social Formations. Delhi: Manak Publications, 2001. 7. Goody, Jack, Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1976. 8. Ingold, Tim, David Riches and James Woodburn (ed.), Hunters and Gatherers, Volume II, Property, Power and Ideology, Berg, Oxford, 1988. 9. Pollock, Susan, Ancient Mesopotamia, the Eden that never was. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999. 10. Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens; A Brief History of Humankind, , Penguin Random House, 2015

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Semester II Entangled Histories (Core) [Course Code HIS201] Course description The course intends to introduce the students to new trends in history and would attempt to enable them to identify linkages, patterns and shifts across regions and chronological periods. Embracing the Braudelian tradition of history in the longue durée, the course seeks to identify the features of multiple global cultural and economic networks which existed prior to the emergence of colonial and imperialist structures. The course envisages to introduce the students to the methodological framework of connected histories with a focus on flows of materials, people and knowledge along trans-border circulations (albeit asymmetrically) by probing encounters and exchanges based on trade, migration, religion and empire-building. Unit I Perceptions of the past The frames of the past – Time as a narrator (Concepts of time)– Defining the region (physical, imagined and other geographies)-Stories from the sea, land and elsewhere (sources and methods)- From global histories to connected histories (World history to comparative histories to global histories, entangled histories and integrative histories) Unit II -Towards A History of Exploration and Travel Man and movement – Early Explorers and settlers – Travel, Religion and Knowledge (Fa- Hien,It-sing , Hieun Tsang) – Travellers and travel accounts(Marco Polo, Ibn Batuta, Linschoten ) -Maps, globes and Telescopes (Renaissance )– Enlightenment and the broadening of reason- Re-visiting the Empire ( The Mings and the Mughals) -The Indian Ocean and its many histories Unit III - Early Modernities Ports, traders and trade routes(Mercantilism) – States, Courts and markets-the possibilities of maritime trade – Imagining the ‘Other’-‘Bioprospecting’-Medicine, Botany and empire – Scientific Revolution and its impact –Asia and the making of Early modern Europe Unit IV -Shaping the Empire The Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the British- Memoirs, reports and Administrative Accounts – Census and Survey, Life in the early settlements – Addressing the ‘native’ question- Issues of religion and caste –Gender and the Empire Unit V -Representing the marginalised A case of ‘thugs’ and ‘anti-socials’-Morality and the Empire-Proselytising the world- Biomedicine and colonial world (spread of western medicine, vaccination dilemma, medical colleges)-nature and the empire (famine, colonial forestry, green imperialism)-

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Recommended Readings 1. Andre Gunder Frank, Re Orient; Global Economy in the Asian Age, University of California Press,1998 2. Bernard S Cohen, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, Princeton University Press, 1996 3. Damodaran, Vinita, Winterbottom, Anna and Lester, Alan, (eds.), The East India Company and the natural world, Palgrave Studies in World Environmental History, Palgrave Macmillan, London,2014. 4. Donald F Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery., Book 1, University of Chicago Press,2008 5. Edward Said, Orientalism; Western Conceptions of the Orient,Penguin, 2006 6. Harold J Cook, Matters of Exchange, Commerce, Medicine and Science in the Dutch Golden Age,Yale University Press,2007. 7. Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, Nature, Empire, and Nation: Explorations of the History of Science in the Iberian World, Stanford University Press,2006 8. Joseph Fletcher, “Integrative History: Parallels and Interconnections in the Early Modern Period, 1500–1800,” Journal of Turkish Studies 9 (1985): 37–58 9. Kapil Raj, Relocating Modern Science: Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650-1900 10. Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860, Cambridge University Press, 1996 11. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Europe’s India;Words, People,Empires,1500-1800,Harvard University Press,2017 12. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Explorations in Connected History; From the Tagus to the Ganges,Oxford University Press,2005 13. Stuart B. Schwartz (ed.), Implicit Understandings: Observing, Reporting and Reflecting on the Encounters between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era (Studies in Comparative Early Modern History), Cambridge,1994

