Olfactory Nerve

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Olfactory Nerve - The sense of smell is detected by olfactory receptors located within the nasal epithelium. - Their axons named fila olfactoria assemble into small bundles of true olfactory nerves, which penetrate the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone and enter cranial cavity. - Once olfactory nerves become in the cranial cavity, the fibers enter the olfactory bulb, which lies in the olfactory groove within the anterior cranial fossa. - The olfactory bulb contains specialized neurons called mitral cells. - The olfactory nerve fibers synapse with the mitral cells, forming collections known as synaptic glomeruli. - From the glomeruli, second order nerves pass posteriorly into the olfactory tract. - The olfactory tract travels posteriorly on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe. - Posterior and anterior to the optic chiasm, the olfactory tract on both sides divides into medial and lateral olfactory striae. - The medial stria projects to the anterior commissure to contralateral olfactory structures. - The lateral stria continues on to structures associated with the olfactory cortex. - The primary olfactory cortex is vital for the processing and perception of odor. - It is located in the temporal lobe of the brain, which is involved in organizing sensory input. - The primary olfactory cortex sends nerve fibers to many other areas of the brain, the piriform cortex, the amygdala, olfactory tubercle and the secondary olfactory cortex. - These areas are involved in the memory and appreciation of olfactory sensations. For more information, visit www.kenhub.com .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Early Aging Effect on the Function of the Human Central Olfactory System
Journals of Gerontology: Biological Sciences cite as: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2017, Vol. 72, No. 8, 1007–1014 doi:10.1093/gerona/glw104 Advance Access publication June 11, 2016 Original Article Early Aging Effect on the Function of the Human Central Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/72/8/1007/2629931 by guest on 27 September 2021 Olfactory System Choice Editor’s Jianli Wang,1 Xiaoyu Sun,1 and Qing X. Yang2 1Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey. 2Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey. Address correspondence to Jianli Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail: [email protected] Received November 23, 2015; Accepted April 27, 2016 Decision Editor: Rafael de Cabo, PhD Abstract During normal aging process, the smell function declines significantly, starting from the sixth decade of age. While it has been shown that activity in the central olfactory system of seniors responding to odor stimulation is significantly less than that of young people, no information of the aging effect on the functions of this system during normal adulthood and early aging has been gathered. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the olfaction-related brain activity in the central olfactory structures of 43 healthy adult volunteers aged from 22 to 64 years. The participants’ smell identification function was negatively correlated with age (r = −.32, p = .037). Significant negative correlation was observed between age and the olfaction-related activities in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left insular cortex, and left orbitofrontal cortex (p < .001, corrected with cluster size ≥28 voxels).
[Show full text]
Quantitative Analysis of Axon Collaterals of Single Pyramidal Cells
Yang et al. BMC Neurosci (2017) 18:25 DOI 10.1186/s12868-017-0342-7 BMC Neuroscience RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Quantitative analysis of axon collaterals of single pyramidal cells of the anterior piriform cortex of the guinea pig Junli Yang1,2*, Gerhard Litscher1,3* , Zhongren Sun1*, Qiang Tang1, Kiyoshi Kishi2, Satoko Oda2, Masaaki Takayanagi2, Zemin Sheng1,4, Yang Liu1, Wenhai Guo1, Ting Zhang1, Lu Wang1,3, Ingrid Gaischek3, Daniela Litscher3, Irmgard Th. Lippe5 and Masaru Kuroda2 Abstract Background: The role of the piriform cortex (PC) in olfactory information processing remains largely unknown. The anterior part of the piriform cortex (APC) has been the focus of cortical-level studies of olfactory coding, and asso- ciative processes have attracted considerable attention as an important part in odor discrimination and olfactory information processing. Associational connections of pyramidal cells in the guinea pig APC were studied by direct visualization of axons stained and quantitatively analyzed by intracellular biocytin injection in vivo. Results: The observations illustrated that axon collaterals of the individual cells were widely and spatially distrib- uted within the PC, and sometimes also showed a long associational projection to the olfactory bulb (OB). The data showed that long associational axons were both rostrally and caudally directed throughout the PC, and the intrinsic associational fibers of pyramidal cells in the APC are omnidirectional connections in the PC. Within the PC, associa- tional axons typically followed rather linear trajectories and irregular bouton distributions. Quantitative data of the axon collaterals of two pyramidal cells in the APC showed that the average length of axonal collaterals was 101 mm, out of which 79 mm (78% of total length) were distributed in the PC.
