Elsternwick Park – Stormwater Harvesting Project Desktop Assessment

Sponsor: Bayside City Council

Cultural Heritage Advisor and Author: Personal Information

Submission Date: 4th May 2012

Elsternwick Park – Stormwater Harvesting Project Desktop Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd

Disclaimer

The information contained in this Desktop Assessment has been compiled from the standard heritage database sources and is accurate as far as Heritage Insight Pty Ltd is aware. However, within the timeframes available for technical heritage reporting, it is not possible to carry out comprehensive research of all published or unpublished manuscripts, journals, maps or oral history which may pertain to the study area. No responsibility can be taken for errors or omissions in primary and secondary source material cited in this report. Any opinions expressed in this report are those of Heritage Insight Pty Ltd and do not necessarily represent those of Bayside City Council.

This report is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission. Enquiries should be made to Bayside City Council or Heritage Insight Pty Ltd.

Acknowledgements

Heritage Insight Pty Ltd would like to acknowledge and thank the following people for their assistance and participation in this study:

Heritage Insight Staff

Personal Information

The Sponsor

Personal Information Bayside City Council

Abbreviations

AAA – Australian Archaeological Association AAV – Aboriginal Affairs Victoria ASHA – Australasian Society of Historical Archaeology BLCAC – Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation BWFL – Boon Wurrung Foundation Ltd CHMP – Cultural Heritage Management Plan WTLCCHC - Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council

Elsternwick Park – Stormwater Harvesting Project Desktop Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd

Executive Summary

Introduction

This desktop assessment has been undertaken at the request of Bayside City Council in order to provide a detailed assessment of the cultural heritage values for the section of Elster Canal that runs through Elsternwick Park, with a view to making recommendations for managing identified cultural heritage issues that may be affected by the proposed project. This will assist Bayside City Council to ensure that the project is undertaken in a manner consistent with the principles of Ecologically Sustainable Development and relevant State and Commonwealth legislation.

Personal Information

The location of the Activity Area is within the southern region of Elsternwick Golf Course along Elster Canal (formerly Elster Creek) between St Kilda and New Streets, Elsternwick.

Areas of the golf course near to Elster Canal will be excavated to about 1 metre for drainage works and the existing channel will be modified in a number of locations. The small wetland at the St Kilda Street end of the study area will be expanded and extra drainage will be added. At the New Street end a sediment basin will be established with an access track connecting it to the eastern fence line. South of Bent Avenue, the artificial lake will also have topsoil infill added to isolated sections of bank as part of the bank remediation works.

Results of the Assessment

Desktop Assessment

The desktop assessment for the study area has allowed a site prediction model to be developed. A site prediction model is intended for use as an indication of the types of archaeological sites that may occur in a given area. The site prediction model can later be tested against the results of the field survey and sub-surface testing.

In general the following statements can be made about the current study area:

 No previously recorded Indigenous sites are within the study area or within 200m. As the study area falls within a heavily developed, well-established suburb, the lack of any previously identified Indigenous sites is not considered unusual;

 There were no areas of cultural sensitivity within 500m of the study area;

 No CHMPs have been undertaken within 2km of the study area. Presland’s regional survey of Melbourne considered the highly urbanised areas around Melbourne to have very limited archaeological potential for sites to still exist. The Elwood Heritage Study discusses the drainage works associated with the canal and surrounding marshland. These works have resulted in large amounts of ground disturbance to the natural soils;

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indicating that even though the study area is situated along a section of the former Elster Creek, there would have also been an abundance of other nearby resources linked to the swamps and springs;

 Animal and plant resources would have been abundant within the vicinity of the study area;

 A variety of stone raw materials would have been accessible to Aboriginals as they travelled up and down the coast, although not specifically present in the vicinity of the study area itself;

 The study area is comprised of non-marine sands, sandy clay, silt, and gravel that were deposited during the late Miocene to early Pliocene (Neogene) known as the Brighton Group. The geomorphological unit of the study area is Sand and Clay Plains – Moorabbin which is made up of sandy dune ridges and sheets with intervening clay swamps. This Sand and Clay Plains has a high probability of Indigenous sites being present, particularly within sub-surface deposits;

 There is some potential for Indigenous sites to still be present within the dunes in the wider area as Aboriginal cultural material and human burials are known to occur in similar sandy deposits around Port Philip Bay; and

 There has been a long history of European modifications in the study area related to the construction and channelizing of Elster Creek and the draining of marshland associated with the swamp to the west in Elwood. In addition, the park in its entirety has undergone several redevelopments during the 20th century that have resulted in the alteration of the ground surface through landscaping for the golf course and sports fields.

The site prediction model suggests that there is a very low potential for Indigenous archaeological sites to be present within the study area due to the low-lying ground surface (ie. marshland) prior to the arrival of Europeans, the well-established, highly urbanised surroundings, and the high degree of ground disturbance related to the construction and channelizing of Elster Creek and the landscaping and redevelopment of the golf course and sporting grounds that took place during the late 19th century through to the late 20th century. It is considered highly unlikely that Indigenous sites would be located within the study area.

Field Inspection

A field inspection was undertaken on 26th April 2012 by Personal Information(Heritage Insight Pty Ltd) to further assess evidence for areas of potential cultural sensitivity and of ground disturbance within the study area. The full length of the study area was walked and inspected. The ground on the northern side of the canal was very wet and water could be seen sitting on the surface. The rises visible in the vicinity of the canal are associated with the golf course and indicate the degree of disturbance to manufacture the current environment. Piping and discoloured grass were evident in some places and appear to be part of the existing network of irrigation within the golf course. Vegetation along the edges of the canal and small wetland was very thick. It was possible to locate the bluestone canal by probing through the grass and water along much of the accessible sections of the canal and would therefore appear to contain the original materials used in the channelization of the creek.