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The Middle Ages in Europe (Core) [Course Code HIS202] Course Description The one thousand years between the collapse of antiquity and the emergence of modernity was described, until some years ago, as the dark ages. While there may have been some reasons for this description insofar as Western Europe was concerned, the rest of the world during this time had witnessed advances in the various walks of life. And yet, Europe too witnessed changes and such changes of far reaching nature that impacted the course of the world in later years. The feudal society, which took shape in Western Europe since the Eighth Century CE, turned out to be the terrain for the transition to modernity. This, indeed, was the ground on which the Renaissance blossomed and the Catholic Church was challenged and was eventually re-invented. The economy was characterized by men who controlled large manors and lorded over serfs; roads and other communication means had broken down. This was the status of Europe at a time when the East had reached high levels of culture and developed long distance trade in goods. Feudalism, as we understand in History was the socio-economic system that marked Europe in the Middle ages. This course will delve into the essential features of Feudalism as a mode of production, role played by the Catholic Church in this, causes for the collapse of Feudalism in Western Europe, and what is known in history as Second Feudalism outside Western Europe

Unit I: Transition from Late Antiquity to Feudalism The Christianization of the Roman Empire and the Founding of Constantinople; The Invasion by the Germanic tribes, migrations and the emergence of new agrarian relations; The collapse of the central authority and the economy Unit II: The Structure of Medieval Society Nobility and Monarchy; Social Stratification: Serfdom, Feudal Lords and Peasants; Roles and Obligations of Feudal Lords and Peasants; Manorilism; Feudal Law; Medieval Churches; The Crusades

Unit III: The Growth of Material Culture Agricultural Revolution; Technological Changes; Growth of Commercial Economy; Rise of Population; Urbanization Unit IV: The Ideological Revolution Renaissance and Reformation - Rise of Absolutist State (West and East) and Mercantilism and the Crisis of Feudalism

Unit V: The Ottoman Empire and Europe The coming of Islam: Pre-Islamic Arabian society and the advent of Islam, transformation of polity and the spread of Islam; Muhammad and Charlemagne: Crusades and the consolidation of Europe and Asia: Mediterranean Trade and the decline of Feudalism.

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Recommended Readings:

1. Bernard Lewis, Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople, Volume 1: Politics and War, Oxford University Press, 1987 2. Feranad Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism: 15th-18th Century: The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible. Vol. I. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1985. 3. Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980. 4. Henri Pirenne. Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1937. 5. Henri Pirenne, Muhammad and Charlemagne, Taylor and Francis edition, 2007 6. Le Goff, Jacques. Medieval Civilization 400-1500. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. 7. March Bloch. Feudal Society I. Vol. I-II. London: Routledge, 2004. 8. Perry Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism, Verso, 1996 9. Peter Burke, The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.

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Semester III Elective 1-a (from an allied subject and out of courses offered in departments across SLABS)* Elective 1-b (from an allied subject and out of courses offered in departments across SLABS)**

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Rise of Modern West: Social and Economic History of Early Modern Europe (Core for History Major and Elective for other SLABS Majors) [Course Code HIS301] Course Description The times we live in, indeed, is one where technology dominates our thoughts and science claims the prime of place. The Copernican Revolution altered the way we see planet earth and others around us and Issac Newton’s invention of the law of gravity explains why things fall down as different from what human beings believed as its cause. Charles Darwin is not considered to be banished any longer. All these, however, were not the case even until a few hundred years ago. The transition from Feudalism to Capitalism, as it happened in Western Europe was accompanied by such thinking and led to discoveries as well as inventions that turned the world upside down. Rather, as Christopher Hill presented it, the world began to be seen upside down by the people and that is what the changes in Western Europe induced into civilizations across the world. This course, which is compulsory to those opting for a Major in History will also be offered as an Elective to those in other Liberal Arts Majors and seek to expose them to the historical roots of the contemporary globalized world.

The lectures will delve into the events and the context when the Catholic faith was challenged by Martin Luther as much as the spirit of adventure and the necessity that drove sailors to set out on expeditions in both a chronological framework as much as by locating the events in the larger frame of interactions, parallelisms, and incongruities in the historical and cultural patterns of diverse societies and civilizations. The course aims to develop an understanding of modes and patterns of historical change, and provides a perspective on the complex ways in which the legacy of the past shapes our present.

Unit I: Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism Empires in the East; The Ottomans, The Mughals, The Mings -- Political Economy (Trade, Commerce and Agrarian System): Geographical expansion of the world through voyages and discoveries, Slave trade and gold rush, Black Death: Mercantilism and its impact on Feudal Europe; The Dobb-Sweezy debate on Transition

Unit II: The Churning of the Catholic Church Renaissance and Reformation in Europe: Humanism, Humanist scholars, Renaissance in Italy; Martin Luther and Reformation, Spread of Lutheranism, John Calvin and the doctrine of predestination, Spread of Calvinist thought: The advent of the Printing Press; The coming of book in history, the early printing presses and books, book trade in early modern world, missionaries and books, religion and book; Bunyan, Milton; The Novel and the revolutionary impact printing press

Unit III: The Scientific Revolution Cosmology; Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, Newton: The age of Discoveries; Columbus, Vasco da Gama: Inventions; the Spinning jenny, the Flying Shuttle, Steam engine and the transport revolution.

