DOCSLIB.ORG

UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Kabuhayan Index: Gendered Dispossession and Resistance in the Philippines Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7tt4k72r Author Santos, Stephanie Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Kabuhayan Index: Gendered Dispossession and Resistance in the Philippines A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Gender Studies by Stephanie Santos 2018 © Copyright by Stephanie Santos 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Kabuhayan Index: Gendered Dispossession and Resistance in the Philippines by Stephanie Santos Doctor of Philosophy in Gender Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Kyungwon Hong, Co-Chair Professor Purnima Mankekar, Co-Chair Development scholars and practitioners have struggled to implement programs that were inclusive of the needs women in the Global South. As a Global South country lauded for its high levels of gender equality indices, the Philippines offers a generative site to analyze the gendered effects of uneven economic development. While some developing countries like the Philippines report a rising number of women in economic and public life, feminist and Global South scholars have argued that gender mainstreaming and women’s empowerment programs have failed and even harmed marginalized populations, such as urban poor women. This research intervenes in this debate by foregrounding the gendered forms of dispossession in communities that are “made poor” in the pursuit of rapid industrialization. Specifically, this research is compelled by the following questions: First, what are the mechanisms through which market-based development ii strategies transform Filipino women’s bodies into sites of capitalist accumulation? And second, how do Filipino women conceptualize gender equality based on their own epistemes of development and belonging? This dissertation examines these questions through how Filipinas analyze market-based projects like microcredit and labor export as attacks on their kabuhayan, a Filipino word that loosely translates to “life-making.” Unlike concepts such as “labor” or “livelihood,” kabuhayan references a complex, dynamic, and relational set of practices that includes everything from creating informal economies where formal means of employment are impossible and building communal relations of support when state-based social welfare programs are nonexistent, to redefining what livable conditions are and collectively imagining a future for themselves and their communities when no such future seems possible. Focusing on kabuhayan highlights the specificities of neoliberal state-capital regimes of extraction. The disruption of vending, community loan groups, and other practices of kabuhayan ensures a steady supply of workers for the country’s labor export programs, which then translate to the high gender equality index levels in the Philippines. This research uses interdisciplinary methods to examine institutional and discursive strategies deployed by the state to render women subaltern and to assimilate disenfranchised Filipina women into the flows of global capital and labor. By juxtaposing the gender equality indices and economic development strategies with narratives and cultural productions from marginalized Filipina women, my research illuminates how gender equality indices demonstrate not how Filipinas have been empowered by development schemes, but rather how vulnerable women are violently assimilated into the flows of global capital. iii The dissertation of Stephanie Santos is approved. Victor Bascara Lucy M. Burns Lieba Bernice Faier Kyungwon Hong, Committee Co-Chair Purnima Mankekar, Committee Co-Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2018 iv DEDICATION For Molson, Sandy, and Tex, whose unconditional love and support continue to inspire me to be a better human. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….………………………….……………………………..…...vii VITA………………………….………………………….……………………………..................x INTRODUCTION: Development and Filipina Women’s Kabuhayan………………………….1 Bibliography………………………….………………………….……………………………....30 CHAPTERS: 1. “We were not poor, we were made poor”: The Production of Bare Life in Sitio Mapalad…...35 Bibliography………………………….………………………….………………………….…...61 2. Unnatural Disasters: Kabuhayan in the Wake of Typhoon Yolanda…………………….……62 Bibliography………………………….………………………….………………………....……95 3. “And so I rallied the women”: Kabuhayan and Urban Poor Women’s Activism……….……98 Bibliography………………………….………………………….………………………….….124 Conclusion: Calvary of the Poor…….………………………….………………………….….126 Bibliography………………………….………………………….………………………….….140 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to have received financial and institutional support for this research project from the University of California, Los Angeles. The Center for Southeast Asian Studies, the Labor Center, the International Center, and Graduate Division provided generous financial support for research and fieldwork. The Center for the Study of Women’s awarded me a dissertation year fellowship that supported my writing. In addition to UCLA, I have also been fortunate to receive support from the Social Science Research Center’s InterAsia Program and from the Association for Asian Studies. Their grants allowed me to workshop early versions of this research at different conferences and have connected me with many scholars in Critical Asian and Critical Filipino Studies. The Department of Gender Studies at UCLA has been a