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Conclusions

The site prediction model presented in Section 3.3 indicated that although the availability of natural resources such as plants, animals and stone, the permanent sources of water which would have been available (Elster Canal (formerly Creek) and marshlands), and the known archaeology sensitivity of the geomorphic unit of Sand and Clay Plains, there is a high potential for Indigenous archaeological sites to be located within the study area. However, there is a vast amount of evidence indicating that the soil conditions within and near the study area have undergone a number of significant modifications within the last 150 years. The earliest of these was the channelization of the creek line and the draining of the swamp in Elwood and the marshlands in the southern area of Elsternwick Park undertaken in the late 19th century. Throughout the 20th century, there have been further modifications to the soil from landscaping and irrigation for a range of sporting facilities as well as artificially created wetlands and a lake.

In addition to this, the suburb of Elsternwick is a highly urbanised and well-established suburb. No previously identified Indigenous sites have been recorded within 2km of the study area and no reports dealing with Indigenous cultural sensitivity have been prepared within this region either. The indications are that, though Aboriginal people were most likely utilising the landscape containing the study area prior to the arrival of Europeans, the post-contact development of the area has destroyed any likelihood of identifying Aboriginal cultural heritage within the study area and its surrounds.

Recommendations

In conclusion, the following recommendations are made regarding the cultural heritage values of the study area:

 The study area is not situated within an area of Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity as outlined by the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 Part 2, Division 3. As such, there is no mandatory requirement for a Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) to be prepared for the study area;

 The study area has undergone high levels of disturbance related to the channelization of Elster Creek, drainage of swamp and marshland areas and the extensive landscaping and irrigation works previously undertaken during the late 19th and 20th centuries. It is considered highly unlikely that Indigenous sites would still be located within the study area;

 Based on the conclusions of the desktop assessment, no further management requirements are considered necessary for the study area; and

 Although a CHMP is not required for the study area, any works carried out on the property must comply with Sections 27-28 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006, which provide blanket protection for all Aboriginal cultural heritage. If any suspected Aboriginal cultural heritage is found during works on the property, the following actions must occur:

 All works must cease within 20 metres of where the suspected Aboriginal cultural heritage is located;

 In the event that a RAP has been appointed, the RAP must be contacted in the first instance. In the event that a RAP has not yet been appointed, the relevant Aboriginal community representative or representatives must be contacted;

 A cultural heritage advisor must immediately be notified of the discovery and must attend the find within 48 hours;

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 The location of the suspected Aboriginal cultural heritage must be fenced off with temporary webbing;

 Work may continue in other parts of the study area, away from the 20 metre buffer around the webbing;

 An on-site investigation and assessment of the significance of the cultural heritage must then be undertaken by a qualified cultural heritage advisor, a relevant Aboriginal community representative and a representative of the Sponsor. The cultural heritage advisor must complete site records;

 Within a period of 3 working days a decision/recommendation must be made by the cultural heritage advisor in consultation with the Sponsor and relevant Aboriginal community representative on a process to be followed to manage or salvage the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a manner which complies with the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 and which is culturally appropriate; and

 Works may recommence within the area of exclusion when the appropriate protective measures have been taken and the relevant Aboriginal cultural heritage records have been updated and/or completed.

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Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... i 1.0 Introduction...... 1 2.0 Activity Description ...... 1 3.0 Report on the Results of the Desktop Assessment ...... 4 3.1 Methodology for Desktop Assessment ...... 4 3.2 Results of the Desktop Assessment ...... 4 3.2.1 Search of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register ...... 4 3.2.2 Previous Work within 2km of the Study Area ...... 5 3.2.3 Historical and Ethno-Historical Accounts ...... 6 3.2.4 Landforms and Geomorphology of the Study Area ...... 9 3.2.5 Land Use History of the Study Area ...... 12 3.3 Site Prediction Model ...... 14 3.4 Field Inspection ...... 15 3.5 Conclusions ...... 17 3.6 Recommendations ...... 18 Bibliography ...... 19

Maps

Map 1: Location of Activity Area – Elster Canal (formerly Elster Creek), Elsternwick Golf Course, Elsternwick, Bayside City Council, Parish of Prahran, County of Bourke ...... 2

Figures

Figure 1: Aerial Image Showing the Current Conditions in the Study Area (Near Map 2012) ...... 3

Tables

Table 1: Summary of Landsystem Data encompassing the Study Area ...... 10 Table 2: Selected Historical Aerial Photographs Showing the Conditions within the Study Area and Elsternwick Park between 1929 and 1987 (cont. over page) ...... 13 Table 3: Photos Taken during the Field Inspection Personal Information (cont. over page) ...... 16

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1.0 Introduction

Name, Qualifications and Experience of Cultural Heritage Advisor

Personal Information

Location of the Study Area

The location of the Activity Area is within the southern region of Elsternwick Golf Course along Elster Canal (formerly Elster Creek) between St Kilda and New Streets, Elsternwick.

RAP’s with Responsibility for the Study Area

The study area does not currently lie within the region of a Registered Aboriginal Party. In this case both the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (BLCAC) and Boon Wurrung Foundation Ltd (BWFL) applied to become Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs) for the region encompassing the study area. On 27 August 2009, the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council (VAHC) decided not to register either party as a RAP under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. The Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (BLCAC) lodged a second application to become a RAP, which was rejected by the VAHC on 1st July 2011. In their decisions regarding both the earlier applications and the recent BLCAC application, the Council stated that they recognised members of both the BWFL and BLCAC as traditional owners. As such, the Council expects that both the BWFL and BLCAC will be consulted for the purposes of cultural heritage management and protection for the region encompassing the study area.

Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council (WTLCCHC) currently has an application before the VAHC that encompasses the region where the study area is located.

No consultation has taken place with Bunurong, Boon Wurrung or Wurundjeri regarding this assessment.

