Annals of Sciences ISSN: 2287-688X OPEN ACCESS www.annalsofplantsciences.com Original Research Article diphyllum L.: A New Record for the State of Uttar Pradesh, India with a Special Focus on Leaf Architecture, Morphology Of Bark and Seedling Rishi Kumar Sahu, Shiv Narayan Dubey, Ayush Kumar Singh and Ajai Kumar Singh* Department of , Udai Pratap College (Autonomus), Varanasi-221002, India

Received: May 23, 2015; Accepted: May 30, 2015.

Abstract: Present study highlights the first record of Solanum diphyllum L. in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India from Varanasi District. Reported is a potent source of anticancer molecules. Comprehensive morpho-taxonomic account of the medicinally important species has been provided along with special focus on leaf architecture, morphology of bark and seedling to facilitate easy identification.

Key Words: Solanum diphyllum, New Record, Uttar Pradesh, India

Introduction The contains between (Zhang et al., 1994; Hamada et al., 2010). It 3,000 and 4,000 species in about 90 genera was reported for the first time for India from (Knapp et al., 2004). The members of the West Bengal (Paul & Biswas 1995; Das et al., Solanaceae have a very important 1997). Later it was documented from Assam relationship with human being as some are (Nath et al., 2010), from peninsular India noxious weeds, while others are of a great (Reema Kumari 2013; Saini 2013) and from economic importance as a source of food; Bihar (Halder et al., 2014). Recently, it has e.g. Solanum tuberosum L. (potato), been reported as a fast spreading serious Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. (Tomato), perennial weed in India, from Howrah, West Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco), and Bengal and Pune, Maharastra (Singh et al., Capsicum frutescens L. (chilies), ornamentals 2014). Methanolic root extract of S. (Cestrum spp., Petunia hybrids and Solanum diphyllum, afforded an interesting, highly spp.), and as an extremely important drug cytotoxic compound, named 3-O-(beta-D- sources in medicinal pharmacology and drug glucopyranosyl) etioline [(25S)-22, 26- therapy (e.g. Belladona, Datura, Hyoscyamus epimino-3beta-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy) and Withania). The Genus Solanum L., has a cholesta-5, 22(N)-dien-16alpha-ol]. The world-wide distribution, and is one of the compound exhibited high cytotoxic effects largest genera of the flowering ; is against the cervical cancer cell line (El-Sayed considered as the largest and the most et al., 2009). It also showed a promising diverse genus in the Solanaceae, with 1500- cytotoxisity against colon (HCT116) and 1700 species, and is one of the ten most breast (MCF7) carcinoma cell lines, and could species-rich genera of flowering plants (Frodin be considered as a potent source 2004; Mabberly 2008; Hamada 2013). of anticancer compounds (Hamada et al., 2010; Hamada 2013, Anilkumar et al., 2014). Solanum L., a subcosmopolitan genus, with 1250 species is distributed mostly in While working on seedling flora of tropical and subtropical regions of the world, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, authors have collected especially in (Mabberley, 2008). In the specimens from Varanasi district (250 10´ India, the genus is represented by 48 species – 250 37´ N & 820 11´ – 830 1´ E) which (Reema Kumari, 2004) and by 23 species in turns out to be a new record for the state of its state of Uttar Pradesh (Khanna et al., Uttar Pradesh, India. The identification and 1999). Solanum diphyllum L. belongs to world distribution of the collected S. genus Solanum section Geminata (G. Don) diphyllum specimens were insured through Walp. (Knapp, 2002). This species is a native the Missouri Botanical Garden web site, New plant to and Central America, and York Botanical Garden web site, Aluka digital distributed in many places around the world herbarium web site and after going through *Corresponding Author: Dr. Ajai Kumar Singh, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Udai Pratap College (Autonomus), Varanasi-221002, INDIA. Page| 1092

Rishi Kumar Sahu et al., Annals of Plant Sciences, 2015, 4 (05), 1092-1095 related publications (Paul & Biswas 1995; Das Hct. Hypocotyl, Pct. Paracotyledon, L. First et al., 1997; Nath et al., 2010; Reema leaf. Kumari 2013; Halder et al., 2014).

