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Dissertação Eliane Costa FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS CENTRO DE PESQUISA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO DE HISTÓRIA CONTEMPORÂNEA DO BRASIL – CPDOC PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA, POLÍTICA E BENS CULTURAIS MESTRADO PROFISSIONAL EM BENS CULTURAIS E PROJETOS SOCIAIS “Com quantos gigabytes se faz uma jangada, um barco que veleje”: o Ministério da Cultura, na gestão Gilberto Gil, diante do cenário das redes e tecnologias digitais APRESENTADO POR Eliane Sarmento Costa RIO DE JANEIRO Janeiro de 2011 FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS CENTRO DE PESQUISA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO DE HISTÓRIA CONTEMPORÂNEA DO BRASIL – CPDOC PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA, POLÍTICA E BENS CULTURAIS MESTRADO PROFISSIONAL EM BENS CULTURAIS E PROJETOS SOCIAIS PROFESSOR ORIENTADOR ACADÊMICO : PROFA. DRA. MARIANA CAVALCANTI ELIANE SARMENTO COSTA “Com quantos gigabytes se faz uma jangada, um barco que veleje”: o Ministério da Cultura, na gestão Gilberto Gil, diante do cenário das redes e tecnologias digitais TRABALHO DE CONCLUSÃO DE CURSO APRESENTADO AO CENTRO DE PESQUISA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO DE HISTÓRIA CONTEMPORÂNEA DO BRASIL – CPDOC COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE MESTRE EM BENS CULTURAIS E PROJETOS SOCIAIS. RIO DE JANEIRO Janeiro de 2011 2 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Mario Henrique Simonsen/FGV Costa, Eliane Sarmento Com quantos gigabytes se faz uma jangada, um barco que veleje : o Ministério da Cultura, na gestão Gilberto Gil, diante do cenário das redes e tecnologias digitais / Eliane Sarmento Costa. – 2011. 112 f. Dissertação (mestrado) - Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Política e Bens Culturais. Orientadora: Mariana Cavalcanti. Inclui bibliografia. 1. Cultura e tecnologia - Brasil. 2. Comunicações digitais – Política governamental – Brasil. I. Cavalcanti, Mariana. II. Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil. Programa de Pós- Graduação em História, Política e Bens Culturais. III. Título. CDD – 306 3 FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS CENTRO DE PESQUISA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO DE HISTÓRIA CONTEMPORÂNEA DO BRASIL – CPDOC PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA, POLÍTICA E BENS CULTURAIS MESTRADO PROFISSIONAL EM BENS CULTURAIS E PROJETOS SOCIAIS “Com quantos gigabytes se faz uma jangada, um barco que veleje”: o Ministério da Cultura, na gestão Gilberto Gil, diante do cenário das redes e tecnologias digitais TRABALHO DE CONCLUSÃO DE CURSO APRESENTADO POR ELIANE SARMENTO COSTA BANCA EXAMINADORA: PROFA. DRA. MARIANA CAVALCANTI (ORIENTADORA) PROF. DR. RONALDO LEMOS PROFA DRA. HELOISA BUARQUE DE HOLLANDA PROF. DR. PAULO FONTES (SUPLENTE) 4 Para meus pais e meus filhos, sem os quais a minha vida seria menos divertida. Para Pedro, amor e companheiro em todas as minhas aventuras. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço inicialmente à minha orientadora, a professora Mariana Cavalcanti, que desde nossa primeira conversa, compreendeu e incentivou esta pesquisa. Da mesma forma, sou imensamente grata aos professores Heloisa Buarque de Hollanda e Ronaldo Lemos, pelo constante estímulo que me deram, e pelo imenso aval que conferem a esse trabalho com sua presença na minha banca. Agradeço a todos os professores com quem tive a oportunidade de aprender e conviver durante o curso – Paulo Fontes (suplente em minha banca), João Marcelo Maia, Maria Celina Araujo, Ângela Maria de Castro Gomes, Marieta Ferreira, Fernando Tenório, e a própria Mariana, minha orientadora. Não posso deixar de agradecer, igualmente, ao professor Celso Castro, diretor do CPDOC, por ter compreendido e acolhido, inicialmente, meu objeto de pesquisa, me estimulando a fazer o mestrado e, mais adiante, me apresentando à minha futura orientadora. Um agradecimento muito especial às pessoas que entrevistei para este trabalho – alguns dos principais protagonistas dessa história: Gilberto Gil, Hermano Vianna, Claudio Prado, José Murilo Junior, Célio Turino e Julian Dibbell, pessoas cujo entusiasmo com o tema que eu pesquisava me motivaram muitíssimo, além de me trazerem novos olhares e direções para a pesquisa. Agradeço, também, à Nanan Catalão, pela leitura atenta, bem como pelo depoimento e pelas sugestões que me deu, legitimadas por sua participação nos bastidores do que pesquisei. Sou grata aos colegas do mestrado, com quem tive o prazer de compartilhar essa jornada – especialmente à Gabriela Sandes (que a iniciou dois anos antes de mim), cuja vibração me estimulou a retornar à vida acadêmica. E, também de forma especial, a Adriana Martins e Iraneth Monteiro, pela parceria e pela possibilidade de compartilhar tarefas e trabalhos, bem como as dificuldades e as conquistas dessa trajetória. À Regina Zappa, Renata