2.0 Activity Description

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Map 1: Location of Activity Area – Elster Canal (formerly Elster Creek), Elsternwick Golf Course, Elsternwick, Bayside City Council, Parish of Prahran, County of Bourke

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Figure 1: Aerial Image Showing the Current Conditions in the Study Area (Near Map 2012)

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3.0 Report on the Results of the Desktop Assessment

3.1 Methodology for Desktop Assessment

The aim of the desktop assessment was to produce an archaeological site prediction model, which would assist in the assessment of cultural significance and the design of the management recommendations. The desktop assessment involved a review of:

 Standard ethnographic sources to identify the likely traditional owners and a review of any written and oral local history regarding Aboriginal people in the area;

 Environmental resources available to Aboriginal people within the region of the study area;

 The site registry at AAV and previous archaeological studies, to identify any previously registered Aboriginal archaeological sites either within or surrounding the activity area and the results of previous archaeological assessments; and

 The land-use history of the study area, particularly evidence for the extent and nature of past land disturbance.

 The landforms or geomorphology of the study area and identification and determination of the geographic region of which the study area forms a part that is relevant to the Aboriginal cultural heritage that may be present in the study area.

This information was used to produce an archaeological site prediction model. The site prediction model assists in determining the type of archaeological sites which may potentially occur within the study area, the possible contents of these sites, the possible past use of the landscape by Aboriginal people and the likely extent of ground disturbance to archaeological sites. Areas or landforms assessed as having a low probability of containing Aboriginal archaeological sites are also assessed, in order to test the effectiveness of the site prediction model.

3.2 Results of the Desktop Assessment

3.2.1 Search of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register

The Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR), accessed through Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information Services (ACHRIS), was searched to identify any previously registered Indigenous archaeological sites within 2km of the study area, as well as the results of previous archaeological assessments. The Register was accessed on 17th April 2012.

The search indicated that there were no previously recorded Indigenous sites within 2km of the study area. There were no Cultural Heritage Management Plans (CHMPs) or reports previously undertaken for the study area. The only reports within 2km are written at a regional level and do not contain specific information about the study area. As the study area falls within a well-established, heavily developed suburb, the lack of any previously identified Indigenous sites or reports is not considered unusual. The study area does not lie within an area of cultural sensitivity. The nearest area of cultural sensitivity is located approximately 500m to the southwest and is associated with the shoreline of Port Phillip Bay.

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3.2.2 Previous Work within 2km of the Study Area

Very few archaeological reports were available within 2km of the study area. The available reports are mostly written at a more regional level rather than a local level. No CHMPs were available within 2km of the study area. Of the available reports, the most relevant are summarised below. The Elwood Heritage Review was the only local study undertaken, although the boundary of this study is St Kilda Street on the western side of the Elsternwick Golf Course and Park.

Regional Study

An Archaeological Survey of the Melbourne Metropolitan Area (Presland 1983)

Presland undertook a regional study of Aboriginal places within the Melbourne Metropolitan area in order to identify areas of potential archaeological sensitivity pertaining to Aboriginal culture and prepare a systematic approach to surveying for archaeological sites.

The Melbourne Metropolitan area comprises the northern and eastern sides of Port Phillip Bay from the Werribee River to Frankston. Presland identified five landscape units within the study area. The current Activity Area lies at the southern end of Landscape Unit 1. This landscape unit is associated with Carrum Swamp and the alluvial fans, terraces and valleys of the Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers. There are two types of soils within this unit: silts and sands or sandy clays. The latter is found in the southern region of Landscape Unit 1.

Twenty-four days were spent surveying areas of Landscape Unit 1. Six scarred trees were identified in the vicinity of Carrum Swamp and four artefact scatters near the Maribyrnong River. Isolated waste flakes and implements were also noticed in other parts of the unit.

Regarding Landscape Unit 1, Presland concludes that there are few parts that are worth further consideration due to the high degree of urbanisation that has already taken place. Areas with market gardens and along the banks of rivers were considered to still provide an opportunity for effective surveying.

It is important to note that this study does not consider sub-surface site prediction or conditions, only the presence of surface sites.

Localised Study

Elwood Heritage Review (Reeves & Wixted 2005)

This Heritage Review was undertaken for the neighbouring suburb to the west. The boundary ends at St Kilda Street, adjacent to Elsternwick Golf Course and Park. There are two very relevant sections within this study that discuss the Elwood Swamp and Elwood Canal. Reeves and Wixted’s research outlines that there was initially a ‘Southern Swamp’ comprised of two large, shallow lagoons that were only about 1m deep, located between Dickens Street, Mitford Street, Glenhuntly Road and the beach. Associated with this was an expanse of marshland extending south from the Elsternwick Golf Course to the Gardenvale Railway Station. This swamp was reported by an early resident to have been home to fenland and seashore bird life (Reeves & Wixted 2005, p.17). A large project was undertaken to drain the swamp from 1888. This reclamation was not completed until 1905.

The Elwood Canal was constructed as part of the reclamation of the swamp works and was designed to drain the marshland to the east of St Kilda Street (the present study area). The canal construction involved works from the beach to Glenhuntly Road (completed in 1897) and then to St Kilda Street (completed in 1905). Elwood Canal was plagued by pollution and flooding issues from it’s initial construction through to at least the 1970s (Reeves & Wixted 2005, pp.19–20). Early pollution in the

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1880s was related to the waste pouring into the canal from the local abattoirs (Reeves & Wixted 2005, p.19), while it became known as the ‘Plague Canal’ during a polio epidemic of 1937. During the 1950s, flood protection works were initiated which included a diversion canal through Elsternwick Park (Reeves & Wixted 2005, p.20).

3.2.3 Historical and Ethno-Historical Accounts

Indigenous people have probably occupied the land containing the study area for over 35,000 years. During that time, there have been significant environmental changes within the region, which have affected the use of the land by indigenous people, the technology used by them, and the location of Aboriginal archaeological sites (Rhodes & Bell 2004, p.i).

Aboriginal Pre-Contact History

At the time of contact, the central portion of what is now the State of Victoria was occupied by Aboriginal people who shared a common language and political, social, religious and economic affiliations and who identified themselves as Kulin, the label meaning ‘man’ in the dialect spoken in the Melbourne region. The area of land occupied by the Kulin people extended as far north as present day Echuca, west as the Richardson River, Mt Avoca, Fiery Creek and Mt Emu Creek, south to the Victorian coastline and east to the Tarwin River and Wilsons Promontory (Clark 1990).

Amongst the Kulin political, social and economic relationships were shaped by affiliation with the main unit of social organisation (the clan) and affiliation with one of two groups linked with creation ancestors. A clan was usually formed from a number of related families (a lineal descent group), which claimed guardianship over a particular tract of land (Howitt 1904, p.41).

The two groups (described as moieties by western anthropologists) linked with creation ancestors were Waa (Australian Raven) and Bunjil (Wedge-tailed Eagle) (Barwick 1984, p.105). Moiety affiliation was determined at birth by the group/moiety affiliation of the father and the father’s clan (Barwick 1984, p.105; Clark 1990). In traditional Kulin law, moiety and clan affiliation determined marriage. Individuals were required to marry outside their clan and to a person belonging to the opposite moiety.

Marriage was an extremely important influence on social and economic relationships, and individuals could acquire considerable status and economic power through marriage ties, particularly by men who could afford to support more than one wife. Senior men who acquired economic power and a high social status and prestige were known as arweet in the Bunurong dialect and ngurungaeta in the Woiworung dialect (Barwick 1984, p.106). These people had the right to negotiate or direct use in relation to a specific area of land or country; for example, the men with whom Batman negotiated his ‘treaty’ in 1835 were ngurungaeta and arweet from Woiworung and Bunurong clans. This tradition is continued by contemporary communities, where it is usually the elders who make decisions in relation to community matters (Rhodes & Bell 2004, p.27).

According to traditional Indigenous belief, a dreamtime ancestor, Lohan, created the land between the mouth of the Yarra River and Wilsons Promontory. The country created by Lohan was known as the marr- nebeek (Brough-Smythe 1878 in Barwick 1984, p.115). A dialect of the East Kulin language known as Bun wurrung, was the required form of speech within the marr-nebeek. There are some inconsistencies in the published information about the clans who occupied the marr-nebeek and it is thought that the marr-nebeek country was not entirely occupied by clans speaking the Bun wurrung dialect. It is possible that the land within the study area was shared country, similar to that described by Barak as ‘half bad country’.

There is obviously more detailed research required into both European sources and Indigenous oral history, to try and clarify the clans within the region of the study area and their relationships to particular areas of country. It does seem clear, however, that the land within the study area was part of the marr- nebeek country, of which the clans speaking the Bun wurrung dialect were guardians.

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Bun wurrung Clans

The Bun wurrung (Bunurong) were one of four ‘dialectical tribes’ comprising the East Kulin language group (Barwick 1984). Much of the information on the Bun wurrung came from members of neighbouring groups – such as William Barak of the Wurundjeri balluk – rather than Bun wurrung people themselves. Hence, such information cannot be uncritically regarded as an accurate account of the Bun wurrung lifestyle. Early ethnographic accounts of the Bun wurrung were also describing people whose lifestyle was suffering under white invasion and settlement (Thomson & Matic 2006, p.10).

William Thomas, Assistant Protector of Aborigines in the Western Port district (1839 – 1849), spent much of his time travelling with Bun wurrung people between his hut at Arthur’s Seat, the Aboriginal reserve which he established at Narre Narre Warren during 1841 and the Aboriginal camps around Melbourne (Sullivan 1981, p.25; Cannon 1983). This extensive travel through Bun wurrung territory enabled Thomas to argue that the Bun wurrung claimed “all the country south of the Yarra River, whose creeks and inlets fall into the sea from the Werribee River west to the Tarwin River, east of Cape Patterson” (Thomas papers Vol.7 17/1/1860 in Clark 1990, p.363).

The Bun wurrung clan with traditional rights to land for the region in which the study area is located are the Ngaruk willam clan – meaning ‘Stone dwellers’. This Bun wurrung clan was associated with Brighton, Mordialloc and Dandenong, and Mt Eliza to Mt Martha (Clark 1990, p.367). The Ngaruk willam belonged to the bunjil moiety (Clark 1990, p.368). Their arweet at the time of contact was Tuolwing, whose sons were Nunnuptune and Mumba. Both were members of the Native Police Corps (Barwick 1984, p.117).

Woi wurrung Clans

The Woi wurrung was composed of four clans, occupying the Yarra and Maribyrnong watersheds. The northern boundary was marked by the Great Dividing Range, the western boundary by the Werribee River and the southern boundary by Port Phillip Bay. Woi wurrung lands extended from Mt. Baw Baw westward to Mt. William and Mt. Macedon (Barwick 1984; Clark 1990, p.379).

According to Barwick (1984) and Clark (1990), the Wurundjeri balug (Wurundjeri-balluk) clan occupied the region around the Yarra River. This large clan was divided into two patrilines, occupying adjacent localities: the Wurundjeri willam on the Yarra from its sources at Mt. Baw Baw to its junction with the Saltwater (Maribyrnong) River; and the Baluk willam extending south to Dandenong (Barwick 1984, p.122). The Wurundjeri willam patriline was further subdivided into three groups or ‘mobs’, which were probably family groups, and who had their own clan head (ngurungaeta). Each family group held a specific area within the larger clan area and belonged to the waa moiety.

Clark (1990) does not list a ngurungaeta for the Baluk willam clan. Morundalk was identified as a clan head during the early to mid-1800s. He was jailed and deported to Sydney in May 1838, but on returning in September 1839, is recorded as having reminisced about guiding John Batman’s party in June 1835 to the winter camp where the treaty was negotiated.

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Aboriginal Post-Contact History

First contact between Bun wurrung people and Europeans was with whalers and sealers prior to 1803 (sealing began in Bass Strait in 1798), as European huts were discovered by Grimes at Boneo in January of that year (Rogers 1957). The fact that whalers and sealers had arrived early in the history of the colony is further substantiated by entries in Robinson’s journal (26 December 1836 cited in Plomley 1987, p.405), where he records an account of the early kidnapping of Bun wurrung women:

Matilda the VDL native woman pointed out the spot a few miles down the harbour at Point Nepean where she said George Meredith and his crew of sealers stole the native women. The men’s names were Brown, Mr. West the master of the schooner, and a man named Billy…said there was plenty of black fellows, some on the Port Phillip side some outside, sea coast. Said the sealers were afraid of the Port Phillip natives. Said they employed her to entice them. George Meredith stole the, I think she said, four women, took them…and then sold them to the [other] sealers there. I am informed that Munro bought one (G.A.Robinson Journal entry, 26 December 1836 in Plomley 1987, p.405).

Spillane also wrote that when Flinders ascended Arthurs Seat in 1802 he found evidence of Indigenous campsites and heaps of oyster shells near the summit. Looking south, he could see smoke from their fires (Spillane 1971).

It was not until 1835 that John Batman as representative of Tasmanian investors and pastoralists ventured to make claims on the land around Melbourne and Geelong through a “trinket treaty” with the Woi wurrung (Spreadborough & Anderson 1983, p.xxiv).

During 1839, the British Colonial Government established an Aboriginal Protectorate in what is now Victoria. A Chief Protector, G.A. Robinson and four Assistant Protectors were appointed to administer the Protectorate. William Thomas was appointed Assistant Protector for the Port Phillip and Westernport Districts and had extensive contact with traditional Bun wurrung people during the early years of European settlement (Cotter 2001, pp.1–2). Thomas travelled with groups of Bun wurrung and related Woi wurrung people on seasonal movements around the Mornington Peninsula and Westernport, producing a map in 1841, showing the locations of Bun wurrung campsites and routes of movement.

William Thomas, the Assistant Protector of Aborigines for Westernport, recorded most of the limited documented information regarding the lifestyle of the Woi wurrung and Bun wurrung peoples occupying the littoral between Port Phillip Bay and Westernport Bay, however other settlers and travellers such as Daniel Bunce (1856a; 1856b) and George Haydon (1846) have contributed to a broader picture of Aboriginal life across the region in the decade following European settlement (Allen et al. 2008, p.45). In general, they observed clans living a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, moving within their lands to make use of seasonal plant and animal resources (e.g. Thomas noted that coastal clans used to travel by canoe to French Island in the centre of Westernport Bay to obtain eggs), trading opportunities and to meet ritual and kinship obligations.

Thomas noted that favourite foods of the Bun wurrung and Woi wurrung were kangaroo and possum, and that they had the ‘greatest abhorrence’ for snakes (Thomas cited in Sullivan 1981, p.22). Women caught many smaller creatures such as bandicoots, rats and lizards (Thomas cited in Sullivan 1981, p.22). It is probable that many women’s subsistence and other activities were not seen or recorded by Thomas, either through his lack of interest or because the women carried them out away from the presence of men.

Fires were commonly lit by Aboriginal people in the coastal area of Port Phillip and were seen by early explorers (Sullivan 1981, p.23). Fires were mainly lit to maintain pathways through dense scrub, to increase the fertility of the land, to drive game and quite probably as a smoke screen to hide behind or to warn off or confuse intruders.

Just prior to, and overlapping, the period of British exploration and settlement, the Bun wurrung were involved in a long-running dispute with the Gunai Kurnai people from Gippsland. According to William

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Barak, the conflict was a dispute over resources, which resulted in heavy casualties being suffered by the Bun wurrung. Many Gunai Kurnai raids occurred to abduct Bun wurrung women. According to Barwick (1984), the Yowengerra had almost been completely annihilated by 1836, largely as a result of attacks from the Gunai Kurnai. During 1833 - 1834 around 60-70 Bun wurrung people were killed in a raid by Gunai Kurnai while they were camped to the north of Carrum Swamp (Rhodes 2003).

In 1841, a camping reserve of 340 hectares for the Bun wurrung people was established at Mordialloc. By 1856, many of the Bun wurrung people had moved to the Mordialloc Station. The reserve continued operating until 1878, when the remaining Aboriginal people were transferred to the Mission at Coranderrk where many Woi wurrung people were living, which had opened in the 1860s.

Today, the descendants of the Kulin are increasingly attempting to reassert their traditional rights, religion and law in respect to management of country and this is particularly evident in the area of indigenous heritage (Rhodes & Bell 2004, p.27). The descendants of the Bun wurrung are represented today in the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation and the Boon Wurrung Foundation, and are regarded as the traditional owners and custodians of the area. The Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council represent the descendants of the Woi wurrung.

No specific references to the occupation of the land around the study area by Bun wurrung or Woi wurrung people were found during the background research carried out for this assessment though they potentially travelled through the region based on Thomas’ accounts. However, it is possible that such evidence may exist in unpublished historical sources. A review of unpublished sources was beyond the scope of this project.

3.2.4 Landforms and Geomorphology of the Study Area

Description of Geology, Landforms and Soils

Approximately 75% of the study area is situated on a geological unit called Qa1 and is comprised of ‘unnamed alluvium’. This unit was formed in the Quaternary and contains fluvial deposits of alluvium, gravel, sand and silt (Department of Primary Industries 2012). The Qa1 deposit appears to follow the alignment of Elster Canal (formerly Elster Creek) from Elwood to the northwest, to Brighton and Brighton East in the southeast, except for one section that intersects with the present study area within Elsternwick Golf Course and Park. The remaining 25% of the study area is situated on a geological unit called Nb (Brighton Group), described as consisting of non-marine sands, sandy clay, silt, and gravel that were deposited during the late Miocene to early Pliocene (Neogene) (Department of Primary Industries 2012).

The geomorphological unit of the study area is Sand and Clay Plains – Moorabbin which is made up of sandy dune ridges and sheets with intervening clay swamps. The low parallel sandy ridges can be traced across the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne and mark the positions of successive shorelines during the retreat of the sea in Late Pliocene times (Rowan et al. 2000, p.41). Soils present in this unit are likely to be either acidic sandy texture contrast soils or deep, acidic sands with bleached subsoil and a hard, dark brown “B” horizon of “coffee rock” at about 0.8m (Department of Primary Industries 2009). This unit has a high probability of Indigenous sites being present, particularly sub-surface deposits. Table 1 below summarises the geological, geomorphological, environmental and climate information for the region containing the study area (Department of Primary Industries 2012; Bureau of Meteorology 2012).

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Table 1: Summary of Landsystem Data encompassing the Study Area

Landsystem Code - Landsystems of Landsystem Summary Description Victoria at 1: 250,000 8.3PfcC6-1 Geomorphic Unit: Sand and Clay Plains - Moorabbin Landform: Plain above flood level (relative relief <9m) Qa1 - Fluvial: alluvium, gravel, sand, silt Lithology: Nb - Fluvial: gravel, sand, silt Mottled duplex soils, Pale sands with high compaction. Soils: pH <5.5 Relevant Pre-1750 EVC 53 - Swamp Scrub EVC’s: EVC 3 - Damp Sands Herb-rich Woodland Temperate, mean maximum temperature 25.30C (January), mean minimum temperature 13.60C (July), mean annual Climate: temperature 19.40C, mean annual rainfall 674.0mm, highest mean rainfall (October) 67.1mm, lowest mean rainfall (January and March) 46.2mm Water Sources: Elster Creek (or Canal)

Plant Resources and Pre-Contact Vegetation

Typically hunting and gathering communities, the Bun wurrung and Woi wurrung would have traversed the extent of their traditional lands in a well-known ‘seasonal round’, obtaining resources from known locations.

In the past, the study area was populated by Swamp Scrub (EVC 53). Swamp Scrub is commonly found on alluvial deposits along streams. Soils vary from organic loams to fine silts and peats that become inundated during the wetter months. Vegetation is dominated by a closed scrub of Swamp Paperbark Melaleuca ericifolia with an understorey of herbaceous groundcovers, when light can penetrate to the ground. These are often a mix of species such as Kidney-weed Dichondra repens, Bidgee-widgee Acaena novae-zelandiae, Poa spp., Geranium spp., Spiny-headed Mat-rush Lomandra longifolia, Slender Bog-sedge Schoenus lepidosperma, Hydrocotyle spp, Common Scale-rush Lepyrodia muelleri and Ivy-leaf Violet Viola hederacea. Specific wetland vegetation associated with areas of standing water may contain Centella Centella cordifolia, Swamp Club-sedge Isolepis inundata, Buttercup Ranunculus spp., Water-ribbons Triglochin procerum and Common Reed Phragmites australis (Oates & Taranto 2001).

According to the projected pre-1750 EVCs, beyond the line of the creek would have been Damp Sands Herb-rich Woodland (EVC 3). This woodland has a grassy, heathy or bracken-dominated understorey and a rich layer of ground cover herbs, grasses and orchids. EVC 3 mainly occurs on flat or undulating areas that are relatively well-drained, deep sand or sandy loam. The woodland vegetation consists of tall shrubs or small trees of Black Wattle Acacia mearnsii, Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia var. integrifolia and Saw Banksia B. serrate. The understorey is comprised of smaller shrubs including Prickly Tea-tree Leptospermum continentale, Coast Tea-tree L. laevigatum, Coast Wattle Acacia longifolia var. sophorae, Common Heath Epacris impressa, Honey-pots Acrotriche serrulata and Spike Wattle Acacia oxycedrus. Climbers such as Common Apple-berry Billardiera scandens var. scandens and Small-leaved Clematis Clematis microphylla are also frequently present. The herb-rich ground cover includes Stinking Pennywort Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Creeping Wood-sorrel Oxalis corniculata s.s., Kidney-weed Dichondra repens, Common Bottle-daisy Lagenophora stipitata, Ivy-leaf Violet Viola hederacea s.l, Hairy Pennywort Hydrocotyle hirta and Knobby Clubsedge Isolepis nodosa. Austral Bracken Pteridium esculentum is typically present with the tussock-forming grass Poa labillardierei and mats of the widespread palatable native Weeping Grass Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides. Spiny-headed Mat-rush Lomandra longifolia tussocks are also common. Common orchids found in this EVC include the Small Gnat-orchid Cyrtostylis reniformis, Trim Greenhood Pterostylis concinna, Blunt Greenhood P. curta and Nodding Greenhood P. nutans (Oates & Taranto 2001).

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Plants were extensively exploited for food, medicine and fibres for weaving. Plant items would include berries, fungi, roots, tubers, bulbs, leaves, and pith from fleshy plants, seeds and sap. Gum was also collected from wattle and stored in known locations for seasons when food was less abundant (Zola & Gott 1992).