Solanum diphyllum L., Sp. Pl. 184. 1753; D’Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 845. 1974; Zhi Y. Zhang et al. in C.Y. Wu & P.H. Raven, Fl. China 17: 317. 1994; T. K. Paul & M. C. Biswas, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 37: 137. 1995; M. Das et al., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 21: 158. 1997; Reema Kumari, Rheedea 23(1): 50. 2013; Haldar et al., R. & R.: J. Bot. Sci. 3(1): 1-3. 2014. – Type: Herb. Linn. 248.5 (LINN, MH microfiche!) (Vide D’Arcy, l.c.). Fig. 1, Fig. 2. Evergreen , up to 3.0 m high. Young stem green, sparsely hairy and terete.

Figure 2: Solanum diphyllum, A. A twig, B. Single flower, C. Seedling at third leaf stage with paracotyledons, D1. Leaf architecture; D2. Magnified part of the leaf, E. Bark surface (magnified).

Bark silvery grey, lenticulate, shallow fissured, rough, firm and finely sculptured with light green blaze, average thickness 0.4 cm, average flake size 0.2 x 0.1 cm, periderm appear parallel to the cambium (Fig. 2E).

Leaves simple alternate, two at each node from same position, anisophyllous, exstipulate and petiolate. Petiole dark green, sparsely hairy and terete, 0.5 to 0.7 cm long. Figure 1: Solanum diphyllum: A. A twig, B. Bigger leaf blade obovate 1.0-4.0 x 0.7-2.8 Single Flower, C. Calyx, D. Corolla (split cm, mean Length : Width Ratio (L/W) 1.4, open), E. Stamen (mature and immature), F. base acute, apex obtuse or mucronate, Gynoecium, G. T.S. of Ovary, H. , I. margins entire, both surfaces green, sparsely Fruits, J. Floral diagram, K. Seedlings at hairy and glaucous. Smaller leaf blade oval- different leaf stages: K1. Second leaf stage K2. orbicular 0.5-1.5 x 0.4-2.0 cm, mean L/W Fifth leaf stage, K3. Tenth leaf stage, K4. 1.2, other features same as bigger leaf (Fig. Collet, K5. Part of epicotyl, K6. Surface of 1A). epicotyl, K7. Part of leaf petiole, Cot. Collet,

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Rishi Kumar Sahu et al., Annals of Plant Sciences, 2015, 4 (05), 1092-1095