Bondim, Ricardo Costa, Teresa Guilhon, Paulo Eustáquio Pinto e Marina Vieira, amigos queridos, super obrigada pelas leituras carinhosas em diferentes momentos desse trabalho, e pelas conversas sempre inspiradoras. Agradeço, ainda, à Lia Calabre, pela sincera dedicação ao estudo das 6 políticas públicas, que foi um permanente estímulo à minha pesquisa. À Analéa Rego, sou grata pela entusiasmada transcrição das entrevistas; e à Maria Cristina Jeronimo, pela revisão criteriosa do texto. Agradeço, igualmente, aos colegas e amigos da Petrobras que me ajudaram a vencer o desafio de fazer mestrado e escrever esta dissertação, ao mesmo tempo em que convivia com a exigência de tempo, equilíbrio e energia inerentes à posição que ocupo na Petrobras. Nesse sentido, agradeço especialmente à Taís Reis e Claudio Jorge Oliveira, à minha secretária Lavínia Spinelli e a toda a equipe da Gerência de Patrocínios, bem como a Anna Neville, Leo Barreto, Ana Claudia Esteves, Eduardo Felberg, Rosaria Robaina, Edgard Villarinho e Eraldo Carneiro. Por fim, mas certamente com importância proporcional à alegria com que chego ao final desse trabalho, agradeço à minha família – pais, marido, filhos, filha, enteada, noras, genros, irmãos e cunhadas – todos sempre por perto. 7 RESUMO Esta pesquisa aborda o processo de reconhecimento, amadurecimento e conquista da temática da cultura digital pelo Ministério da Cultura brasileiro, na gestão de Gilberto Gil (de janeiro de 2003 a julho de 2008). Focaliza a genealogia da primeira política pública cultural voltada ao contexto das redes e tecnologias digitais: os Pontos de Cultura, integrantes do Programa Cultura Viva, dotados de estúdios de produção audiovisual com conexão à internet, distribuídos por todo o país, em áreas de vulnerabilidade social. A proposta dá centralidade, não à infraestrutura tecnológica, mas ao potencial de transformação suscitado pelos novos paradigmas de produção, circulação e consumo cultural do contexto das redes. Este trabalho se situa na interseção dos novos campos de saber dos Estudos Culturais e dos Estudos Culturais do Software , bem como da área dos estudos em comunicação, incorporando ainda a dimensão das políticas públicas e a perspectiva da contribuição de trajetórias pessoais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estudos culturais do software; cibercultura; cultura digital; pontos de cultura; redes; tropicalismo; políticas públicas 8 ABSTRACT This research concerns the process of recognition, development and attainment of digital culture by the Ministry of Culture, during the tenure of singer and composer Gilberto Gil (January 2003 to July 2008). This study focuses on the genealogy of the first public cultural policy geared towards the context of digital networks and technology named “Culture Hotspots”, part of the program called “Live Culture”. This program opened internet accessible, audiovisual studios throughout traditionally underserved, vulnerable regions of Brazil. This research centers on the intersection of the emerging fields Software Studies and Cultural Studies, as well as the Communications field. Public Policies and personal testimonies are also incorporated. KEY-WORDS: Software studies; ciberculture; digital culture; culture hotspots; networks; tropicalism; public policies. 9 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................... 02 Bastidores ......................................................................................................... 02 Este trabalho .................................................................................................... 04 Sobre a autora .................................................................................................. 10 CAPÍTULO 1 – “CADA TEMPO EM SEU LUGAR” ............................................ 13 1.1 O que leva Gilberto Gil ao Ministério ...................................................... 13 1.2 O poético e o político .................................................................................. 19 1.3 “Parabolicamará”: Tropicalismo e tecnologia na obra do artista ........ 34 1.4 “Ensaio geral” ............................................................................................ 41 1.5 Do discurso de posse aos estúdios digitais nos Pontos de Cultura ......... 46 CAPÍTULO 2 – ESTUDOS CULTURAIS DO SOFTWARE .................................. 57 2.1 Por que o software ? .................................................................................... 57 2.2 A cultura da internet ................................................................................. 70 2.3 Cibercultura ............................................................................................... 79 2.4 Ecologia digital ........................................................................................... 82 2.5 A exaustão dos paradigmas ......................................................................
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