Information on Fauna of the Activity Area

A number of animals would have been present within the study area and the wider region, and are likely to have been hunted by the Bun wurrung and Woi wurrung. These include the eastern grey kangaroo, red- necked wallaby, common brushtail possum and a range of small terrestrial mammals. Reptiles may have also been utilised for food or skins. Birds, such as emu and bustards, were also eaten, as were bird eggs. Birds were caught with throwing sticks or in traps. Fish and eels would have existed in some creeks and swamps and would have been an important resource (Viridans Biological Databases 2009).

Water Sources

The study area is located along Elster Canal (formerly Elster Creek). This would have been a source of potable water, although historic accounts (Presland 1994, pp.30–31; Murray & Wells 1980) indicate that there was a system of swamps within the surrounding region that would have provided access to other resources, particularly hunting waterbirds, fish, eels or animals that approached the swamp areas looking for water to drink.

Stone Resources

No stone resources and outcrops suitable for the manufacture of stone tools are found within the study area. However, suitable material for the manufacture of stone artefacts was certainly available in the broader region, quartz pebbles being found in most creeks and drainage lines, or quarried from areas on the Mornington Peninsula, including Devilbend Creek (Ellender 1991, p.10), where sedimentary deposits interface with intrusive volcanics (granite). Silcrete was not found locally in large quantities, although silcrete pebbles have recently been found in gravel beds underlying sand in the region. Silcrete occurs in larger quantities further down along the Mornington Peninsula and may have been imported from this region. Hornfels has been found in the foothills to the north of Berwick and Pakenham and at Arthurs Seat (Pers. Comm. Rhodes, D.). Chert could also be found at Devilbend. Sandstone and slate could be found at Baxter on the Mornington Peninsula (Weaver 1992). Marine flint in the form of nodules is found washed up along the Bass Strait coastline (Sullivan 1981, pp.9–10). George McCrae recounted finding outcrops of milky quartz and quartz crystals ‘several inches in length’ in the southern-facing gullies on the southern Mornington Peninsula in the 1840s and 1850s (McCrae 1911, p.20). Locally available robust and sharpened shell edges may have been used for some cutting functions and calcarenite may serve as an abrasive, pounder or as a grinding stone. Ochre used for decorating objects and for body paint was reputed by Protector Thomas to have been obtained from an unknown source near Mount Eliza (Thomas cited in Sullivan 1981, p.9).

Though this indicates that no sources of stone were available in the immediate area, access to stone resources would still have been possible as Aboriginal communities travelled across the landscape.

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3.2.5 Land Use History of the Study Area

The earliest known Europeans to have been present in the region containing the study area are recorded as John and Thomas Martin, brothers who had a squatter homestead named Moorabbin Cattle Station in the late 1830s/early 1840s. Henry Dendy had 5,120 acres surveyed for him in the parish of Moorabbin lying to the south of the Elsternwick area in 1841. Dendy went on to establish the town area of Brighton (Bate 1983, pp.30–32).

Elsternwick Park and the study area were gradually created out of the marshland that adjoined the swamp and Elster Creek in Elwood. It was originally called Elsternwick Common and was officially reserved for the public in 1868 (Bate 1983, p.306). To help cover the costs of transforming the marshland, the Brighton Council accepted an offer from the Victoria Trotting Club in 1880 to develop the northern section of Elster Park as a trotting track (Bate 1983, p.306). In the 1890s, an 18-hole golf course was established in the park by the Elsternwick Golf Club (Bate 1983, p.308). They were also financially involved in the reclamation of the marshland. By 1925, it was felt that there was need to provide more playing space for the local cricket and football teams. Elsternwick Golf Club was reduced to 9 holes in the northern half of the park and the section to the south of Bent Avenue was redeveloped into an open area for cricket, football, rugby, soccer and hockey (Bate 1983, p.383).

During the 20th century, aerial photography has allowed the viewer to analyse changes in land use activities from photographs. A range of historical aerial photographs spanning 1929 to 1987 was inspected. Overall, these photographs verify that the canal was channelized well before 1929. The photographs also clearly show the layout of the golf course and sporting fields associated with the 1920s to the present day. It is also worth noting that the current lake and wetland areas within the park were created after 1987 as they do not appear in this photo. A selection of these images is provided in Table 2.

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Table 2: Selected Historical Aerial Photographs Showing the Conditions within the Study Area and Elsternwick Park between 1929 and 1987 (cont. over page)

1929. Looking west towards Elwood. Note the cleared, flat, landscaped presentation along Elster Creek/Canal (Pratt 1929).

1960. There is very little vegetation present along the canal. Features associated with the golf club are more defined than in the 1929 photo. No lakes or wetlands are present (DSE Laverton).

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1987. Note the light coloured lines in the southern half of the park that are cricket pitches and the creation of a feature of some kind adjoining Bent Avenue and St Kilda Street. There is no small wetland area adjoining the northern side of Elster Creek/Canal within the study area. The large lake in the southern half of the park is also not present (DSE Laverton).

3.3 Site Prediction Model

In general the following statements can be made about the current study area:

 There were no areas of cultural sensitivity within 500m of the study area;

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works associated with the canal and surrounding marshland. These works have resulted in large amounts of ground disturbance to the natural soils;

 The environment in the geographic region before the arrival of Europeans was most likely Swamp Scrub following the creek line. The vegetation would have comprised a closed scrub of Swamp Paperbark with an understorey of groundcovers containing rushes and sedges. A number of swamps and natural springs used to be present in the wider region indicating that even though the study area is situated along a section of the former Elster Creek, there would have also been an abundance of other nearby resources linked to the swamps and springs;

 Animal and plant resources would have been abundant within the vicinity of the study area;

 A variety of stone raw materials would have been accessible to Aboriginals as they travelled up and down the coast, although not specifically present in the vicinity of the study area itself;

3.4 Field Inspection

A field inspection was undertaken on 26th April 2012 by Personal Information (Heritage Insight Pty Ltd) to further assess evidence for areas of potential cultural sensitivity and of ground disturbance within the study area. The full length of the study area was walked and inspected. The ground on the northern side of the canal was very wet and water could be seen sitting on the surface. The rises visible in the vicinity of the canal are associated with the golf course and indicate the degree of disturbance to manufacture the current environment. Piping and discoloured grass were evident in some places and appear to be part of the existing network of irrigation within the golf course. Vegetation along the edges of the canal and small wetland was very thick. It was possible to locate the bluestone canal by probing through the grass and water along much of the accessible sections of the canal and would therefore appear to contain the original materials used in the channelization of the creek.

