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42 (1) 2020 70 Лет Мз Мгу! ISSN 0514-7468 42 (1) 2020 70 лет МЗ МГУ! 70 лет МЗ МГУ! 2020 42 (1) МАЛЫЙ ЛