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Cetane Number of Biodiesel from Karaya Oil

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Cetane Number of Biodiesel from Karaya Oil Cetane Number of Biodiesel from Karaya Oil Thesis by Bayan Wasfi In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia April, 2017 1 EXAMINATION COMMITTEE PAGE The thesis of Bayan Wasfi is approved by the examination committee. Committee Chairperson: Prof. Robert W Dibble Committee Member: Prof. Sigurdur Thoroddsen, Noreddine Ghaffour 2 © Approval Date April, 2017 Bayan Wasfi All Rights Reserved 3 ABSTRACT Cetane Number of Biodiesel from Karaya Oil Bayan Wasfi Biodiesel is a renewable fuel alternative to petroleum Diesel, biodiesel has similar characteristic but with lesser exhaust emission. In this study, transesterification of Karaya oil is examined experimentally using a batch reactor at 100-140°C and 5 bar in subcritical methanol conditions, residence time from 10 to 20 minutes, using a mass ratio 6 methanol-to- vegetable oil. Methanol is used for alcoholysis and sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. Experiments varied the temperature and pressure, observing the effect on the yield and reaction time. In addition, biodiesel from corn oil was created and compared to biodiesel from karaya oil. Kinetic model proposed. The model estimates the concentration of triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides and methyl esters during the reaction. The experiments are carried out at temperatures of 100°C and above. The conversion rate and composition of methyl esters produced from vegetable oils are determined by Gas Chromatography Analysis. It was found that the higher the temperature, the higher reaction rate. Highest yield is 97% at T=140°C achieved in 13 minutes, whereas at T=100°C yield is 68% in the same time interval. Ignition Quality Test (IQT) was utilized for determination of the ignition delay time (IDT) inside a combustion chamber. From the IDT cetane number CN inferred. In case of corn oil biodiesel, the IDT = 3.5 mS, leading to a CN = 58. Whereas karaya oil biodiesel showed IDT = 2.4 mS, leading to a CN = 97. 4 The produced methyl esters were also characterized by measurements of viscosity (υ), density (ρ), flash point (FP) and heat of combustion (HC). The following properties observed: 3 For corn biodiesel, υ = 8.8 mPa-s, ρ = 0.863 g/cm , FP = 168.8 °C, and HC = 38 MJ/kg. 3 For karaya biodiesel, υ = 10 mPa-s, ρ = 0.877 g/cm , FP = 158.2 °C, and HC = 39 MJ/kg. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to my family, my parents who have been patient and gave a lot of support while I was busy. Special thanks to my sister Ohood Wasfi and my brother in law Abdulaziz Khan, who took care of me throughout this time. I have a lot of gratitude to express to my best friend Aditya Jetly for being the positive source of happiness and power when studying at KAUST, thanks for being the backbone right from the first moment of starting research until the submission of this thesis. Also, I would like to take the chance to thank my friends who participated in the progression of this work, Aibolat Dyuisenakhmetov, Riyad Jambi, Kishief Khojaly, Franky Hong, Fabiyan Shamsudheen, Sumit Mahrajan and Eshan Singh. Last but not least, none of this would happen without the chance that KAUST gave me to be a master student, a big thanks to KAUST. I greatfully acknowledge the help and guidance of Professor Robert Dibble. He did his job above and beyond the call of duty. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXAMINATION COMMITTEE PAGE ........................................................................................ 1 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF SYMBOLS ...................................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................................ 10 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ 12 LIST OF EQUATIONS ................................................................................................................ 13 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................. 14 1.1. Motivation ...................................................................................................................... 14 1.2. Aim ................................................................................................................................. 17 1.3. Structure ......................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 19 2.1. Biodiesel ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.2. Transesterification .......................................................................................................... 21 2.3. Process Variables ........................................................................................................... 27 2.4. Types of Processes of Producing Biodiesel ................................................................... 30 2.5. Purification ..................................................................................................................... 31 2.6. Kinetics of the Transesterification reaction ................................................................... 33 2.7. Biodiesel Production Under Supercritical Methanol Conditions ................................... 34 2.8. Karaya Oil ...................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3: Kinetic Study of Vegetable Oil with Methanol ........................................................... 37 Chapter 4: Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 43 4.1. Materials ......................................................................................................................... 43 4.2. Laboratory Setup ............................................................................................................ 45 4.3. Experimental Procedure ................................................................................................. 49 4.4. Experimental Conditions ................................................................................................ 52 4.5. Analytical Methods ........................................................................................................ 54 Chapter 5: Experimental Results .................................................................................................. 56 5.1. Corn Oil – Built Reactor ................................................................................................ 56 5.2. Corn Oil – Glass Reactor ............................................................................................... 71 5.3. Karaya Oil – Glass Reactor ............................................................................................ 73 5.4. Engine Performance Tests .............................................................................................. 74 Chapter 6: Discussion ................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 7: Conclusions and Future Recommendations ................................................................ 90 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 94 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 100 Appendix A Matlab script ....................................................................................................... 100 Appendix B GC Details and Configurations .......................................................................... 102 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Al2O3 Aluminum Oxide ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials BuOH Buthanol BD BioDiesel B20 20% Biodiesel and 80% Diesel Fuel B100 100% Biodiesel CH2 Methylene Group CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide DF Diesel Fuel DG Diglycerides EN European Standards EtOH Ethanol FA Fatty Acids FAME Free Acid Methyl Esters FFA Free Fatty Acids FID Flame Ionization Test GL Glycerol GC Gas Chromatography HCl Hydrochloric Acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid KOH Potassium Hydroxide ME Methyl Esters MeOH Methanol MG Monoglycerides NaCl Sodium Chloride NaOCH3 Sodium Methoxide NaOH Sodium Hydroxide NOx Nitrogen Oxides OH Hydroxyl group PD Petroleum Diesel PO Palm Oil Rxn Reaction SBO Soybean Oil SiO2 Silica SFT Stedrculia Foetida Tree SOx Sulfur Oxides TG Triglycerides VO Vegetable Oil wt. % Weight Percentage ZnAl2O4 Zinc Aluminate 9 LIST OF SYMBOLS ki Reaction rate
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