stimulating and nurturing intellectual home for the past years. The Department of Gender Studies at UCLA has been a challenging and nurturing intellectual home and for that, I am grateful to Samantha Hogan, Jenna Miller-Von Ah, Van Do-Nguyen, and Richard Medrano for their support and friendship. My sincere gratitude to Lieba Faier, Victor Bascara and Lucy Mae San Pablo Burns for being part of my dissertation committee. Your rigorous comments, advice, and support throughout the various stages of this project have been crucial for my growth as a scholar. I would like to especially acknowledge Grace Kyungwon Hong and Purnima Mankekar, my dissertation committee co- chairs. This research would not have been possible without your feedback, generative conversations, and encouragement over all these years. Your writing, research, mentorship, and collaborations have indelibly shaped my development as a scholar and a person. Probably my favorite thing about going back to graduate school was being in collaboration with incredible colleagues. Thank you especially to Rahel Woldegaber, Freda Fair, vii and Preeti Sharma, long-time interlocutors and writing partners whose work continues to inspire me. At UCLA more broadly, there are so many of you who made graduate student life stimulating and even pleasurable: Wendi Yamashita, Rana Sharif, Tina Beyene, Naaz Diwan, Esha Momeni, Dalal Alfares, Jolie Chea, Jacob Lau, Bo Luengsuraswat, Lina Chhun, Irene Soriano, Mary Kao. What a privilege it has been to come to campus to be inspired by your insights, knowledge, and passion. And my colleagues and friends from the Philippines: Bomen Guillermo, Gene Lacza Pilapil, and Crisline Torres-Pilapil, we are an ocean apart but connected through our friendship and our work. Thank you everyone for your labor, your fellowship, the bike rides, meals, and laughter. You are all amazing activists, scholars, teachers, and I am blessed to be in your community. For my family in the Philippines and in Los Angeles, I would not have made it this far without you. Much pasasalamat at pagmamahal. And for my partner JL and our dogs Molson, Sandy, and Tex, your love and support sustain me and inspire me as we move to the next stage of this academic and life journey. From the bottom of my heart, salamat. viii CURRICULUM VITAE Education New York University Master of Arts Department of Liberal Studies University of the Philippines Bachelor of Arts College of Mass Communication Research Fellowships and Awards UCLA Jean and Irving Stone Dissertation Fellowship Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowship, UCLA Center for Southeast Asian Studies UCLA Collegium of University Teaching Fellowship UCLA Asia Institute Graduate Fellowship Dean’s Award for Research, UCLA Graduate Division of Social Sciences Graduate Research Mentorship Program Fellowship Association for Asian Studies (AAS) – Philippine Studies Group (PSG) Travel Award Alice Belkin Memorial Scholarship, UCLA International Institute UCLA Alumni Association Fellowship Chancellor’s Prize Award, UCLA Academic Experience University of California, Los Angeles Department of Gender Studies Teaching Fellow • Taught classes in Bodies (GS 103), Feminist Pedagogy (GS 495), Gender and Globalization (GS 185), and Gender and Development in Southeast Asia (GS 98) University of California, Los Angeles Asian American Studies Center Assistant Editor • edited articles for the academic journals Amerasia and AAPI Nexus ix Introduction Development and Filipina Women’s Kabuhayan In the northern Philippine city of Baguio, there is a locked storeroom inside the office of one of the corporate-funded consortiums that provide microcredit services to indigenous women displaced from their ancestral lands by mining projects. The storeroom contains things that loan recipients have surrendered to partial payments for delinquent loans—threadbare blankets, tin plates
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
    Social Ethics Society Journal of Applied Philosophy Special Issue, December 2018, pp. 181-206 The Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ) and ABS-CBN through the Prisms of Herman and Chomsky’s “Propaganda Model”: Duterte’s Tirade against the Media and vice versa Menelito P. Mansueto Colegio de San Juan de Letran [email protected] Jeresa May C. Ochave Ateneo de Davao University [email protected] Abstract This paper is an attempt to localize Herman and Chomsky’s analysis of the commercial media and use this concept to fit in the Philippine media climate. Through the propaganda model, they introduced the five interrelated media filters which made possible the “manufacture of consent.” By consent, Herman and Chomsky meant that the mass communication media can be a powerful tool to manufacture ideology and to influence a wider public to believe in a capitalistic propaganda. Thus, they call their theory the “propaganda model” referring to the capitalist media structure and its underlying political function. Herman and Chomsky’s analysis has been centered upon the US media, however, they also believed that the model is also true in other parts of the world as the media conglomeration is also found all around the globe. In the Philippines, media conglomeration is not an alien concept especially in the presence of a giant media outlet, such as, ABS-CBN. In this essay, the authors claim that the propaganda model is also observed even in the less obvious corporate media in the country, disguised as an independent media entity but like a chameleon, it © 2018 Menelito P.