[Show full text]
Medial Temporal Lobe (The Limbic System)
MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE (THE LIMBIC SYSTEM) On the medial surface of the temporal lobe are three structures critical for normal human functioning. From rostral to caudal, they are the olfactory cortex, the amygdala, and the hippocampus. We will look at the anatomy and function of each separately, although they are often grouped together as "the limbic system". A. The olfactory system: The olfactory system actually begins in the roof of the nasal cavity. The olfactory receptors are ciliated epithelial cells with an array of receptors capable of detecting thousands of different odors. However, just as with any sensory system, the receptor neurons themselves do not project to the cerebral hemispheres. Their axons project up through the cribiform plate of the skull to synapse on the dendrites of the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb. The axons of the olfactory receptors make up the elusive cranial nerve I. This fragile tract is susceptible to shearing forces in head trauma, and loss of smell is a surprisingly debilitating injury. Here is an example of a section through olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb is not a simple relay (something which passively transmits the signal), but is a sophisticated structure in itself. The mitral cell- olfactory neuron synapse is actually within a tangle of axons and dendrites that is called a glomerulus. There is a second cell type tucked around these glomeruli which probably affects how the signal is transmitted. These cells are small and densely packed, which gives them the name "granule cells". However, they bear no relation to the granule cells of the cerebellum or cerebral cortex.
[Show full text]
Olfactory Maps, Circuits and Computations
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Olfactory maps, circuits and computations Andrew J Giessel and Sandeep Robert Datta Sensory information in the visual, auditory and somatosensory between local positional features to extract information systems is organized topographically, with key sensory features like object identity, depth and motion [4–6]. Unlike the ordered in space across neural sheets. Despite the existence of a small number of continuous sensory parameters that spatially stereotyped map of odor identity within the olfactory characterize vision, audition and touch (such as position, bulb, it is unclear whether the higher olfactory cortex uses frequency and amplitude), olfactory parameter space is topography to organize information about smells. Here, we poorly deﬁned and highly multidimensional [7]. For review recent work on the anatomy, microcircuitry and example, any given monomolecular odorant can be neuromodulation of two higher-order olfactory areas: the described in terms of its functional groups, molecular piriform cortex and the olfactory tubercle. The piriform is an weight, chain length, bond substitution, resonance fre- archicortical region with an extensive local associational network quency or any number of additional chemical descrip- that constructs representations of odor identity. The olfactory tors. Furthermore, olfactory space is inherently tubercle is an extension of the ventral striatum that may use discrete — not only are individual odorants structurally reward-based learning rules to encode odor valence. We argue unique but many of the molecular descriptors typically that in contrast to brain circuits for other sensory modalities, both used for individual odorants (such as functional group or the piriform and the olfactory tubercle largely discard any bond substitution) cannot be mapped continuously in topography present in the bulb and instead use distributive any scheme for chemical space.
[Show full text]
Variants of Olfactory Memory and Their Dependencies on the Hippocampal Formation
The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1995, f5(2): 1162-i 171 Variants of Olfactory Memory and Their Dependencies on the Hippocampal Formation Ursula Sttiubli,’ To-Tam Le,2 and Gary Lynch* ‘Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003 and *Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, California 92717 Olfactory memory in control rats and in animals with entor- pal pyramidal cells (e.g., Hjorth-Simonsen, 1972; Witter, 1993). hinal cortex lesions was tested in four paradigms: (1) a known Moreover, physiological activity in rat hippocampus becomes correct odor was present in a group of familiar but nonre- synchronized with that in the olfactory bulb and cortex during warded odors, (2) six known correct odors were simulta- odor sampling(Macrides et al., 1982). Theseobservations have neously present in a maze, (3) correct responses required prompted speculationand experimentation concerning the pos- the learning of associations between odors and objects, and sible contributions of the several stagesof the olfactory-hip- (4) six odors, each associated with a choice between two pocampal circuit to the encoding and use of memory. Lesions objects, were presented simultaneously. Control rats had no to the lateral entorhinal cortex, which separatethe hippocampus difficulty with the first problem and avoided repeating se- from its primary source of olfactory input, did not detectably lections in the second; this latter behavior resembles that affect the ability of rats to perform odor discriminations learned reported for spatial mazes but, in the present experiments, prior to surgery although they did disrupt the learning of new was not dependent upon memory for the configuration of discriminations (Staubli et al., 1984, 1986).This result suggested pertinent cues.