The results of the field inspection are presented in Table 3.

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Table 3: Photos Taken during the Field Inspection (Photos by Personal Information (cont. over page)

Elster Canal facing east towards the bridge on New Exposed bluestone canal lining located at the far Street. The landscaped rise on the left of picture is eastern end of the study area. This lining continues part of the golf course. Proposed sediment basin the length of the canal. and access track are to be located in this section.

Concrete edging on the western of the two bridges Exposed piping related to existing irrigation system crossing the canal within the golf course. Both within the golf course. Photo taken looking north bridges were constructed with heavy duty materials. from the eastern edge of the small wetland. Also note the landscaped rises associated with the golf course. Proposed upgrade to drainage will cross this area running approximately east-west.

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Canal and location of underground services related Location of the proposed upgrade to drainage and to existing irrigation and drainage. Photo taken extended wetlands within the low-lying region of facing west towards bridge and path near St Kilda this photo. Please note the landscaped environment Street. This area is part of the proposed extension of the golf course and the existing pump station in to the wetlands (seen in left of photo). the left of the photo. Photo taken facing northeast.

3.5 Conclusions The site prediction model presented in Section 3.3 indicated that although the availability of natural resources such as plants, animals and stone, the permanent sources of water which would have been available (Elster Canal (formerly Creek) and marshlands), and the known archaeology sensitivity of the geomorphic unit of Sand and Clay Plains, there is a high potential for Indigenous archaeological sites to be located within the study area. However, there is a vast amount of evidence indicating that the soil conditions within and near the study area have undergone a number of significant modifications within the last 150 years. The earliest of these was the channelization of the creek line and the draining of the swamp in Elwood and the marshlands in the southern area of Elsternwick Park undertaken in the late 19th century. Throughout the 20th century, there have been further modifications to the soil from landscaping and irrigation for a range of sporting facilities as well as artificially created wetlands and a lake.

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3.6 Recommendations

In conclusion, the following recommendations are made regarding the cultural heritage values of the study area:

 Based on the conclusions of the desktop assessment, no further management requirements are considered necessary for the study area; and

 All works must cease within 20 metres of where the suspected Aboriginal cultural heritage is located;

 A cultural heritage advisor must immediately be notified of the discovery and must attend the find within 48 hours;

 The location of the suspected Aboriginal cultural heritage must be fenced off with temporary webbing;

 Work may continue in other parts of the study area, away from the 20 metre buffer around the webbing;

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Bibliography

Legislation

Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007

Organisations

DSE Laverton historic aerial photography archive

Reports and Published Resources

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Bate, W., 1983. A History of Brighton Second ed., Burwood: Melbourne University Press.

Bunce, D., 1856a. Reminiscences of twenty-three years wanderings in the Australian colonies. The Journal of Australasia, July, pp.16–21.

Bunce, D., 1856b. Reminiscences of twenty-three years wanderings in the Australian colonies. The Journal of Australasia, September, pp.109–112.

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Howitt, A.W., 1904. The Native Tribes of South-East Australia, Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.

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Pratt, C.D., 1929. [Elwood, showing Elsternwick and Elwood Parks with coast in background] [picture] - State Library of Victoria, Available at: http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=displa y&fn=search&doc=SLV_VOYAGER1653959&indx=129&recIds=SLV_VOYAGER1653959& recIdxs=8&elementId=8&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt= 0&vl(15427803UI1)=images&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A(SLV_VOYAGER)%2Cscope%3A(S LV_DIGITOOL)%2Cscope%3A(SLVPRIMO)&tab=default_tab&dstmp=1335873504206&vl(1 0247183UI0)=any&srt=rank&mode=Basic&dum=true&tb=t&vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&vl(f reeText0)=Elsternwick&vid=MAIN [Accessed May 1, 2012].

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Reeves, S. & Wixted, D., 2005. Elwood Heritage Review Volume One, North Melbourne: Heritage Alliance.

Rhodes, D., 2003. Victorian Channel Deepening Project EES: Aboriginal Cultural Heritage. Existing Conditions Report, Fairfield: Terra Culture Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd.

Rhodes, D. & Bell, J., 2004. Shire of Cardinia Urban Growth Corridor Aboriginal Heritage Study, Richmond: Heritage Insight Pty Ltd.

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Rowan, J.N., Russell, L.D. & Ransom, S.W., 2000. Land Systems of Victoria 3rd ed. D. B. Rees, ed., The State of Victoria, Department of Natural Resources & Environment.

Spillane, E.., 1971. Aboriginal Relics on the Mornington Peninsula. Victorian Naturalist, 88, pp.337–341.

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Thomson, M. & Matic, A., 2006. Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Survey and Sub-surface testing Investigations of 42-110 Colemans Road, Carrum Downs: Final Report for FKP Ltd, Port Melbourne: Biosis Research Pty Ltd.

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Weaver, F., 1992. An Archaeological Survey at Dromana, Mornington Peninsula: A Report to Gas & Fuel Corporation of Victoria, Unknown: Practical Archaeology Services.

Zola, N. & Gott, B., 1992. Koorie Plants - Koorie People: Traditional Aboriginal Food, Fibre and Healing Plants of Victoria, Melbourne: Koorie Heritage Trust.

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