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The Study of Water Efficiency for Egyptian Red Sea Resorts

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The Study of Water Efficiency for Egyptian Red Sea Resorts Ain Shams University Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture The Study of Water Efficiency for Egyptian Red Sea Resorts (Water technologies and their impact on the optimal consumption in the operation phase) Presented by Arch. Ahmed Khaled Mohamed Abd El-Hamid B.S.C. of Architecture; Ain Shams University; 2009 A Thesis Submitted in a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of M. SC. DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE Under the supervision of: Prof. Dr. Sayed Madbouli Aly Prof. of Architecture - Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Atef Faggal Assoc. Prof. of Architecture - Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University Ain Shams University 2013 Ain Shams University Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture Thesis Title: The Study of Water Efficiency for Egyptian Red Sea Resorts (Water technologies and their impact on the optimal consumption in the operation phase) Researcher Name: Ahmed Khaled Mohamed Abd El-Hamid Instructor in Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University Arbitration Committee Prof. Dr. Ahmed Reda Abdeen Professor of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Cairo University Prof. Dr. Yasser Mohamed Mansour Professor of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University Prof. Dr. Sayed Madbouli Aly Professor of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Atef Faggal Associate Professor of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University Statement This thesis is submitted to Ain Shams University for the degree of Master of Science in architecture. The work included in this thesis was accomplished by the author at the department of Architecture Ain Shams University during the period from April 2011 to June 2013 No part of this thesis has been submitted for a degree or a qualification in any other university or institute. Name: Ahmed Khaled Mohamed Signature: Date: 18/6/2013 About the researcher Name: Ahmed Khaled Mohamed Abd El-Hamid. Date of Birth: 01/10/1986. Educational qualification: Bachelor of Architecture. Institution: Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering – Ain Shams University. Date: August 2009. Occupation: Teaching Assistant in the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University. Thesis subject: The Study of Water Efficiency for Egyptian Red Sea Resorts (Water technologies and their impact on the optimal consumption in the operation phase). Date: June 2013. ﻩﻝﻝﺍ ﺍﻝﺭﺡﻡﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺡﻱﻡ ” َﻭ َﺝﻉَ ْﻝ َﻥﺍ ِﻡ َﻥ ْﺍﻝ َﻡ ِﺍء ﻙُﻝ َﺵ ْﻱ ء َﺡﻱ “ ﺃﻝﻥﺏﻱﺍء : 03 “And we have made from water every living thing” Al-Anbiya’: 30 ” َﻭﺃَ ْﻥ َﺯ ْﻝ َﻥﺍ ِﻡ َﻥ ﺍﻝﺱ َﻡ ِﺍء َﻡﺍء ﺏِ َﻕﺩَ ﺭ “ ﺍﻝﻡﺅﻡﻥﻭﻥ : 81 “And we sent down from the sky water (rain) in (due) measure” Al-Mu’minun: 18 ﺹﺩﻕ هللا ﺍﻝﻉﻅﻱﻡ ﻕﺍﻝ ﺍﻝﻥﺏﻱ ﻡﺡﻡﺩ )ﻉﻝﻱﻩ ﺍﻝﺹﻻة ﻭ ﺍﺱﺍﻝﻡ(: ” ﻻ ﺕﺱﺭﻑ ﻑﻯ ﺍﻝﻡﺍء ﻭﻝﻭ ﻙﻥﺕ ﻉﻝﻯ ﻁﺭﻑ ﻥﻩﺭ ﺝﺍﺭ “ ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﺏﻥ ﻡﺍﺝﻩ ﻉﻥ ﺍﺏﻥ ﻉﻡﺭ “Do not waste water even if you were at a running stream” Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) said, Narrated by Ibn Majah from Ibn Umar I | P a g e Acknowledgments First and foremost I thank God for everything and for guiding and helping me to do this research. I am thankful to my supervisors Professor Dr. Sayed Madbouli Aly and Associate Professor Dr. Ahmed Atef Faggal for their intensive help, valuable advice, constant effort, and their continuous encouragement throughout the whole research. I am grateful to my family for supporting me to realize this study, special thanks to my mother Faten Mostafa for supporting and guiding me to different sources of data collection. My father Gen. Khaled Mohamed, I can’t thank him enough for his support and advice. I am deeply thankful to Dr. Sameh Sakr, Dr. Mohamed Hassanein, Mr. Ahmed Sedky, Mr. Osama Abaza, Mr. Hasan Ragab, Mr. Ezzat Abdel Ghaffar, Mr. Mousa Takla and Eng. Ahmed Tag. I highly value their guidance, enthusiasm and continuous support which pushed forward this work to be successfully accomplished. It is also a real pleasure to thank Eng. Ahmed Salah, Eng. Mohamed El Soghayer, Eng. Tamer Fathy, Eng. Tamer Shawky, Eng. Mohamed Gomaa and Eng Mina Daniel for their technical support during the survey of case studies. I also thank all my friends and colleagues who have helped, guided, supported and encouraged me through this research. Finally, I am thankful to all the architects, engineers, writers and researchers who have benefited me by their experiences and knowledge through their books, articles, researches and internet websites. Ahmed Khaled Mohamed II | P a g e Summary Water is becoming scarce not only in arid and drought prone