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Unit IV: The Rise of England as an Industrial Economy Primitive Accumulation of Capital; The Enclosure Movement: The Putting Out System to the Factories; The Triangular Trade and the Empire of Cotton

Unit V: Industrial Capitalism to Finance Capitalism

Capitalism to Colonialism; Economic Divergence: European and Asian economies before divergence, standard of living and wages, the divergence of Britain, causes for the great economic divergence: Emergence of France, Germany as colonial powers Colonisation of the Americas, the Africas and Asia: Creole Nationalism; Latin America and the birth of the USA

Recommended Readings:

1) Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital: 1848-1875, Little Brown Book Group, 1988. 2) Fernand Braudel, Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism, The John Hopkins University Press, 1977. 3) Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century, 3 Volumes, Harper & Row, New York, 1982-84. 4) Harbans Mukhia, The Mughals of India, 2004. 5) Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century, Volume 1, 1974. 6) Prasannan Parthasarathi, Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600-1850, 2011. 7) Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: The Age of Reformation, Volume II, 1978. 8) Robert B. Marks, The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002. 9) Robert Tignor, Jeremy Adelman et al, Worlds Together Worlds Apart: A History of the Modern World from the Mongol Empire to the Present, W. W. Norton & Company, 2002. 10) Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Explorations in Connected History: Mughals and Franks, Oxford University Press, 2005. 11) Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought, 1957.

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Age of Conquistador – European Expansion in Latin America and Africa and the Liberation Movements (Core for History Major and Elective for other SLABS Majors) [Course Code HIS302] Course Description The focus of this course is on the early expansion of Europe, process of colonization and its consequences on the colonized societies, national liberation movements in Latin America and Africa. The course will also examine the motives for European exploration, the process of conquest and colonialism; understand how colonization led to the practice of slavery; impact of slave trading on societies in Africa and Latin America.

Unit I: The Discovery of Americas and the Spanish conquest of America The Portuguese Empire in the Atlantic, Rise of Plantation Economy and the Slave Trade: Trade in gold and slaves between Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa, from the end of the 15th to nineteenth centuries; economy, society and state in Africa; Slaves, slave-ships, piracy and slave rebellions; Africa’s contribution to the development of European capitalism

Unit II: Imperialism and ‘The Scramble for Africa’

Collaboration, conflict and state formation; The making of colonial economies in Sub- Saharan Africa -- late 19th Century to 1939 -- cash crops, mining, forced labour ; World War II and Decolonisation until 1960’s -- Worker protests, peasant rebellions and National Liberation Movements

Unit III: South Africa and Algeria

Apartheid: The historical roots and meaning and South Africa’s struggle against Apartheid; The colonial experience of Algeria under the French, and the National Liberation Movement of Algeria

Unit IV: The Conquest of Latin America

The discovery and colonisation of Central and South America – Spanish and Portuguese: War and conquest -- agrarian transformation; gold and silver mining; transatlantic commerce and the modern world system; institutions of state; the advent of Christianity and evangelization; Creole Nationalism -- resistance, collaboration, survival; new and old hierarchies; the breakdown of the colonial order and the movements for independence: social base

Unit V: The Neo-Colonial Regimes and Liberation

Class and state formation, industrialization, immigration, and popular culture, 1830’s to the 1930’s: case studies of Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil; Authoritarian regimes and the Revolutions; the politics of literature, music and sports 1930’s to the 1960’s

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Recommended Readings:

1. C.A. Bayly, The Birth of Modern World, 1780-1914, Wiley- Blackwell, 2004. 2. Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, Facsimile Publisher, 2013. 3. Henry Kamen, Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, HarperCollins, 2002 4. Joshep. E. Inikori, Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Economic Development, Cambridge University Press, 2002 5. Marcus Rediker, Slave Ship: A Human History, Penguin, 2008 6. Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery: from the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800, Verso, 1997.

