Contents
06 A Note from the Editors To recently retired faculty and staff, Nick Bullock, Marion Houston, and Robin Spence, for their dedication and contributions to the Department of Architecture. 08 The Architecture of Truth: Le Thoronet Abbey and Modernist Medievalisms Maximilian Sternberg 18 Smythson and the Smithsons: Architecture and the English Climate in the Sixteenth and Twentieth Centuries Dean Hawkes 30 Adapting the Collegiate Model to a Tropical Environment, University Design: Ahmedabad, India Joseph Luke Augustin 42 The Plan de Emergencia (1956): The Argentine Debate about Housing Shortage Then and Now Adriana Laura Massidda 52 Ladrillo Recargado: Exploring the Work of Alfonso Ramírez Ponce Michael Ramage 60 Pilot Study for a Low Energy Diversified Farm: Burrough Green, Cambridgeshire Tom Powell 70 Why Habermas? Tom Spector 82 Alternative Futures for the Southbank Spencer de Grey 88 Reflections on the Design Process Mads Dines Petersen and Mary-Ann Knudstrup 96 Secular & Domestic: George Gilbert Scott and the Master’s Lodge of St. John’s College, Cambridge Richard Butler 108 Courts and Tenements: An Interview with Isi Metztein Yun Wu 118 In the Wake of Rising Currents: The Activist Exhibition Barry Bergdoll
128 Postcards from 2050 132 Design Review 2011
140 Forum Edited by Aya Alphs
Scroope Journal studied only as part of longer spans of time. of spans longer of part as and only studied transitional considered typically is that were 1958—an 1955and interval they between conceived because length at discussed been have plans these of Neither long-term. the in housing and planning urban with dealt PI the while paper, this in housing analysed neighbourhoods social the of construction the to led and actions, short-term proposing of was charge in PE The tested. were recast proposals new were and ideas the existing which embody in process plans ‘Integral The and respectively. Plan’, Plan’ ‘Emergency as literally the the documents, complementary two of composed is plan The debates. contemporary in present still is that city informal the towards approach particular a as a served encouraged and plan proposals later for template this that argued be will It settlements. informal address to Argentina in [ addresses This overlooked. remains PI only the while PE exist the limited does that the Interestingly, scholarship Aires. Buenos of history urban the in moment exciting and rich a such it makes that 1955-1958juncture the of quality However, transitional the it is precisely T The Argentine Debate about Housing Shortage Then and Now and Then Shortage Housing about Debate Argentine The (1956) Emergencia de Plan The
1906 and 1956. and 1906 from maps of portions over marked are neighbourhoods Emergencia. Fig his article examines the first urban plan plan urban first the examines article his (PI), which translate quite quite translate which (PI), Integral Plan ure 1 . Author’s visualisation of the the of 1.Author’s visualisation ure Survey report and plots proposed for the the for proposed plots and report Survey Underlay: Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Geográfico Instituto Underlay: (PE) and and (PE) Emergencia de Plan Plan de de Plan 1
s h ‘eouin ietdr’ (RL). Libertadora’ ‘Revolución the as known government newlythe military formed 1956under in Argentina in issued was PE The Buenos Aires Mid-Twentieth Century in Transformations Urban Aires. influence Buenos in to settlements informal to approaches continue and influenced have plans these way the on concentrate will paper settlements, one must first understand why emerged. settlements how these and understand first must one settlements, informal eradicate to of aimed that significance policies the historical the understand to or settlements informal the were problems these Amongst Perón. by problems left as viewed they what clearing upon was agreed they points few the the of One supported socialists RL. liberals from and conservatives ranging to actors political spectrum wide of A era. Peronist the of scene RL the the itpolitical to had aims transform ambitious Although Perón. presented itself as a administration, transitional Domingo Juan president, elected the d’étatousted coup a that of result the as power to came administration Adriana Laura Massidda Laura Adriana Scroope Journal Scroope In order order In villas. 2 This This
CAMBRIDGE ARCHITECTURE JOURNAL 43 [ X
