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Environmental Impacts of Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry of Sitakunda, Chittagong, Bangladesh

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Environmental Impacts of Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry of Sitakunda, Chittagong, Bangladesh CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by CSCanada.net: E-Journals (Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture, Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures) ISSN 1715-7862 [PRINT] Advances in Natural Science ISSN 1715-7870 [ONLINE] Vol. 8, No. 1, 2015, pp. 51-58 www.cscanada.net DOI: 10.3968/6492 www.cscanada.org Environmental Impacts of Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry of Sitakunda, Chittagong, Bangladesh M. I. Talukder[a]; A. N. M. Fakhruddin[a],*; M. A. Hossain[b] [a] Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Key words: Environmental Impact Value; Dhaka Bangladesh. [b]Microbiology and Chemical Division, Dhaka Water Supply and Environmental Hazard; Economic Importance; Sustainable Sewerage Authority (DWASA), Asad Gate, Mohammadpur, Dhaka, Development. Bangladesh. *Corresponding author. Talukdar, M. I., Fakhruddin, A. N. M., & Hossain M. A. (2015). Environmental Impacts of Ship Breaking and Received 15 October 2014; accepted 6 January 2015 Recycling Industry of Sitakunda, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Published online 26 March 2015 Advances in Natural Science, 8 (1), 51-58. Available from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/ans/article/view/6492 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/6492 Abstract Ship dismantling of Bangladesh is a reason of concern due to its economic values and environmental hazards. This study focuses on the Ship Breaking and Recycling INTRODUCTION Industry (SBRI) of Bangladesh to assess the environmental Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry (SBRI) is a impacts. It was done by analyzing the water quality growing industry in the world because of its huge parameters like, Turbidity, Salinity, Electric Conductivity economic importance. Around 95% of the ships mass (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, Total Dissolved Solids are valuable steel and they are completely recyclable (TDS), Temperature, Ammonia-Nitrogen, Nitrate–Nitrogen, and after sailing life they are sold for scrapping Phosphate concentrations of inside and surroundings of th (Greenpeace, 2001). In the 20 century it was established Ship Breaking Yard. Turbidity ranged from 7.71 to 119 in industrialized countries such as United Kingdom FTU and 4.07 to 41.74 FTU in inside and outside the ship and United States. In the period of 1960s and 70s ship breaking yard, respectively. Salinity ranged from 0.95 breaking activities migrated to semi industrialized and to 14.28 ppt and 0.06 to 0.79 ppt in insde and outside, low income countries such as Spain, Turkey and Taiwan respectively. Value of EC varied from1.75 to 1280 µs/cm for the available cheap labor and re-rolled steel mill in inside and 0.21 to 15.7 µs/cm in outside, DO ranged and market but currently the global center of concern from 3.77 to 7.94 mg/l in inside and 1.95 to 5.34 mg/ of the ship breaking industry are located in South Asia, l in outside. TDS value ranged from1,280 to 15,340 mg/ specially the Indian Sub-continent (Bangladesh, India l in inside and 74 to 825 mg/l in outside of ship breaking and Pakistan). The Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry yard. Ammonia-N value ranged from 0.46 to 7.046 mg/l, (SBRI) is a complex process and involved with many Nitrate-N value ranged from 0.10 to 6.9 mg/l and Phosphate health, safety and environmental issues (OSHA, 2001). As value ranged from 0.175 to 4.75 mg/l in the analyzed the cost of upholding environmental and health and safety water sample. Magnitude of environmental alteration by standards in developed countries has risen, ship breaking establishment of ship breaking industry was assessed by industry has increasingly shifted to poorer Asian countries quantifying Environmental impact value of Study area and (Greenpeace, 2001). the value was found as -93, where ecological parameters Ship breaking activities migrated to Indian- value was found -72, Physico-chemical parameters value subcontinent due to the low paid available labor, suitable was -70 and human interest value was found +49 which climatic condition and topography, a profitable local indicate negative alteration on environment. domestic and international market with shipping facilities, 51 Copyright © Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures Environmental Impacts of Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry of Sitakunda, Chittagong, Bangladesh relatively less Environmental concern and implementation In an average 95% steel are coated with 10-100 tons of laws and exchange rate, relative to the US dollar of paints which contain lead, mercury, zinc, arsenic, and currencies of other ship breaking countries (FIDH, chromium etc. PCBs, asbestos and a huge quantity of oil 2002). Now a day’s Bangladesh is the most efficient and cause environmental pollution when the ship is broken prospective country for ship breaking industry in the for scrap (Islam and Hossain, 