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Semester IV Elective 2-a (from an allied subject and out of courses offered in departments across SLABS)* Elective 2-b (from an allied subject and out of courses offered in departments across SLABS)**

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History of China and Japan (Core for History Major and Elective for other SLABS Majors) [Course Code HIS401] Course Description This course will familiarize students with the modern history of two important East Asian nations- China and Japan, changes in the political system, economic structures, and social organisation from the Opium War to the events leading to the World War II. In the case of China, course deals with the attempts by the Qing state to introduce reforms, communist movement, rise of Mao Tse tung, Chinese revolution and its consequences; in regards to Japan the course covers the rise of Meiji state and development of Japanese imperialism.

Unit I: Imperialism and China Transformation of China into an informal Colony during 19th Century a) Society, Sino- Centricism, Canton Commercial Trade b) Opium Wars, Open Door Policies, Tai’ ping Rebellion, Hundred Days Reforms.

Unit II: Emergence of Nationalism in China Boxer Rebellion and Consequences, Reform of 1901-1908, Revolution of 1911: causes, nature and significance, Sun Yat- sen Principles and position, Emergence of Republic and Yuan Shi Kai. Unit III: Nationalism and Communism in China National Party of KMT and the First United Front, Communism and Communist Movement 1928-1949, Rise of Mao Tse Tung, Making of Red Army, Civil War, Chinese Revolution and its Consequences. Unit IV: Japan in Transition Crisis of Tokugawa Bakuhan system Meji Restoration, Popular and Democratic Movements Satsuma Rebellion and Popular Rights. Financial reforms and educational development in Meji era.

Unit V: Japan as Imperial Power Emergence of Japan as imperial power, Sino-Jap relations, Anglo-Japanese relation, Russo- Japanese War, World War I and Manchurian Crisis, Militarism/ Fascism, Japan and World War II and its consequences. American Occupation and Post War Changes.

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Recommended Readings 1. Akita, George, Foundation of the Constitutional Government in Modern Japan. Harvard University Press, 1967 2. Benjamin I. Schwatz, Mao and the Rise of Chinese Communism, Harvard University Press, 1951. 3. Bianco, Lucien, Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949, London: Oxford University Press, 1971 4. Chalmers A Johnson, Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emergence of Red China, 1937-1945, Stanford University Press, 1962. 5. E.H Norman, Japan’s Emergence as a Modern State: Political and Economic Problem of Meji Period, University of Washington Press, 2000. 6. Hu Sheng, Imperialism and Chinese Politics, Foreign Language Press, 1955. 7. Joseph Needham, The Great Titration: Science and Society in East and West (China: History, Philosphy, Economic), Routledge, 2013. 8. Mao Tse Tung’s Selected Writings, National Book Agency 9. W. G. Beasley, The Modern History of Japan, Praeger, NY, 1972.

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The Age of Revolutions and Decolonisation (Core for History Major and Elective for other SLABS Majors) [Course Code HIS402] Course Description Late 18th century saw revolution as a powerful dynamic to transform society in parts of Europe, USA and Russia, resulting in both progress and conflict. The course will examine the tremendous era of change which had worldwide implications. In this course students will cover American War of Independence, French Revolution, Russian Revolution and examine the factors which caused the outbreak of revolution and rebellion, followed by interwar Europe, important political and ideological development in Europe. The course will also explore the political violence in interwar Europe, rise of Fascism, Nazism and the power dynamics that grew at global level. The course terminates will terminate with a discussion on some of the important 20th century national liberation movements. Unit I: American War of Independence The Industrial Revolution in England and the civil conflict with British; Social causes of American Revolution; role of Women and African-American in the War of Independence. The Philadelphia Convention and the Constitution

Unit II: French Revolution Social and Political origins; Cultural and Intellectual origin; State of France on the eve of revolution; the crisis of Old regime; radicalization of revolution; fall of monarchy; the struggle in national convention; the role of san-culottes; emergence of counter- revolution; collapse of Jacobian dictatorship. Age of Romanticism; Enlightenment, revolutionary writers, art and poetry.

Unit III: Russian Revolution Russia in 19th century, Peasant and workers; Russian intelligentsia and birth of revolutionary movement; revolution of 1905; the Duma period; fall of Romanov dynasty; Lenin and Bolshevik Party; 1917 Bolshevik Revolution.

Unit IV: Interwar Europe Structure of Power and Pattern of Opposition in Europe 1900-1914. Rise of Totalitarianism, Causes and Character of World War I, Democracy and Dictatorship in Interwar Europe, Depression and Rise of Fascism: Nazi Germany, Ideology, War and propaganda, Second World War.