[Show full text]
Normal Mentality Associated with a Maldeveloped " Rhinencephalon " by P
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.13.3.191 on 1 August 1950. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1950, 13, 191. NORMAL MENTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH A MALDEVELOPED " RHINENCEPHALON " BY P. W. NATHAN and MARION C. SMITH Fronm the Neurological Research Unit of the Medical Research Coulncil, National Hospital. Queen Square, London In 1937 Papez published his views on the Case Report functions of the gyrus fornicatus. He summarized The specimen is the brain of a man, aged 34, who died them as follows. of a chondrosarcoma of the ileum. He was one of a series of cases under investigation in a programme of " It is proposed that the hypothalamus, the anterior thalamic nuclei, the gyrus cinguli, the hippocampus, research concerned with operations for the relief of and their inter-connexions constitute a harmonious pain. As many hours had been devoted to the testing mechanism which may elaborate the functions of of sensation and the discussion of signs and symptoms, central emotion, as well as participate in emotional our knowledge of the patient, which extended over a expression." period of six months, was much greater than that Bilateral temporal lobectomies performed on acquired in most routine cases. Protected by copyright. and Bucy in 1939 gave evidence No abnormality of development had been suspected monkeys by Kiuver during the patient's life, for he came well within normal supporting Papez' general hypothesis. The effects limits from intellectual and psychological points of of extensive lesions of the hippocampus-fornix view. His mother had remained well during pregnancy, system in cats and dogs were reported by Spiegel, and his birth was normal.
[Show full text]
Synaptic Organization of Anterior Olfactory Nucleus Inputs to Piriform Cortex
9414 • The Journal of Neuroscience, December 2, 2020 • 40(49):9414–9425 Systems/Circuits Synaptic Organization of Anterior Olfactory Nucleus Inputs to Piriform Cortex Marco J. Russo,1 Kevin M. Franks,1 Roxanne Oghaz,1 Richard Axel,2 and Steven A. Siegelbaum3 1Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 2Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, and 3Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York Odors activate distributed ensembles of neurons within the piriform cortex, forming cortical representations of odor thought to be essential to olfactory learning and behaviors. This odor response is driven by direct input from the olfactory bulb, but is also shaped by a dense network of associative or intracortical inputs to piriform, which may enhance or constrain the cort- ical odor representation. With optogenetic techniques, it is possible to functionally isolate defined inputs to piriform cortex and assess their potential to activate or inhibit piriform pyramidal neurons. The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) receives direct input from the olfactory bulb and sends an associative projection to piriform cortex that has potential roles in the state-dependent processing of olfactory behaviors. Here, we provide a detailed functional assessment of the AON afferents to piriform in male and female C57Bl/6J mice. We confirm that the AON forms glutamatergic excitatory synapses onto piriform pyramidal neurons; and while these inputs are not as strong as piriform recurrent collaterals, they are less constrained by disynaptic inhibition.
