Control of Poultry Mites (Dermanyssus) Olivier A.E. Sparagano Editor Control of Poultry Mites (Dermanyssus) Previously published in Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume 48, Nos. 1–2, 2009 123 Editor Olivier A.E. Sparagano Newcastle University School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK [email protected] ISBN: 978-90-481-2730-6 e-ISBN: 978-90-481-2731-3 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2731-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927096 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover Illustrations: Left: European chicken farm under heavy red mite infestation. Picture by Olivier Sparagano. Right: Female Hypoaspis aculeifer attacking Dermanyssus gallinae. Picture by Izabela Lesna, Urs Wyss and Maurice W. Sabelis. Printed on acid-free paper Springer.com Contents Control of poultry mites: where do we stand? O. Sparagano . 1–2 Prevalence and key figures for the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae infections in poultry farm systems O. Sparagano, A. Pavlic´evic´, T. Murano, A. Camarda, H. Sahibi, O. Kilpinen, M. Mul, R. van Emous, S. le Bouquin, K. Hoel & M.A. Cafiero . 3–10 Evaluation of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) susceptibility to some acaricides in field populations from Italy M. Marangi, M.A. Cafiero, G. Capelli, A. Camarda, O.A.E. Sparagano & A. Giangaspero . 11–18 Exploration of the susceptibility of AChE from the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Mesostigmata) to organophosphates in field isolates from France L. Roy, C. Chauve, J. Delaporte, G. Inizan & T. Buronfosse . 19–30 In vitro efficacies of oils, silicas and plant preparations against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae V. Maurer, E. Perler & F. Heckendorn . 31–41 Variation in chemical composition and acaricidal activity against Dermanyssus gallinae of four eucalyptus essential oils D.R. George, D. Masic, O.A.E. Sparagano & J.H. Guy . 43–50 Inert dusts and their effects on the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) O. Kilpinen & T. Steenberg . 51–62 Candidate predators for biological control of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae I. Lesna, P. Wolfs, F. Faraji, L. Roy, J. Komdeur & M.W. Sabelis . 63–80 The testing of antibodies raised against poultry red mite antigens in an in vitro feeding assay; preliminary screen for vaccine candidates H.W. Wright, K. Bartley, A.J. Nisbet, R.M. McDevitt, N.H.C. Sparks, S. Brocklehurst & J.F. Huntley . 81–91 The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae): a potential vector of pathogenic agents C. Valiente Moro, C.J. De Luna, A. Tod, J.H. Guy, O.A.E. Sparagano & L. Zenner . 93–104 Endosymbiotic bacteria living inside the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) C.J. De Luna, C.V. Moro, J.H. Guy, L. Zenner & O.A.E. Sparagano . 105–113 Molecular phylogenetic assessment of host range in five Dermanyssus species L. Roy, A.P.G. Dowling, C.M. Chauve, I. Lesna, M.W. Sabelis & T. Buronfosse . 115–142 Phylogenetic relationship between Dermanyssus gallinae populations in European countries based on mitochondrial COI gene sequences M. Marangi, C.J. de Luna, M.A. Cafiero, A. Camarda, S. le Bouquin, D. Huonnic, A. Giangaspero & O.A.E. Sparagano . 143–155 Monitoring of Dermanyssus gallinae in free-range poultry farms L. Zenner, G. Bon, C. Chauve, C. Nemoz & S. Lubac . 157–166 Preventing introduction and spread of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry facilities using the HACCP method M.F. Mul & C.J.M. Koenraadt . 167–181 Control of poultry mites: where do we stand? Olivier Sparagano Originally published in the journal Experimental and Applied Acarology, Volume 48, Nos 1–2, 1–2. DOI: 10.1007/s10493-009-9259-x Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 This special issue of Experimental and Applied Acarology is critically arriving at the right time. Since Salmonella vaccination is now widespread within the poultry industry, it seems the new economic, welfare and epidemiological problem is now the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (also called red poultry mite, poultry mite, red mite or chicken mite). In 2012 the European Commission will ban traditional cage systems to move towards enriched cages or more open systems, such as free range or barns, which unfor- tunately could see mite population rocketing as they would be able to hide and proliferate better under these open environments. Like with many blood-feeding arthropods the consequences of their attacks are multi- ple: welfare issues of birds, becoming anaemic, picking feather, becoming restless and aggressing each other; egg production going down, because of the increased fragility of the egg shell; blood staining of the eggs, usually leading to refusal by supermarket corpora- tions; and the mites are reservoirs of—and transmit—several bacterial and viral poultry diseases, which may also have nasty