Unit V: Decolonisation in 20th Century Post-War liberation of nations in Asia; India, China, Indonesia: Bipolar World; NATO and Warsaw Pact; Brettonwoods Institutions: The Bandung Conference; NAM

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Recommended Readings:

1. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, New York: Anchor Books, 1983 2. Alfred F. Young, The Shoemaker and the Tea Party: Memory and the American Revolution Boston: Beacon Press, 2000 3. Allan Todd, Sally Waller, European States in the Interwar Years (1918-1939), Cambridge University Press, 2016. 4. Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: programme, myth, reality, Cambridge University Press, 1991 5. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire: 1875-1914, Little Brown Book Group, 1989. 6. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: 1914-1991, Little Brown Book Group, 1995 7. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: 1789-1848, Little Brown Book Group, 1998 8. Fred Anderson, The War that Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War New York: Penguin, 2006 9. George Lefebvre, Coming of The French Revolution, Princeton University Press, 1992 10. Jermey Popkin, A Short History of the French Revolution, Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010. 11. Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, Oxford University Press, 2017 12. Vasily Grossman, Antony Beevor, A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with Red Army 1941-45, Pimlico, 2006

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Semester V Early India (Core Course) [Course Code HIS501]

Course Description: This course will deal with the history of Indian subcontinent from the Paleolithic times to the development of early empires. We will begin this course by discussing the evolution of Stone Age cultures and the emergence of an early state in the Indus Valley using archaeological sources. The course will also probe the early social formations of the Indian Subcontinent from 2900 BCE to the Seventh-eighth centuries CE while also introducing the students to the historiographical debates on ‘Indo- Aryan’ Culture, the emergence of heterodox sects, second urbanization, Iron Technology and its social impact, and the emergence of empire-systems in the Gangetic valley. Unit I – From the Paleolithic to the ‘Bronze Age’ Geographical setting of the Indian subcontinent; sources (literary, non- literary and archaeological) and tools used to reconstruct Indian history. Paleolithic to Neolithic Age in India-., distribution of sites and settlement, pre- historic art, social organisation, environment, mobility, and migration. Origin and evidence of food production; chalcolithic cultures. Origin, development and settlement patterns of Indus Valley Civilisation- Debates on state situation in Harappa, Trade, Technology, town planning, industries and craft; State and Society; theories on Decline and the late/post Harrapan traditions.

Unit II – Exploring Social Formations in Early India Early Vedic Era-Locating the Indo Aryan Speakers- Aryan migration(s); The Aryan Debate- Spread of settlements –Political Structures-Subsistence Patterns and Material Culture- Social and Cultural Life Later Vedic Period- Polity -; Material Culture and Social stratification,Gender and Kinship patterns Religion and Culture – Life beyond the Vedic Milieu

From Hunter –Gatherers to Chiefdoms in the South :Paleolithic and Neolithic Age in South ,Megalithic Culture-,Tamilakam and beyond and Sangam and Post Sangam literature,Early Tamil Polities-Early Historic Polities polities ,Social Organisation and Economy – Tinais and development of a chiefly society –Trade-Roman trade and trade with Southeast Asia Unit III - From the Janapadas to the Mahajanapadas Questions on the Impact of Iron Technology; expansion of Agriculture, Economic Growth, Trade, and towards Mahajanpadas. Evolution of Heterodox/Sramanic Religions- ‘Second Urbanization’. Social Structure and issue related to social stratification; Debate on Second urbanization, Varna, jati, gender, marriage and property relations,

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Unit IV – State; Centralisation(?) and Expansion The Emergence of Empire – the Mauryan Empire; Asoka’s Dhamma, Economy and Society under the Mauryas, Indo-Greeks, Śakas, Pahlavass, Kushanas, Political Administration -and the Rise of Mercantile Communities; coin, commerce and towns.

Unit-V Power, Legitimacy and Empire The Gupta empire: nature of polity, administration, social organization, Art and architecture, Religion(s), Literature and the Sanskrit cosmopolis; forms of patronage, spread of Agamaic traditions Satavahanas –Administration, Land grant systems, political organization and economy,

Recommended Readings: 1. Allchin, B., and R. Allchin. Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia. New Delhi: Viking, 1997 2. Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya, Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues, Permanent Black, 2005 3. Chakrabarti, D.K.,India: An Archaeological History. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999 4. Chakrabarthy, Ranabir, Exploring Early India Up to 1300 AD, New Delhi: Primus, 2016. 5. Dube,S.N., Cross Currents in Early Buddhism, Manohar, 1980. 6. Karashima,N, A Concise History of South India; Issues and Interpretations, Oxford University Press, 2016. 7. Kenoyer, J.M. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Karachi: Oxford University Press and American Institute of Pakistan Studies, 1998. 8. Ratnagar, S. Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley. New Delhi: Tulika, 2001. 9. Sharma, R.S. Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India. Delhi: Macmillan India, 1983. 10. Thapar, Romila. Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. New Delhi: Penguin, 2003. 11. Singh, Upinder, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, New Delhi: Pearson Longman, 2009.