[Show full text]
On the Scent of Human Olfactory Orbitofrontal Cortex: Meta-Analysis and Comparison to Non-Human Primates
Brain Research Reviews 50 (2005) 287 – 304 www.elsevier.com/locate/brainresrev Review On the scent of human olfactory orbitofrontal cortex: Meta-analysis and comparison to non-human primates Jay A. Gottfrieda,*, David H. Zaldb aDepartment of Neurology and the Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Searle 11-453, Chicago, IL 60611, USA bDepartment of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA Accepted 25 August 2005 Available online 6 October 2005 Abstract It is widely accepted that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents the main neocortical target of primary olfactory cortex. In non-human primates, the olfactory neocortex is situated along the basal surface of the caudal frontal lobes, encompassing agranular and dysgranular OFC medially and agranular insula laterally, where this latter structure wraps onto the posterior orbital surface. Direct afferent inputs arrive from most primary olfactory areas, including piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex, in the absence of an obligatory thalamic relay. While such findings are almost exclusively derived from animal data, recent cytoarchitectonic studies indicate a close anatomical correspondence between non-human primate and human OFC. Given this cross-species conservation of structure, it has generally been presumed that the olfactory projection area in human OFC occupies the same posterior portions of OFC as seen in non-human primates. This review questions this assumption by providing a critical survey of the localization of primate and human olfactory neocortex. Based on a meta-analysis of human functional neuroimaging studies, the region of human OFC showing the greatest olfactory responsivity appears substantially rostral and in a different cytoarchitectural area than the orbital olfactory regions as defined in the monkey.
[Show full text]
A Cortical Pathway Modulates Sensory Input Into the Olfactory Striatum 3 4 5 Kate A
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/235291; this version posted December 16, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 2 A cortical pathway modulates sensory input into the olfactory striatum 3 4 5 Kate A. White1,2,3, Yun-Feng Zhang4, Zhijian Zhang5, Janardhan P. Bhattarai4, Andrew 6 H. Moberly4, Estelle in ‘t Zandt1,2, Huijie Mi6, Xianglian Jia7, Marc V. Fuccillo4, Fuqiang 7 Xu5, Minghong Ma4, Daniel W. Wesson1,2,3* 8 9 1Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics 10 2Center for Smell and Taste 11 University of Florida 12 1200 Newell Dr.; Gainesville, FL, 32610. U.S.A. 13 3Department of Neurosciences 14 Case Western Reserve University 15 2109 Adelbert Rd.; Cleveland, OH, 44106. U.S.A. 16 4Department of Neuroscience 17 University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine 18 211 CRB, 415 Curie Blvd; Philadelphia, PA, 19104. U.S.A 19 5Center for Brain Science 20 Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics 21 Chinese Academy of Sciences 22 Wuhan 430071, China 23 6College of Life Sciences 24 Wuhan University 25 Wuhan 430072, China 26 7Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology 27 Chinese Academy of Sciences 28 Shenzhen 518055, China 29 30 *corresponding author; [email protected] 31 RUNNING HEAD: Olfactory striatum input 32 33 Author Contributions: Conceptualization: K.A.W. and D.W.W.; Methodology: K.A.W., Z.Z., F.X., 34 M.M., and D.W.W.; Investigation: K.A.W., Y-F.Z., Z.Z., J.P.B., A.H.M., E.I.Z., H.M., and X.J.; 35 Resources: M.V.F.; Writing – Original Draft: K.A.W., Z.Z., M.M., and D.W.W.; Writing – Review & 36 Editing: all authors; Visualization: K.A.W., Z.Z., Y-F.Z., J.P.B., D.W.W.; Supervision: F.X., M.M., 37 and D.W.W.; Funding Acquisition: K.A.W., F.X., M.M., and D.W.W.