Figure 3 . Photo of children and house house and children of 3.Photo Figure Figs. 2-3 . Image: Ministerio de Trabajo yPrevisión. Trabajo de Ministerio .Image: 2-3 Figs. authors approached the residents. residents. the approached authors the that survey the during moment only the represent photographs These series. same the from Belgrano, at Bajo avilla in entrance de Emergencia. Emergencia. de Plan the of part as published Belgrano, Bajo Figure 2 . Aerial photo of a shantytown near near a shantytown of photo 2.Aerial Figure homes to be an improvement of their standard standard their of improvement an be to homes new their considered actually migrants Most imply necessarily an impoverished population. not does context this in villas of the emergence the Thus, factories. several and centre city the to to close Riachuelo, river the along land prone chose flood- of plots large the in accommodation settle temporarily central rural-urban not could afford who extensive which migrants the Many to migrations. industry, fostered led light Perón ultimately of 1940s, development the During own. not re-used did they with land undeveloped on often materials, dwellers, own built their houses by of were composed context this neighbourhoods in settlements’ ‘Informal relevance. urban as and them during social consider acquired was having might one it that Perón, 1940s before the of city government the in the existed shanties several Although city. already the of invasion an as classes perceived to upper and dimension middle new the a what gave Aires settlements Buenos informal in the of emergence The order. had political and city social of symbol potent a become the 1955, in governance Perón’s of led to the arrival of the working classes to to classes life. working the political however, of arrival demonstration, the to led street mass and been had Perón’s classes. of unionisation encouragement middle centre and upper the for city reserved implicitly the governments, office.in term Undertheconservative previous to Perón’s to powerdouble rise subsequent and central was for transformation political stage and social urban as Aires Buenos of idea The edr hs plce bnftd them. a benefited for policies centre whose claim leader city their through the symbolically in and presence physical through their literally idea: de this Plaza embodied the Mayo, overfilling 1945, October 17 of hrceiain f ra space. urban of characterisation new political on havethis commented scholars 3 The pro-Perón demonstration demonstration pro-Perón The 5 By the end end the By 4 Many Many a iiitd oil osn programmes. housing social initiated Perón had since and since abundant was quickly employment expecting accommodation however, other find were, to They living. of ednis n tasomn tee lm into slums these transforming and tendencies natural their worsening to contributes help, social and own their of incentives both of lack the for and circumstance of force in by gathered have Miseria, they which Villas the of environment social the economic of But life. search urban of indulgences in the and betterments city big the to attracted been have residents] [the and habits, working resources without without areas, poor from Coming idea: this illustrate the PEfrom quote The following taken helps to overcrowding. by brought intimacy of lack the to and habits spending and working to general is traditional possible to see it the term ‘morality’ as a defined, reference well or not is it Catholic Although values? of subversion and PE?promiscuity the was Or it to sexual related throughout asserted was as habits, working of lack mean it Did century? the of decades first the in aboutslums discussions the in as unrest political to refer ‘moral’ ‘immoral’ did a But as problem. addressed is settlements the of existence very the and villas, the in living for ‘immoral’ called are residents the principle, In clear. made never is term this of scope the but why should the villas be removed from the city, ‘moral’ term the uses text repeatedly to explain The responses. natural as seen were housing social purpose-built to residents their moving and settlements the eradicating that show PI and PE the readers Both sentiment. the this assumed share would rather but city, the of reasons portions undesired the were state settlements the why explicitly not did PE The Plan the of Conceptions The ever larger. grew and permanent became settlements the consequence, a As fell. wages real and suspended were programmes welfare however, time, over and RL the With Scroope Journal Scroope 7
6
CAMBRIDGE ARCHITECTURE JOURNAL 45 explain why eradication as a State response response State a might as eradication This why actively. explain participated PE the of authors the of some which in century, the in earlier held discussions many of reminiscent The itself. terms in which document the PE addresses the the beyond problem are by extended exposed those settlements informal the that the the authors reasons of the plan rejected argue to possible is it Therefore, committees. improvement neighbourhood formed informal areas. even had villas these these of many of residents The in rate employment 99% a there was that reported PE the by published and data. Evenundertaken survey by the empirical supported means no by is environment their conditions these improving in in interested not were they because lived who people lazy as indolent, of conception settlers the hand, other the On point. this on concur all time this at taken villas the of surveys few The choice. than rather necessity of matter a as arguably villas the was this spaces, overcrowdedtiny in lived and in families that clear was it While Z Y readaptation. of social action in their majority, their inhabitants require an urgent and moral degradation: of epidemics foci permanent