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The Early Medieval in Indian History (Core Course) [Course Code HIS502] Course Description: This course will examine the main themes that shaped the history of Indian subcontinent from 700 to 1400 C.E. The focus here will be on the various features of the early medieval society; formation of regional and local states, shaping of regional identities in different regions of the subcontinent. We will identify and describe the institutions which were crucial in bringing the transformation from Ancient to early medieval society and the multiplicity of power in the subcontinent region. Unit I: Debates on Early Medieval India-Major Historiographical Shifts Sources; text, epigraph and numismatic data. Changes in Society, Polity, Economy and Culture; decline of trade; debates on of Indian feudalism; land grants; changing relations of production; graded land rights and peasantry. Acculuration and Amalgamation into Puranic fold, Expansion of the varna-jati order and brahmanization; Bhakti: Alvars and Nayanars. Puranic Hinduism; Tantra. Sanskrit and regional languages: interactions.

Unit II: Emergence of New States Pallavas, Colas, Chalukyas and Pandyas, Statecraft and; agrarian expansion; Temple centric agrarian growth, development of art and architecture-, Bhakti in South India,Women in Early medieval South India

Unit III – Shifts in Polity and Statecraft

Palas, Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas,Changes in poltical divisions and state administration,society and culture,Early Medieval Economy and technology, the Ghaznavid incursions-extent and impact?-historiographical debates

Unit IV:Towards a Centralized State: The Cholas Debates on nature of polity (Segmentary, Centralized or Feudal?), Changes in statecraft and land ownership; Symbols of political power: courtly cultures, Cholas and Maritime Activities in South and Southeast Asia. -Chola Art, The dawn of Vernacular Languages and literature

Unit V : Religion and Society in Early Medieval India Emergence of new jatis and communities, Virasaivism, Tantricism, Saivasiddhanta and Mathas, Trade and commerce, maritime contacts, Smaller Polities-Gangas, Kadambas and Hoysalas, Transition to the Medieval

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Recommended Readings: 1. B.D. Chattopadhyaya, The Making of Early Medieval India, Oxford University Press, 1995. 2. Karashima, Noboru (ed.), A Concise History of South India; Issues and Interpretations, Oxford University Press, 2014 3. Champakalakshmi,R. Religion, Tradition and Ideology; Precolonial South India, Oxford University Press, 2011 4. Champakalakshmi, R. Trade, Ideology and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996 5. Mahalakshmi,R., The Making of the Goddess; Korravai Durga in the Tamil Traditions,Penguin Books, 2011 6. Jha, D.N., ed. The Feudal Order: State, Society and Ideology in Early Medieval India. New Delhi: Manohar, 2000. 7. Hall,Kenneth (ed.), Structure and Society of Early South India: Essays in Honor of Noboru Karashima, Oxford University Press, 2000. 8. Mukhia, Harbans, (ed), The Feudalism Debate, Manohar, 1999. 9. Sharma, R.S. Early Medieval Indian Society: A Study in Feudalisation. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2001 10. Thapar, Romila. Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. New Delhi: Penguin, 2003. 11. Subbarayalu,Y, South India under the Cholas, Oxford University Press, 2012. 12. Veluthat, Kesavan, The Early Medieval in South India, Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Medieval India: Society and Politics (Core Course) [Course Code HIS503]

Course Description This course shall familiarise students with the state and society of late medieval India starting with the establishment and expansion of Delhi sultanate to the coming of Mughals and the consolidation of various local identities. We will engage with debate among the historians over nature of Indian feudalism and the decline of Mughal state. The course also provides a critique of social, religious, and economic condition of the people of medieval India. Unit I: Reconfiguring the State Foundation and consolidation of Delhi Sultanate; From the slave dynasty to Tuqhlaks sources; Statecraft; Elites, factions and new ideas of kingship, military reforms; Agricultural Production and the Revenue System, iqta system; Commerce and Science under the Sultanate, Women, Customs and Social Life in the Sultante and consolidation of identities; Rajput and other warrior lineage.