    [Show full text]
  • From Street to Stage Theater As a Communicative Strategy for Recovery, Rehabilitation and Empowerment of Center-Based Street Children
    From Street to Stage Theater as a Communicative Strategy for Recovery, Rehabilitation and Empowerment of Center-Based Street Children (The Case of Stairway’s “Goldtooth”) A Dissertation Presented to the College of Mass Communication University of the Philippines In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communication By BELEN D. CALINGACION November 2001 Dedication This dissertation is lovingly dedicated to Mama and Papa who believe that education is the best legacy they can bequeath to their children. LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 1 Study Framework for the Analysis of Center-Based Street Children’s Theatrical Intervention Project 48 Figure 2 Map of the Philippines. With Puerto Galera in Mindoro Island where Stairway Foundation Inc. is located 53 Figure 3 Timeline of the “Goldtooth” Project 238 Table 1 Demographic Profile of Respondents 94 Table 2 Incidents of Child Abuse 110 Table 3 Summary of the Present Status of Respondents 239 xi STAIRWAY FOUNDATION, INC. PROCESSES Child PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE DISENGAGEMENT Improved ENTRY PHASE PHASE positive concept Child CHILD Preparatory stage Trained in new from skills the street Empowered PARTICIPATION AUDIENCE GOLDTOOTH Street Children’s Musical T I M E ANTECEDENT PROCESSES INTENDED CONDITIONS OUTCOMES Figure 1: Study Framework for the Analysis of Center-Based Street Children’s Theatrical Intervention Project Musical Project of Stairway Foundation 4th Quarter 1998 1st Quarter 1999 2nd Quarter 1999 3rd Quarter 1999 4th Quarter 1999 April-May 1999
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Fragmentation and Class Contention in Metro Manila
    Urban Fragmentation and Class Contention in Metro Manila by Marco Z. Garrido A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Professor Jeffery M. Paige, Chair Dean Filomeno V. Aguilar, Jr., Ateneo de Manila University Associate Professor Allen D. Hicken Professor Howard A. Kimeldorf Associate Professor Frederick F. Wherry, Columbia University Associate Professor Gavin M. Shatkin, Northeastern University © Marco Z. Garrido 2013 To MMATCG ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my informants in the slums and gated subdivisions of Metro Manila for taking the time to tell me about their lives. I have written this dissertation in honor of their experiences. They may disagree with my analysis, but I pray they accept the fidelity of my descriptions. I thank my committee—Jeff Paige, Howard Kimeldorf, Gavin Shatkin, Fred Wherry, Jun Aguilar, and Allen Hicken—for their help in navigating the dark woods of my dissertation. They served as guiding lights throughout. In gratitude, I vow to emulate their dedication to me with respect to my own students. I thank Nene, the Cayton family, and Tito Jun Santillana for their help with my fieldwork; Cynch Bautista for rounding up an academic audience to suffer through a presentation of my early ideas, Michael Pinches for his valuable comments on my prospectus, and Jing Karaos for allowing me to affiliate with the Institute on Church and Social Issues. I am in their debt. Thanks too to Austin Kozlowski, Sahana Rajan, and the Spatial and Numeric Data Library at the University of Michigan for helping me make my maps.