Figure 5 . Barrio Mitre under construction (one of the (one the of construction under Mitre 5.Barrio Figure Figs. 4-5 . Image: Banco Hipotecario Nacional. Hipotecario Banco .Image: 4-5 Figs. neighbourhoods built through the the through built neighbourhoods Plan de Emergencia. de Plan the Fig ure 4 . The three housing typologies proposed by by proposed typologies housing three 4.The ure
8
Plan de Emergencia). de Plan
because they were uneducated. uneducated. were they because ethic work good a lack would settlements the of residents that claim the to relation in use its by supported be can argument an Such class. ‘moral’ might have about also implied wordconcerns the earlier, described as city the within workers and migrants of presence increasing the towards classes middle and upper the of was implicitly understood as the standard standard the approach. as understood implicitly was debates that addressed these concerns. concerns. ideology its villas, the with dealt directly that these document the was PE addressed the because However, that debates order in international the to with be up-to-date PI the and PE the rapid of made publications the between commission the writing shows the that upgrade shift This built their environment. of improvement the for self-help promoting and communities their to services providing residents, the with cooperating as such proposals alternative suggested briefly it Additionally, settlements. the of residents the wholethe to ideahave of challenged relocating published only a the year PE, after the PI seems PI. the PE, not in Eventhe and in it though was included were only aspects these Interestingly, 9 Additionally, given the attitudes attitudes the given Additionally, and ‘adaptation dwellings’. The three different different ‘adaptation three and dwellings’. The centres communal with complete apparatuses, educational as conceived were complexes The communities. the of population the in growth extended further their limit to used tactic was This with families. living from discouraged residents PE the mind, in family nuclear a of idea the with designed were that offering houses and compulsory relocation making couples with children of both genders and and genders gender’. one only of children both with couples of situations: children two with to couples reduced ‘The thus types: is and problem sizes household of variety wide a found survey the that fact the despite families, nuclear to accommodation offer only would plan the manner, similar a In aim. this reaching of means a as neighbourhoods new ‘re-educated’, the be to design to proposed and had they that concluded plan the conditions, dwelling defective their for responsible were residents the idea that the Following villas. the of residents the of assessment its with line in The plan of eradication proposed by the PE was neighbourhoods. the of construction for the prevailed one that the was 10 By that spontaneous construction could provide. could construction knowledge spontaneous that some acquired already thus had They themselves. by houses had their built already settlers formal all almost in that and worked construction residents the of percent twenty that suggested which survey, their of results the contradict to seem measures These neighbourhoods. new the in training for building provision no made plan the confusingly, quite However, property. of value aware real become the of and trade new a learn could residents the that so unfinished left be to also were houses The design. and furniture fixed the of rigidity the within living wayof specific a The to used get to expected therefore for. was family designed was it than by people more inhabited be to meant that not was idea house the the reinforced This provided. not were extensions for framing—facilities and metal concrete with built to furniture designed fixed have were example, for houses, The mission. civilising its be to considered PE the what embodied and layout neighbourhoods, the these the for form for to repeated existed were dwellings that typologies housing Scroope Journal Scroope 11
CAMBRIDGE ARCHITECTURE JOURNAL 47 Matanza Matanza River River Villa 7 Villa Y X