Unit II: Nagaras The Vijaynagara Empire; its origin and growth; Questions on the nature of state – Feudal, Segmentary and Centralized, art, literature and culture, Revenue Administration and Political divisions, Decline of Vijaynagara Empire,Bahmani Kingdom; its growth and disintegration

Unit III: Foundation and expansion of Mughal Empire Babar, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb; development of cities; Indarprastha, Dhilli; growth of composite ruling elite; growth of regional language and literature. Unit IV: Nature of Mughal state Evolution of administrative institutions: zabt, mansab, zagir; zamindars and peasants. Domestic life in Mughal Empire, Decline of Mughal Empire; historiographical debates; the rise of the Marathas, Sikhs, and Jats, Maratha state under Shivaji and Peshwa. Unit V: Social and Religious developments Bhakti; Kabir, Nanak, Tulsidas ,Cults:Warkaris,Siddhas and Jagnnath Sufism:doctrines and practices, state and religion-contradictions and legitimisation, Towards Pluralism? Persian, Sanskrit and Vernacular Interactions - Malfuzat and premakhyans,

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Recommended Readings:

1. Burton Stein, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India, OUP, New Delhi,1980 2. Harbans Mukhia, (Ed), The Feudalism Debate, Manohar, 1999. 3. Irfan Habib, Medieval India: The Study of a Civilization, UBT, Delhi, 2007 4. J.S.Deyell, Living Without Silver: The Monetary History of Early Medieval North India. Delhi.Oxford University Press, 1990. 5. Kulke, H. and B.P. Sahu., eds. Interrogating Political Systems: Integrative Processes and States in Pre-modern India. New Delhi: Manohar, 2015.

6. Satish Chandra, Essays on Medieval Indian History, Oxford India Collection, Oxford University Press,2006 7. Y. Subbarayalu, South India under the Cholas, Oxford University Press, 2012.

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Development of India as a Colonial Economy (Core Course) [Course Code HIS504]

Unit I Medieval Indian Economy Urbanization - The growth of Cities and Towns, Urban Life; Agrarian Economy - Extent of Cultivation, Agricultural implements and the cropping pattern; The System of Land Holding and Revenue Assessment and Collection (Iqta, Mansabdari, Jagirdari and Zamindari/Nayankara and Poligar system); Trade and Commerce (Mughal and Coromandal); Agrarian crisis and Peasant Revolts Unit II Potentialities for Capitalistic Development in Pre-British India Revenue Administration under the Mughals, Land: Ownership,Usage and Rights, Means of Cultivation and Irrigation, Forms of Labour,Peasant Production in Late Precolonial India Agricultural and non-agricultural production,Towns and Trade, Merchant groups and Commerce, Foreign Trade, State and Economy in the Vijayanagara Empire.

Unit III: Agriculture and Revenue System Introduction of new Property Rights in land and its impact (Bengal, Madras, and Bombay Presidencies);Commercialization of Agriculture, Plantation economy; Usury and Indebtedness; Growth of Wage Laborers and Rise of Rich Peasantry; Irrigation Systems; Famines and Famine Policies; Urbanization and Migration Pattern; Emergence of Peasant and Agricultural Labor Protest Industry Towns and Manufactures during the Colonial India ;De-industrialization and Its Impact - Rise and Growth of Agro and Manufacturing Industries; Formation of Industrial Working Class and Trade Unions

Unit IV: Trade and Commerce New Transport and Communication Systems - Roads, Railways, Canals, Ports, Posts and Telegraph; Articulation of Internal and External Trade; Banking System; Debate on Three stages of Colonialism and the Nature of Finance Capitalist Stage

Unit V: Debates on Colonial Economy Indian Nationalists’ Discourse on Colonialism and Drain Theory Debate on Re- interpretation of Nineteenth Century Indian Economic History (Morris D. Morris and Bipan Chandra); Dharma Kumar and Tirthankar Roy Intervention Debates on Colonial Mode of Production (Utsa Patnaik, Ashok Rudra, Paresh Chatopadhyay, etc.) Development of Underdevelopment (Hamza Alavi, A.G. Frank and Jairus Banerji)