Venation brochidodromous (in the cm, slightly constricted in the middle (Fig. sense of Hickey, 1973); unicostate reticulate, 1I). single primary vein distinct, reaches to blade apex, moderate, straight and branched into many in one fruit, 5-9 secondary veins on each side; Secondary reniform/discoid, 0.15 x 0.20 cm, mean L/W veins divergent, uniformly moderate with 0.75, margins entire and thickened, surface primary vein, only lowermost 2-3 more acute reticulate, light yellow to golden, hilum diverted, uniformly curved at margins, distinct (Fig. 1H). looping enclosed by secondary arches; Tertiary veins origin right/acute angled from Seedlings (Fig. 1K1, Fig. 1K2, Fig. 1K3, secondary vein, transverse, ramified, Fig. 1K4, Fig. 1K5, Fig. 1K6, Fig. 1K7, Fig. 2C) randomly reticulated, weakly percurrent and Macaranga type (in the sense of Vogel, oblique with two secondary veins; higher 1980). Primary root non fibrous, tap root, order venation random, reticulated not much branched, equally developed as shoot, distinguished (Fig. 2D). glabrous, milky white, terete in cross section, 1.5 cm long at paracotyledon stage and 2.0 an axiallary racemose cm, 3.0 cm, 3.8 cm, 5.0 cm and 6.7 cm long fascicles, 6-10 flowered; pedunculate; at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and at 5th leaf stages peduncle, green, sparsely hairy, terete and ca respectively; secondary roots same as 0.5-0.7 cm long (Fig. 2A). primary root. Collet distinct, white, glabrous and slightly swollen. Hypocotyl green, Flowers bisexual, complete, 0.5-0.8 scabrous, terete in cross section, 2.0 cm long cm across, actinomorphic, epigynous, at paracotyledon stage and 2.5 cm long at 1st, ebracteate (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2B), 2nd, 3rd, 4th and at 5th leaf stages. Paracotyledons two, opposite, phanerocotylar, Calyx valvate, bell shaped, anisocotyler; blade size variable; foliaceous, gamosepalous and persistent. 5, fused long persistant, exstipulate and petiolate. at base, ovate, 0.3 x 0.2 cm, mean L/W 1.5, Petiole green, scabrous, convexo-concave in base cuneate, apex acute, margins entire, cross section, 0.6 cm long. Blade lanceolate, surface green and sparsely hairy, nerveless 1.4 x 0.5 and 1.6 x 0.6 cm, mean L/W 2.8, (Fig. 1C). base cuneate, apex apiculate, margins entire, both surfaces green and glabrous. Venation Corolla valvate, gamopetalous, hyphodromous (in the sense of Hickey, rosaceous. Petals 5, free, elliptical, 0.6 x 0.2 1973); unicostate reticulate, single primary cm, mean L/W 3.0, base cuneate, apex acute, vein distinct, reaches to blade apex. Epicotyl margins entire, white, glabrous and nerveless green, scabrous, terete in cross section, 0.3 (Fig. 1D). cm, 0.5 cm, 0.9 cm, 1.2 cm and 1.4 cm long at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and at 5th leaf stages Androecium pentandrous, respectively. Internodes (at 5th leaf stage): antisepalous, exserted. Stamens 5, equal, First one 0.6 cm long, later internodes epipetalous, introrse; filaments connate at elongating. First leaf alternate, simple, base, light green, glabrous, 0.1-0.2 cm long, exstipulate and petiolate. Petiole green, flat; anthers dithecous, oblong, saggitate, scabrous, convexo-concave in cross section, light yellow, basifixed, 0.2-0.9 cm long, 0.5 cm long. Blade sub-orbicular, 1.0 x 1.0 anthesis poricidal initially, later longitudinal cm, mean L/W 1.0, base attenuate, apex (Fig. 1E). obtuse, margins entire, both surfaces green and glabrous. Venation craspedodromous (in Gynoecium bicarpellary, syncarpous; the sense of Hickey, 1973); unicostate ovary superior, globose, light green, glabrous, reticulate; single primary vein distinct, 0.1-0.3 cm long, bilocular, placentation axile reaches to blade apex, 6 secondary veins with oblique and swollen placenta, ovules distinct, 3 on each side of primary vein, many; style terminal, light green, glabrous, alternate and free at margins. Second and terete, 0.7-1.0 cm long; stigma capitate, light third leaves same as 1st leaf. Fourth and yellow (Fig. 1F, Fig. 1G, Fig. J). subsequent leaf blades obovate-oblanceolate, other features same as 1st leaf. Fruit , in fascicle of 3-7, globose, glabrous, green when young, yellow/golden- Floral Formula: red at maturity, 0.6-1.0 x 0.6-1.0 x 0.5-0.8 Flowering & Fruiting: May – July. www.annalsofplantsciences.com Page | 1094

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Distribution: Native to Mexico and 7. Hamada FA, Hamed AI, Sheded MG, Shaheen ASM, Macro, Micro-Morphological and bioactivity aspects of naturalized Central America. Bhutan, , El exotic Solanum diphyllum L. Al-Azhar Bull. Sci., 2010, Salvadore, Europe, , Handuros, 175-206. India [Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal], Mexico, 8. Hickey LJ, Classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves Amer. J. Bot., 1973, 60(1), , Nepal, N. Africa, Pakistan and W. 17-33. Asia. 9. Khanna KK, Mudgal V, Uniyal BP, Sharma JR, Common Name: Amatillo, Twinleaf Dicotyledonous Plants of Uttar Pradesh-A Check List 1999, Bishen singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehardun, nightshade, Two-leaf nightshade, Tomatilo Indai. Pp. vii+455. (Mexico), Huang guo long kui (China) 10. Knapp S, Solanum section Geminata Flora Exsiccatae: Udai Pratap College Neotropica, 2002, 84, 1-405.

(Autonomous) Campus, River Banks of River 11. Knapp S, Chase MW, Clarkson JJ, Nomenclatural Varuna, Varanasi 15.07.2014, AKS 764; AKS changes and a new sectional classification in 733. Nicotiana (Solanaceae) Taxon, 2004, 53: 73–82.

12. Mabberley DJ, Mabberley’s Plant-Book-A portable Acknowledgement dictionary of plants, their classifications and uses Authors are thankful to the Head, 2008, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, Department of Botany, Udai Pratap College Cambridge, England.

(Autonomous), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India 13. Nath A, Maity D, Maiti GG, Occurrence of the ‘Twin- for encouragements and support. leaf’ (Solanum diphyllum L.) in North-Eastern India – a new distributional record Pleione, 2010, 4(2), 314.

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Source of support: Udai Pratap College (Autonomous), Varanasi, India Conflict of interest: None Declared

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