Fig Fig AU3 ure 7 . Barrio Mitre today Mitre 7.Barrio ure mentioned villas some of location the of 6.Scheme ure River Río de de Río River la Plata la Riachuelo River River City Centre City Villa 31 Villa The ambitious programme of eradication eradication of programme ambitious The inhabitants. ‘eradicated’ the rehouse to blocks high-density and villas of removals extensive proposed example, of for government Onganía, Carlos facto Juan de the under practice into (1968),put Miseria Villas de Erradicación de The PE. the of those than scale in eradication larger of plans implemented 1970s and 1960sthe during to later note governments that well is important is it plans article, this of scope the later beyond of analysis an rights Although villas. the of the inhabitants the of needs understanding the and on with emphasis participation an and integration towards focus the and shift to attempts tried were There tested. were perspectives other twentieth century, the through persisted informal settlements the eradicating of idea the Though Twentieththe Century throughout Perspectives Plan and torture. and for example, were of kidnap subject repression, Residents to who leaverefused terrorism. the settlements, State alarming of context political put to socio- the in was practice used into initiatives these violence increasing in alternative The lived them. who people offering the to accommodation without settlements of Jorge Rafael Videla later to proceeded government demolish facto de the by implemented construction and informal urbanisation urbanisation during decades. Americas those the informal throughout sustained and self- about debate construction larger a in embedded to continued be and 1950s, late the in PI the by of provision advanced of been had collaboration and ideas services the earlier, noted As housing. social of programme larger a of part as social dictatorship last the by reconstituted damaged housing government national (1983-1989), the the Alfonsín During Raúl of charge. government in agency local architects the and residents, between effective of collaboration example well-known (1973- a Perón is 1974), Domingo the Juan under 7, of Villa government the of inhabitants the of relocation of programme notions The with eradication. of overlapped still radicación of the ideas Umberto the though opened residents, the with example, dialogue Arturo for (1963–1966), and Illia (1958-1962) Ercoli the Frondizi Arturo as with such Presidents collaboration residents. so in better often settlements in live conditions, and stay informal can inhabitants the their to must we services period to of idea the this highlight perspectives during alternative eradication the Amongst 12
a means of reaching this aim. this of reaching a means proposedand to design new the neighbourhoods as planthe concluded that they had to ‘re-educated’, be responsible for defective their dwelling conditions, Following idea the residents that the were radicación, i.e., providing providing i.e., other initiatives throughout Buenos Aires. Aires. Buenos throughout initiatives other to attempting many amongst nowmethods participatory explore is government city and the controversial become has initiative this in the Argentine newspapers newspapers Argentine and the published were in topic this to sixty-three related least articles at July year, last Between of today. August and Argentina local of and national politics the in issues central are still housing informal and shortage Housing and the reuse of these plots for middle-class housing. middle-class for plots these of reuse the and inhabitants the of eviction the shanties, the of removal the involves plan his terms actual in when AU3, settlement the ‘urbanising’ be claims to example, for Aires, to Buenos of mayor intended that current The were attempted. villas the relocate Occasionally, programmes tenure. however, of regularisation report or settlements improvements informal such as articles the provision of services Most with dealing administrations. various promised by programmes housing the the unfulfilled and over alternatives protests accommodation of report lack land of invasion of the city in December 2007. December in city the of government assumed first he 31 since Villa the eradicate to proposing been mayor additionally same has the meantime, the In happens. often which problems, or delays experienced programme the case in accommodation their with deal to expected are residents the how of mention no is there Forexample, unexplained. something as remain theresidents, things that manybenefits presented is programme this the Although fund villas. the of inhabitants evicted the to to expected offered be then would that accommodation are housing class Clarín. 14
h pois ae hog middle- through made profits The Many articles about the civil civil the about articles Many ” Scroope Journal Scroope 15 More recently, More Página 12 12 Página