effects on man. So the eradication or at least the control of this ectoparasite would greatly impact several aspects of our communities. However, acaricide products used to try controlling the poultry red mite have shown some limitations, either because mites became more and more resistant (Marangi, Cafiero et al., and Roy, Chauve et al., both in this issue), or because some products are withdrawn from the national market because of negative impacts on the environment as a side effect. The costs for prevention and control are globally impressive (Sparagano et al., this issue) and therefore control strategies are needed. The 14 papers published in this special issue (prepared by 43 co-authors from 11 countries) are highlighting the state-of-art of our knowledge about these ectoparasites, but also about research initiatives in laboratories and on farms to stop this proliferating par- asite. Colleagues present papers about physical control methods (Kilpinen and Steenberg), or biological methods based on plants (George et al.), the use of predators (Lesna et al.), an immunological approach (Wright et al.), or a mixture of them (Maurer et al.). Owing to the O. Sparagano (&) School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK e-mail: [email protected] O.A.E. Sparagano (ed.), Control of Poultry Mites (Dermanyssus). DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2731-3_1 1 2 O.A.E. Sparagano (ed.) recent developments in molecular genetics we now understand better the variability between mite populations at farm or country levels (Marangi, De Luna et al., Roy, Dowling et al.), or what pathogens (Valiente-Moro et al.) or symbionts (De Luna et al.) are asso- ciated with this poultry red mite, which could become either a pathogen reservoir or a way to knock down the mite by eliminating its symbiotic population. Finally, colleagues present practical information about monitoring and prevention of this devastating pest for humans and animals (Mul and Koenraadt; Zenner et al.). This special issue should give the reader not only a broad overview of the field, but also stimulate ideas for further collaborations, networking and investigations for many years to come. Prevalence and key Wgures for the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae infections in poultry farm systems Olivier Sparagano · Aleksandar PavliTeviT · Takako Murano · Antonio Camarda · Hamid Sahibi · Ole Kilpinen · Monique Mul · Rick van Emous · Sophie le Bouquin · Kristian Hoel · Maria Assunta CaWero Originally published in the journal Experimental and Applied Acarology, Volume 48, Nos 1–2, 3–10. DOI: 10.1007/s10493-008-9233-z © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 Abstract Recent surveys and sample collection have conWrmed the endemicity of Der- manyssus gallinae in poultry farming worldwide. The reduction in number and eYcacy of many acaricide products has accentuated the prevalence rates of this poultry ectoparasite observed more often in non intensive systems such as free-range, barns or backyards and more often in laying hens than in broiler birds. The lack of knowledge from producers and the utilisation of inadequate, ineVective or illegal chemicals in many countries have been responsible for the increase in infestation rates due to the spread of acaricide resistance. The costs for control methods and treatment are showing the tremendous economic impact of this ectoparasite on poultry meat and egg industries. This paper reviews the prevalence O. Sparagano School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Agriculture Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK A. PavliTeviT AVES Inc, Palic, Serbia T. Murano Chiba Prefectural Livestock Research Center, He 16-1 Yachimata, Yachimata, Chiba 289-1113, Japan A. Camarda Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70100 Valenzano, Italy H. Sahibi Département de Pathologie et de Santé Publique Vétérinaires, Unité de Parasitologie et Maladies Parasitaires, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Institut, Rabat, Morocco O. Kilpinen Institute of Integrated Pest Management, Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory, University of Aarhus, Skovbrynet 14, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark M. Mul · R. van Emous Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands O.A.E. Sparagano (ed.), Control of Poultry Mites (Dermanyssus). DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2731-3_2 3 4 O.A.E. Sparagano (ed.) rates of this poultry pest in diVerent countries and for diVerent farming systems and the pro- duction parameters which could be linked to this pest proliferation. Keywords Dermanyssus gallinae · Prevalence · Infestation rates · Control costs · Poultry Introduction Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) also known as the poultry red mite (PRM) or the poultry mite is an increasing epidemiological and economical problem for the poultry industry worldwide.