[Show full text]
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION of the CONNEXIONS of the OLFACTORY TRACTS in the MONKEY by MARGARET MEYER and A
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.12.4.274 on 1 November 1949. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1949, 12, 274. AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CONNEXIONS OF THE OLFACTORY TRACTS IN THE MONKEY BY MARGARET MEYER and A. C. ALLISON From the Department ofAnatomy, University of Oxford The great expansion of the-cerebral cortex which bilateral degeneration of olfactory terminals appar- has taken place in higher primates has brought ently passing through the anterior limb of the about a considerable displacement of structures on anterior commissure. The present study has been the base of the telencephalon, and the precise undertaken to map out the connexions of the comparison of certain areas in this part of the olfactory bulb in the monkey's brain as precisely brain with those in lower mammals has been a as possible with the same silver technique. matter of some difficulty. This is true particularly Material and Methods of the olfactory areas which lie on the orbital aspect guest. Protected by copyright. of the frontal lobe and the adjacent part of the Three macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and two this immature Guinea baboons (Papio papio) were used. temporal lobe. Although part of the brain The operative technique was similar in all cases: under in primates has been subjected to detailed cyto- nembutal anesthesia and with the usual aseptic pre- architectural and myelo-architectural examinations cautions a large right frontal bone flap was reflected; (Rose, 1927b, 1928; Beck, 1934, and others), the the frontal lobe of the hemisphere was carefully retraced, areas directly related to olfaction have never been and the olfactory peduncle, lying on the ventral surface, clearly defined.
[Show full text]
The Olfactory Bulb As an Independent Developmental Domain
Cell Death and Differentiation (2002) 9, 1279 ± 1286 ã 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/cdd Review The olfactory bulb as an independent developmental domain LLoÂ pez-Mascaraque*,1,3 and F de Castro2,3 established. Does it awake the developmental program of the cells at the site being innervated or, does their arrival simply 1 Instituto Cajal-C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain serve to refine the later steps of the developmental program? 2 Hospital RamoÂn y Cajal, Madrid, Spain In order to address this question, much attention has been 3 Both authors contributed equally to this work focused on the sophisticated development of the mammalian * Corresponding author: L LoÂpez-Mascaraque, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida del cerebral cortex where two different theories have been Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain. Tel: 915854708; Fax: 915854754; E-mail: [email protected] proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying its formation. In the `protomap' model, cortical regions are patterned prior to Received 13.2.02; revised 30.4.02; accepted 7.5.02 the migration of the newborn neurons (intrinsic control),1 an Edited by G Melino event presumably specified by important molecular determi- nants.2 In this model, the arrival of innervating axons would Abstract merely serve to modify and refine the protomap (an important The olfactory system is a good model to study the facet of maintenance). In the second model, the `protocortex' theory, the newborn cortical neurons are a homogeneous cell mechanisms underlying guidance of growing axons to their population, that later on in corticogenesis are patterned into appropriate targets.
[Show full text]
Afferent Connections to the Striatum and the Nucleus Accumbens
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 378:16–49 (1997) Basal Ganglia Organization in Amphibians: Afferent Connections to the Striatum and the Nucleus Accumbens OSCAR MARIŃ,1 AGUSTIŃ GONZA´ LEZ,1* AND WILHELMUS J.A.J. SMEETS2 1Departamento de Biologıá Celular, Facultad de Biologıá, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain 2 Graduate School of Neurosciences of Amsterdam, Research Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ABSTRACT As part of a research program to determine if the organization of basal ganglia (BG) of amphibians is homologous to that of amniotes, the afferent connections of the BG in the anurans Xenopus laevis and Rana perezi and the urodele Pleurodeles waltl were investigated with sensitive tract-tracing techniques. Hodological evidence is presented that supports a division of the amphibian BG into a nucleus accumbens and a striatum. Both structures have inputs in common from the olfactory bulb, medial pallium, striatopallial transition area, preoptic area, ventral thalamus, ventral hypothalamic nucleus, posterior tubercle, several mesencephalic and rhombencephalic reticular nuclei, locus coeruleus, raphe, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Several nuclei that project to both subdivisions of the BG, however, show a clear preference for either the striatum (lateral amygdala, parabrachial nucleus) or the nucleus accumbens (medial amygdala, ventral midbrain tegmentum). In addition, the anterior entopeduncular nucleus, central thalamic nucleus, anterior and posteroventral divisions of the lateral thalamic nucleus, and torus semicircularis project exclusively to the striatum, whereas the anterior thalamic nucleus, anteroventral, and anterodorsal tegmental nuclei provide inputs solely to the nucleus accumbens. Apart from this subdivision of the basal forebrain, the results of the present study have revealed more elaborate patterns of afferent projections to the BG of amphibians than previously thought.
[Show full text]