    [Show full text]
  • UP School of Economics Discussion Papers
    UP School of Economics Discussion Papers Discussion Paper No. 2011-03 May 2011 The Demand for Unfair Gambles: Why Illegal Lotteries Persist by Desiree A. Desierto*, John V.C. Nye**, Jema M. Pamintuan*** *University of the Philippines School of Economics **Economics Department, George Mason University ***Ateneo de Manila University, School of Humanities UPSE Discussion Papers are preliminary versions circulated privately to elicit critical comments. They are protected by Copyright Law (PD No. 49) and are not for quotation or reprinting without prior approval. The Demand for Unfair Gambles: Why Illegal Lotteries Persist DESIREE A. DESIERTO, JOHN V.C. NYE, JEMA M. PAMINTUAN Version: May 2, 2011 We show how cheating in illegal gambling can be sustained in equilibrium, even when gamblers are aware of it. Not only is cheating pro…t-maximizing for operators, but it can also be utility-maximizing if it provides gamblers the oppor- tunity to engage in other related activities that generate non-monetary rewards, such as practicing superstitions. This, in turn, suggests why legalizing gambling might not fully capture the gains from the illegal market - operators and gamblers both prefer cheating, but this would be harder to hide in a legalized environment. We illustrate the model, generate results, and verify them empirically, using the example of jueteng, an illegal numbers game in the Philippines. 0 D. Desierto (corresponding author): University of the Philippines, School of Eco- nomics, Diliman, Q.C. 1101, email: [email protected]; J. Nye: Economics De- partment, George Mason University, Carow Hall MSN 1D3, 4400 University Drive, Fair- fax VA 22030, email: [email protected]; J.
    [Show full text]
  • Philippine Governance: Merging Politics and Crime
    PRIF-Reports No. 93 Philippine Governance: Merging Politics and Crime Peter Kreuzer I would like to thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for the generous grant provided for the project “Genesis, Structure and Workings of Coercive Systems of Social Control”. Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF) 2009 Correspondence to: PRIF Baseler Straße 27-31 60329 Frankfurt am Main Germany Telephone: +49(0)69 95 91 04-0 Fax: +49(0)69 55 84 81 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.prif.org ISBN: 978-3-942532-03-7 Euro 10.- Summary The Philippines are a “gambling republic” in which politicians hold “power without virtue”, dominating by means of “capital, coercion and crime”. Individual power holders are “bosses”, acting in a “mafia-style” and employing “guns, goons and gold” in order to gain, uphold or enhance their power positions. Whereas the politicians at times make use of vigilantes, private armies, death squads and hired contract-killers, the state itself resorts to “state terror” to counter the leftist threat posed by the Communist New People’s Army and its various offshoots, as a sideline killing hundreds of people in extralegal executions. Local power remains “in the family”, and national power is diffused in an “anarchy of families”. All of these characterizations of Philippine politics put in quotation marks are taken out of scientific books, articles and statements of Philippine state officials and politicians. While Philippine politics certainly is much more than captured in these characterizations, this report takes them as a starting point to analyze Philippine politics as if it was crime, or as “criminalized governance” (Briscoe 2008: 4), arguing that criminal activities do not only connect to politics in an erratic and unsystematic way, but seem to be a durable and integral part of politics from the local to the national levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Jueteng, Crises of Presidential Legitimacy, and Electoral Failures in the Philippines*
    What Happens When Institutions Do Not Work What Happens When Institutions Do Not Work: Jueteng, Crises of Presidential Legitimacy, and Electoral Failures in the Philippines* Raul V.Fabella Abstract School of Economics In the Millennium Development Goals discussion, the question of University of the Philippines how we eliminate bad institutions that perpetuate global poverty Dillman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines often arises. Democracy and participatory institutions are pro- [email protected] posed as meta-institutions that are meant to create better ones. Democracies, however, also stumble. We study two episodes of crisis of presidential legitimacy in the Philippines: one arising from perceived electoral failure and the other from involvement in an illegal numbers game called Jueteng. A crisis of legitimacy can arise because the “declared winner” may not be the “true winner” be- cause of the compromise of mechanisms of recall and account- ability, or because the “true winner” reveals himself or herself ex post to be the “incorrect choice,” or both. The ensuing crisis of le- gitimacy, in turn, robs the executive of political mandate and mo- mentum for reform. In the struggle to survive, executive auton- omy is traded away as the power brokers of the status quo are enlisted for the defense. Thus, democracy’s march to good institu- tions may be blocked or even reversed. 1. Introduction That “institutions matter” has become virtually canonical in economics due to evidence from numerous conªrming country and cross-country studies (e.g., Acemoglu, John- * The author is grateful to the Philippine Long Distance Tele- phone (PLDT) Foundation for ªnancial support.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Edsa 2 – a Historical Overview
    DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „The SMS – Revolution“ The impact of mobile phones on political protest using the example of the EDSA II movement in the Philippines in 2001 Verfasserin Vera Santner angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosphie (Mag. phil.) Wien, März 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 307 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie Betreuer: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Hermann Mückler 3 Abstract Abstract (English) In mass protests new media like internet and mobile phones are increasingly playing a central role. In the past year, this was especially obvious in the protests in Moldavia and in Iran. The so called EDSA 2 uprising in the Philippines in 2001 was one of the first cases when mobile phones and especially text messages (are said to) have contributed to the mobilization of thousands of protesters. This massive civil protest that blocked one of Manila’s main traffic arteries, contributed significantly to the downfall of President Joseph Estrada. The euphoria of such events and the novelty of the use of mobile phones carry with it the danger of an uncritical celebration of technology and of a lacking contextualization of their role in the events. Widespread techno-deterministic views linked to notions of modernity enhance the tendency to assign the technology with agency and thus ignore those that are actually using it. My thesis thus presents an extensive analysis of the role that mobile phones played in this protest. A pluralist view accounting for social and political contexts allows for the complexity of the involved processes. Drawing on Victor Turner’s concepts of communitas and liminality, I analyze the power attributed to the mobile phone.
    [Show full text]
  • The Media, the Market and Democracy
    THE MEDIA, THE MARKET AND DEMOCRACY: THE CASE OF THE SHEILA S. PHILIPPINES CORONEL Abstract The popular mobilisation that led to the downfall of Sheila S. Coronel is President Estrada in January 2001 was facilitated by the Executive Director of the use of new communication technologies, notably text Philippines Centre for messaging on mobile phones and the establishment of Investigative Journalism, web sites. Public awareness of political developments, Quezon City. @ fostered by these means and by independent media, email: scoronel cnl.net. eventually forced the main mass media to cover Estra- das impeachment trial, and it was the threat of the collapse of that trial that provoked mass demonstrations. These events illustrate some leading themes in the history of the Philippines mass media. Newspapers, radio and television have long been privately owned, and , 109 - 126 have developed into very market-oriented media. Most of the time, they are devoted to tabloid and sensational reporting, and they are mostly closely connected with large and diversified corporations. After a long period of repression by Ferdinand Marcos, his overthrow saw an explosion of genuinely independent media, although Vol.8 (2001),2 issues of ownership and traditions of bribing journalists put limits on what got reported. Estrada attempted to control the media more directly, particularly through systematic bribery, threatening the businesses of media owners with tax audits, and manipulating advertising. For some time, he was successful, but as public awareness of his crimes grew, so audiences demanded better mainstream coverage. The media were forced by their audiences to adopt a much more critical stance, and this opened the way for independent journalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Go to Edsa. Wear Black.”) Were Among the Millions of Text Messages Calling Upon Manila Residents to Gather at the Edsa Shrine20 To
    The Cell Phone and Edsa 2: The Role of a Communication Technology in Ousting a President Cecilia Alessandra S. Uy-Tioco 11 October 2003 4th Critical Themes in Media Studies Conference New School University Introduction I distinctly remember the night Edsa 2 (also known as People Power 2)1 began. Strangely enough, I was out on a date when the news came out that majority of the senator-judges in the on-going impeachment trial of Philippine president Joseph “Erap” Estrada had voted to suppress important evidence proving his corruption. While the pro- Estrada senators rejoiced and danced on national television, the anti-Estrada senators openly wept. The prosecutors, taking this as an early sign of acquittal, walked out of the courtroom in protest. I received this text message from my best friend: “I THNK UD BETR GO HME NW.” (“I think you’d better go home now.”) By the time I got home, I had received numerous text messages from others saying: “NOISE BARRAGE AT 11PM” and “GO 2 EDSA. WEAR BLACK 2 MOURN D DEATH F DEMOCRACY.” I barely had time to kick off my high heels and slip on my sneakers when my mom, brother, and I jumped into the car and joined the cars in our neighborhood in honking horns in protest. And then to Edsa we went. At midnight, there were a couple of hundred people. Families clad in pajamas, teenagers in party clothes, men and women in suits fresh from happy hour, college students clutching books obviously coming from a study group, nuns and priests.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commission on Elections from Aquino to Arroyo