CAMBRIDGE ARCHITECTURE JOURNAL 49 of society to the problems of these settlements. settlements. these of problems the to society of parts specific of aversion the which shows arguably issues, these ignore to continue in units saving energy teaching of However, important many buildings. modes vernacular to attention the and materials, of reutilisation the issues, environmental are as students, to many the throughout design are process key interests workshops. User and participation engagement and in charrettes housing ideas about informal exchange Various also teachers and students of groups construction. their for with residents collaborate the students the some cases in these and of spatially, and materially both develop to place improve proposals an existing exercises Other trade. and work collective for places, and the integration, role of urban spaces public of importance the emphasise these like ways. Exercises innovative in housing popular address that exercises develop and inclusion, urban or shortage housing as such issues with design courses. design cátedras, university on different depend the the level,usually they and at the found to be can approaches city of informal range Aires. wide Buenos a Indeed in practice professional and training architectural in present also are villas eradicating or ignoring imply that Proposals non-residents that villas. about the imageries maintain groups the on focus the place to wish I Nonetheless, issues. these from suffer its to first that the fact in think are inhabitants I contrary, the On problems. environmental from free is inhabitants of their life everyday the that nor violence, of exempt are villas the that suggest to city.wish donot I other’ ‘the as seen are they as settlements the about unrest general a and violence, incubates that place a as provokes it image the city, safe and modern otherwise an into intrusion an as villa the of idea the discussion: the in present that imply proposals are still eradication urban incorrect, politically become indeed has terms in July 2011.old position the in eradication although Thus, his to re-elected was mayor This or teaching units, in charge of the the of charge in units, teaching or 16 Some cátedras are concerned concerned are cátedras Some in the Argentine society at large. society Argentine the in and practice professional the in city informal the reflects ideas aboutof contending these the persistence arguably level university the at perspectives both of coexistence the growing, is architecture of practice the through housing informal with engaging in interest the though Even discouraged. is city informal the about actually occupied by villas, while the discussion are that plots in exercises design propose that cátedras find to example, for unusual, not is It 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Endnotes eitne n Integration and Resistance History Social of Journal Class’, Working Argentine the and Peronism Protest, Mass 1945: 18th, and 17th ‘October James, Daniel see of events complexity the the of account 1 in-depth an For 2012). April accessed: (both http://es.wikipedia. org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_la_Lealtad and wiki/Loyalty_Day_(Argentina) Mayo de http://en.wikipedia.org/ see Plaza 500,000: in and 120,000 between attendants of number the set been to have made attempts However, Perón. support to day that 1946’. Since Torre ‘Argentina and deRiz 1988) and 1946-1976 Class, James, Daniel See article. Working Argentine the and Peronism Integration: and Resistance this of scope the beyond which falls process complex a indeed was decision-making of (London: Alfonsín and War 1987). Tauris, Falklands the to Colonization pp. 73-101 VIII, or David Rock, 1991) Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: vols America Latin of History Cambridge 1946’, Since in ‘Argentina Torre, Carlos Juan and Riz de x. 1955-1973 See Aires, in Buenos Space and period. Consumption, TransformingCulture, the of when literature Podalsky the Laura reviewing by noted been also has 1955-1958 period the of specificity the to payed attention of lack The historia la en aprendiendo see in 1945-1955: initiatives Peronist of analysis the of corolary comments a as it turn, on in Gutiérrez, Ramón 2000). Gaglianone, Aires Buenos en social 1907-1997 period for the housing of social catalogue her in PE the through built neighbourhoods two includes Dunowicz Renée 1984). Latinoamericano, Editor 1955-1981 argentino, habitacional of the PE analysis in illuminating
See for example Podalsky Podalsky example for See It howto is manyestimate people difficult demonstrated mechanism the in classes working the of inclusion The Liliana in found be can period this about Information but short a provides example, for Yunovsky, Oscar (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004), p.2004), Press, Temple University (Philadelphia: La habitación popular bonaerense 1943-1955: 1943-1955: bonaerense popular habitación La (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: , 21 (Spring 1988), pp. 441-61., 21 (Spring (Buenos Aires: Ediciones de arte arte de Ediciones Aires: (Buenos Beo Ars CDDL 2011). CEDODAL, Aires: (Buenos pp. 32-33 or Anahí Ballent, Ballent, Anahí or 32-33 pp. Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish From Spanish 1516-1987: Argentina, Specular City Specular Claves políticas del problema del políticas problema Claves (Buenos Aires: Grupo Grupo Aires: (Buenos , ed. by Leslie Bethell, 11 Bethell, Leslie by ed. , 90 años de vivienda vivienda de años 90 pp. 28-47, James James 28-47,pp. Specular City: City: Specular The The Las Las 209, January-February 1985, pp. 102-118. For a study of the the of study a 102-118.Forpp. 1985, January-February 209, see ‘Ocho proyectos de la Comisión Municipal de la la de Municipal Aires’, Buenos Comisión de ciudad la la de de vivienda reconstruction proyectos of ‘Ocho programme see the For 57-60. N°7’, pp. (1974), Emergencia de Barrio realojamiento de piloto ‘Plan see 7 Villa of 2011).relocation of programme July the For ra Cnrs n Ifra Settlements Informal and Centres Urban For a revision of the notion of of notion the of revision a For Blaustein, Eduardo term longer the in design this of consequences The Vivienda, la de Nacional Comisión ‘Urban Plan’,in the of ‘Antecedents Massidda, Adriana Vivienda, la de Nacional Comisión illustrate helps Cravino Cristina María of work The la en urbanización de proceso ‘El Germani, Gino Trabajos e investigaciones del Instituto de sociología, de Instituto del Trabajos e investigaciones (Bernal: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/ Nacional Universidad (Bernal: , ed. by Philip Hauser (Buenos Aires: Solar/ Aires: (Buenos , Hauser ed. by Philip Prohibido vivir aquí: una historia de los los de historia una aquí: vivir Prohibido finished her MPhil in Architecture at inArchitecture her MPhil finished radicación Revista Todavía, Todavía, Revista Plan de emergencia: emergencia: de Plan ln e emergencia de Plan Summa (Buenos Aires: Aires: (Buenos La urbanización urbanización La , ed. by Lea Lea by ed. , see Liernur, Liernur, see Summa p. 208- pp. , (Buenos (Buenos , 72 72 , 20, , antropológico’, antropológico’, debate un de urbanos Ecos ciudad. la en aldea ‘La Gorelik, Adrián see 1960s the in settlements informal about debate Aliata and Jorge Francisco Liernur (Buenos Aires: Clarín Clarín Aires: 6vols., pp. vol. 185-87. 2004) S-Z Arquitectura/AGEA, (Buenos Liernur Francisco Jorge and ciudades Aliata instituciones, biografías, obras, in social’, interés de ‘Vivienda the Ballent, during Anahí to policies refer the period whole of overview general a For 73-96. professor, called leader called professor, a with each teachers, of groups different by taught being in course each consists of Aires Buenos University the 31’, villa la erradicar para diálogo al convoca ‘Macri 2008, September Figure 5. BHN, Figure together this article. this together putting Previsión, in me Scondras helped who those Marcela y to as well and as Trabajo respectively, Weisert Liliana de particular Geográfico in Ministerio and Instituto the the and acknowledge Nacional to like would I 11.723)Ley Federal República Capital la de la de Nacional Argentina, Hipotecario Banco 4. Figure 3. CNV,Figure CNV,2. Figure 1956) República pp. Argentina, 74-79. by author. Tracing of Previsión, information y Trabajo publicaciones de de Ministerio biblioteca, y Departamento Aires: (Buenos nacional Geográfico la Instituto de Vivienda, Nacional former Comisión from taken the Information by Militar. 1956 in originally and collected updated 1906 between and 1956, and published Thedataforthemaps Lanús was Argentina). Nacional, Geográfico y Aires Buenos de Ciudad maps of composition Underlay: 1. Figure Credits Image 16. 15. 14. each Design, of course For the with. course the take to want they caras’,muy 12 Página reubicación’, de ‘Avanza proceso and el 2011. The system of of system The 31’, Villa la en intervenir decidió ‘Macri 3’ ex AU la urbanizar para edificio primer el ‘Levantan mle a ifrn apoc t architecture. to approach different a implies cátedra Plan de emergencia: informe elevado el Poder ejecutivo ejecutivo el Poder elevado informe Plan emergencia: de Clarín Diccionario de arquitectura en la Argentina: estilos, estilos, Argentina: la en arquitectura de Diccionario Plan de emergencia: eliminación de las villas miseria miseria villas las de eliminación emergencia: de Plan Plan de emergencia, emergencia, de Plan Plan de emergencia, emergencia, de Plan Revista del Museo de Antropología de Museo del Revista Plan de emergencia, emergencia, de Plan , 04 July 2007 or ‘Los más pobres en tierras tierras en pobres más ‘Los or 2007 July 04 , cátedras at the Faculty of Architecture of of Architecture of Faculty the at cátedras (Buenos Aires, 1958) pp. 19-21. (art. 31, (art. 19-21. pp. 1958) Aires, (Buenos , 30 July 2007 amongst others. amongst 2007 July , 30 . The students choose which which choose . students The (Buenos Aires: Instituto Instituto Aires: (Buenos p. 31,240. (art. 11.723) Ley p. 31, 238. (art. 11.723) Ley p. 12. (art. 31,11.723) p.Ley (art. 12. Scroope Journal Scroope Clarín , ed. by Fernando Fernando by ed. , Aeropuerto Ezeiza, Ezeiza, Aeropuerto , 20th August August 20th , a Nación La (2008), pp. (2008), cátedra , 27 27 , CAMBRIDGE ARCHITECTURE JOURNAL 51