areas, but also in regions where rainfall is relatively abundant. In water scarce regions, as is the case for the Middle East and North Africa regions, not only is the potential water availability in these regions low but that sustaining an increased demand requires innovative approaches to cope with water scarcity. Reasons for water scarcity are increasing world populations, global warming and water pollution. Currently towards 35% of human water use is unsustainable, humans currently use 40-50% of the globally available freshwater. Potable water consumption for nonresidential buildings is heavily dependent on use. Hotels have a proportionally higher requirement that can be accounted for, primarily, through washing and catering needs. The Red Sea region is one of the potential touristic zones facing water shortage in Egypt, although its touristic development strategies are primarily based on water availability. The sustainable use of water implies resource conservation, environmental friendliness, technological appropriateness, economic viability, and social acceptability of development issues. Water should be conserved during the whole project life cycle including design, construction and operation phases. Main approaches for water conservation include efficient use of potable water, reuse of wastewater and innovative use of non-potable water alternatives in all functional sectors of a resort. Many important decisions regarding a water-efficient building can be made during the operation phase of a resort. Such water-efficient practices should be selected based on design and construction requirements, adaptation with climatic conditions and achievement of water-saving, durability and suitable initial costs. The research aims to preparing a classification for all water efficient techniques that can be used in resorts along Red Sea coasts including potable water techniques and non-potable water applications. Another aim is to define all decisions that help architects to select the suitable water efficient techniques used in Red Sea resorts. The research discusses water efficient techniques used during operation phase. Then an analytical review is performed for the progress of water efficient scenarios in case studies. Finally, a classification is prepared for water efficient techniques used in resorts along Red Sea coasts. III | P a g e Abstract The increasing awareness of the accelerating rate of depletion of water resources is resulting in the high level of demand for water-efficient buildings. Currently towards 35% of human water use is unsustainable, drawing on diminishing groundwater and reducing the flows of major rivers: this percentage is likely to increase if climate change worsens especially "Global Warming", populations increase, groundwater becomes progressively depleted and supplies become polluted and unsanitary . The Red Sea region is one of the potential touristic zones facing water shortage in Egypt, although its touristic and economic development strategies are primarily based on water availability. The Red Sea region has no surface water sources, low rainfall seasons on highlands and high-saline coastal ground water aquifers. The sustainable use of water implies resource conservation, environmental friendliness, technological appropriateness, economic viability, and social acceptability of development issues. Innovation includes the adaptation of traditional know-how to the current day challenges, the adaptation of the externally available technologies to the prevailing physical and social conditions . The design, construction and operation of buildings have a tremendous impact on our environment and our natural resources. Green operation practices reduce resource use and pollution while increasing the value derived from each resource used. The building operation practices are large consumers of water. Many important decisions regarding a water-efficient building can be made during the operation phase. Some of these important decisions are using potable water efficient techniques, depending on waste water treatment methods and utilizing non-potable water applications. Water-efficient practices should be selected based on design and construction requirements, adaptation with climatic conditions and achievement of water-saving, durability and suitable initial costs . In this thesis, studying different water-efficient techniques which can be used in the Egyptian Red Sea region. First, categorizing all discused techniques based on type of water used (potable or non-potable water). Then, analysis of water consumption in all indoor functional sectors of the selected resort case studies along the Red Sea coast. Finally, concluding a rating categorization for the different water-efficient techniques which can be used during a resort operation. It also defines the related decisions made by architects to choose the suitable water-efficient
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