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with deep gratitude to IDE that I had a chance to visit and experience Japan. I enjoyed the many conversations with researchers in IDE, Japanese academics and scholars of Philippines studies from various universities. The timing of my visit, the year 2009, could not have been more perfect for someone interested in election studies. This paper presents some ideas, arguments, proposed framework, and historical tracing articulated in my Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the Department of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. I would like to thank my generous and inspiring professors: Paul Hutchcroft, Alfred McCoy, Edward Friedman, Michael Schatzberg, Dennis Dresang and Michael Cullinane. This research continues to be a work in progress. And while it has benefited from comments and suggestions from various individuals, all errors are mine alone. I would like to thank the Institute of Developing Economies (IDE) for the interest and support in this research project. I am especially grateful to Dr. Takeshi Kawanaka who graciously acted as my counterpart. Dr. Kawanaka kindly introduced me to many Japanese scholars, academics, and researchers engaged in Philippine studies. He likewise generously shared his time to talk politics and raise interesting questions and suggestions for my research. My special thanks to Yurika Suzuki. Able to anticipate what one needs in order to adjust, she kindly extended help and shared many useful information, insights and tips to help me navigate daily life in Japan (including earthquake survival tips). Many thanks to the International Exchange and Training Department of IDE especially to Masak Osuna, Yasuyo Sakaguchi and Miyuki Ishikawa.
    [Show full text]
  • Balitaan Spring 2009
    Balitaan Newsletter 48, Spring 2009 www.rpcvphilippines.org PO Box 100114, Arlington, VA 22210 New scholars From RPCV to CD Views from scholars Remembering Julia Our generous donors Former scholar’s book Eight new scholars are One student persuades A listing of donors to Ariestelo named by the PCAFPD her family that Manila the Foundation since Asilos.is in a range of fields: is safe; another finds our last newsletter. And author of speech pathology, that her scholarship please see our website “Anak ng tourism, engineering, lets her move to a new (listed above) for Jueteng,” social work and campus; and a third special scholarships a book psychology. finds it hard to cope Sonia Derenoncourt and other ways to offer about a small-town with the costs of study. Page 4 (right, with PCV support. lottery system. Page 5 Pages 1, 2, 4, 5 Kuang-Ning “Annie” Slain PCV is honored Pages 8-9 Huang) has had some by new scholarships. challenging jobs. Page 7 Page 3 my room studying. I did not chit-chat ers. I am competing against the UP stan- Winning the bet: with them like I used to. We grew apart. dard and not against my friends. She makes it I learned that the people you meet first Here’s a look at my first year: will not necessarily end up being your Marine Science 1: There were only four through the first year best buddies. You have to explore some freshmen in the class. Even though the more in order to meet your bosom “freshies” were outnumbered, we were Krisna R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philippines Second National Risk Assessment on Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing
    2nd NRA 2017 THE PHILIPPINES SECOND NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT ON MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORIST FINANCING 2nd National Risk Assessment – Philippines 2015 -2016 Manila, 2017 The National Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (ML/TF) Risk Assessment of Philippines has been conducted as a self-assessment by Philippine Authorities, using the National ML/TF Risk Assessment Tool that has been developed and provided by the World Bank. The data, statistics, and information provided and populated into National ML/TF Risk Assessment Tool templates, and any other finding, interpretation, and judgment under the scope of National Risk Assessment process completely belong to the Philippine authorities and do not reflect the views of World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Page 1 of 300 2nd National Risk Assessment – Philippines 2015 -2016 Manila, 2017 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 5 OBJECTIVES ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 5 NRA PROCESS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 6 NRA WORKING GROUP …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 6 NRA RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………..…. 7 LIMITATIONS OF THE ASSESSMENT……….…………………………………………………………………………………….12 I. OVERALL THREAT ASSESSMENT ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]