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Recommended Readings: 1. Alice Thorner “Semi-Feudalism or Capitalism? Contemporary Debate on Classes and Modes of Production in India,” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 17, No. 49, 50, & 51, Dec. 1982, pp. 1961-68, 1993-99, 2061-66. 2. Bagchi, Amiya Kumar, Private Investment in India: 1900-1939, Routledge, London, 2000. 3. Bhattacharya, Sabayasachi. The Financial Foundations of the British Raj:Ideas and Interests in the Reconstruction of Indian Public Finance 1858-1872. Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2005. 4. Chandra, Bipan, Essays on Colonialism, Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2010. 5. Gadgil, D.R., The Industrial Evolution in India in the Recent Times, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1972. 6. Guha, Ranajit, A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of Permanent Settlement, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1982. 7. Kumar, Dharma (ed), The Cambridge Economic History of India, Vol. 2, C.1750- c.1970, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983. 8. Morris D. Morris, “Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth Century Indian Economic History,” IESHR, 5 (1) March 1968. 9. Naoroji, Dadabhai. Poverty and un-British rule in India. Nabu Public Domain Reprints, Breinigsville,2011. 10. Roy, Tirthankar, The Economic History of India, 1857-1947, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2000. 11. Stokes, Eric, The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980. 12. Raychaudhari,Tapan and Irfan Habib, The Cambridge Economic History of India, Vol.I, c.1200-1750, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 1982. 13. Dutta,Rajat, (ed.) Rethinking a Millienium; Perspectives on Indian History from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century : Essays for Harbans Mukhia, Aakar Books, 2008. 14. Dutta,Rajat, ‘Merchants and peasants : A study of the structure of local trade in grain in late eighteenth century Bengal’,The Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol.23(4), pp.379-402, December 1986. 15. Habib, Irfan, ed., Economic History of Medieval India;1200-1500, Pearson Education India, New Delhi, 2011 16. Habib Irfan, Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Moghul India, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 24, 1969 17. Habib, Irfan. Agrarian System of Mughal India (1556-1707). New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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Semester VI Politics in India: From Plassey to Partition (1757-1947) (Core Course) [Course Code HIS601] This course will focus on ‘modern Indian history’ that stretches from the British conquest of India to Indian independence. We will study the characterization of 18th century India by different schools of historians, the implications of the 18th century Dark Age theory to Indian history. The course will deal with colonialism, capitalism, imperialism and nationalism in the context of the period covered in the course. We will study the British revenue policies- origins and consequences; types of revenue/tenurial systems; three stages of colonialism; deindustrialization, commercialisation of agriculture and their impact in the rural economy; and the mode of production debate on India. We shall study the formation of all India community of English educated intellectuals and the educational policies of the British; 19th century socio- religious reform movements- an assessment; the ideas on caste and the growth of caste reform movements in India. The course will also deal with civil rebellions in the early 19th century and emergence of discontent and the Revolt of 1857 – various historiographical perspectives; emergence of Indian nationalism- origin and growth during the 19th Century; history of anti-colonial struggles – 1905-11, 1920-22, 1930-34, and 1942. History of peasant and tribal movements; formation of working class in India; the history of trade union movements.

Unit I: Conquest and Consolidation of British Rule in India Advent of Europeans-Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English - Anglo French Rivalry- Carnatic wars - Battle of Plassey - Battle of Buxar - Dual Government in Bengal - Wellesley and Subsidiary Alliance – Anglo Mysore Wars-Anglo Maratha Wars

Unit II: Early Stirrings of Nationalism Civil Rebellion pre1857; Revolt of 1857 - Nature and character of Revolt; Provincial Organization and articulation of local grievances; Formation of the Indian National Congress, 1885-1905 – Prayer and Petition; Individual armed resistance; Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi movement (1905-1911); Surat split to Lucknow congress; Annie Besant and Home Rule Movement

Unit III: Gandhian Era Arrival of Gandhi; Experiment at Champaran and Kheda; Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jalianwallabagh; Khilafat Movement and Non Cooperation Movement, 1919-1922; Simon Commission; Lahore and Karachi Sessions of INC; Civil Disobedience Movement, 1934 – Negotiation at Round Table Conferences – Gandhi Irwin Pact; INC and ministry experiments; Individual Satyagraha, 1940; Gandhian politics of hegemony and constructive programs

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Unit IV: The Last Decade of the Struggle Faizpur session of INC - Organization of left politics – Congress Socialist Party, Peasants and Workers Movements, Formation of Communist Party of India and engagement with nationalist struggle; Cripp’s Mission, 1942; Quit India Movement, 1942; Wavell Plan, 1945; Cabinet Mission proposals; Interim Cabinet, 1946; Meerut Session of INC.

Unit V: Politics of Communalism and Partition Negotiations for independence and Partition; Popular Movements and Partition Riots; The Making of the Partition System