2006). In Bangladesh ships world and also for the domestic production. Up to 2.2- are often cut up by manual way on the open beaches and 2.5 M tons of national steel production come from the Environmental law and regulations are not practiced here. ship breaking industry. There are at least 40 active ship Most of the time there is no safe waste disposal facilities. breaking yard and 250-350 re-rolling mills (World Bank, The objectives of this study include were to determine 2010). Around 22,000 worker are directly involved in physico-chemical parameters of surface and ground ship breaking activities and another 200,000 are indirectly water from the study area and their impacts on health employed by ancillary work and after 2009 it increased and environment. Aim was also to identify the hazards rapidly (World Bank, 2010). Handling different types of associated with Ship breaking industry and finally to heavy objects, poor access to progressively dismantled measure the magnitude of impact on the environment. ship, heavy metal pollution and other chemical, lack of safety equipment is causes of these types of hazards 1. METHODS (OSHA, 2001). At present there are at least 40 ship- breaking yards in the Sitakunda area and extend from 1.1 Selection of Study Area Fauzdarhat to Kumira coast (World Bank, 2010, p.34). The water samples of the Ship breaking yard and other The Sitakunda coast is suitable for establishment of necessary data are collected from Sitakunda Upazila ship breaking yard for geological, topographical and in Chittagong district located at the south eastern part economical advantages: long uniform intertidal coastline of Bangladesh where most of the Ship breaking and with tidal differences of 6 meters, protection of the Bay Ship re-rolling Industries are located. The study area is of Bengal, favorable weather condition, local market of lies between the latitudes 22º37´99´´N and longitudes steel and iron, low labor expenditure, little environmental 91º33´05´´. Map of the sampling sites is presented in awareness and moderate implementation of environmental Figure 1. The samples are collected from the study area in laws (YPSA, 2005). December 2011. Figure 1 The Study Location Sitakunda, Chittagong, Bangladesh Copyright © Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures 52 M. I. Talukder; A. N. M. Fakhruddin; M. A. Hossain (2015). Advances in Natural Science, 8(1), 51-58 1.2 Water Sample Collection and Preservation EIV=∑ViWi . (1) The water used in the experiment was collected from Where, Vi = Relative change in the value of adjacent river, ponds and tube well of Fouzdarthat, environmental quality of parameter i with respect to the Kumira and Vatiary area of Shitakunda, Chittagong, existing situation. It represents the magnitude of alteration Bangladesh and bought to the laboratory as early as of the environmental parameters. possible in the experimental analysis. For the avoidance of Wi = Relative importance or weight of parameter i. It further contamination and changes in parameter samples represents relative weight or importance of the respective were carried in airtight sample bottle in insulated box with parameters. ice to maintain the temperature around 4 to 6 oC. n = Total number of environmental parameter related to the project. 1.3 Physico-Chemical Parameter Analysis of The changes of environmental parameter are Water Samples measured with to back ground condition. Here No The turbidity, total dissolved solid and salinity was changes have 0 values. The negative adverse changes measured using (Hanna Instrument Model-H19143, have been given -1, -2, -3, -4, - 5 to represent very Portugal), electric conductivity was measured using TM low, low, moderate, high and severe negative impact portable Multi parameter Meter sension 156 (HACH), respectively. Similarly very low, low, moderate, high and dissolved solid was measured by DO meter(Hanna very high positive impacts are represented by +1, +2, Instrument Model-H19143, Portugal) and the hydrogen +3, +4, +5, respectively. All environmental parameter ion concentration (pH)was measured using pH meter that are influenced by the SBRI are not having equal (Jenway, pH meter, Model-3305, Germany). value the importance of parameter varies from country 1.4 Ammonia-N and Phosphate Analysis to country depends on the Human life standard, loss Ammonia-N was determined using Nesslerization method of natural resources and environmental concerns. In as described in Standard methods for the examination Bangladesh, flood, employment, agriculture, fisheries of water and wastewater (APHA, 1975). The Nitrate -N etc. are more important than other parameter. Relative was determined using Cd reduction method described importance value is evaluated which indicates the in Standard methods for the examination of water and magnitude of environmental changes and corresponding wastewater (APHA, 1998). Phosphate was measured using importance of environmental parameter. They are placed the Ascorbic acid method according to the Standard methods on the chart and then multiplied them to obtain positive for the water and wastewater Examination (APHA, 1998). and negative impact of the parameter finally all these impact were summed up to obtain the total EIV value.
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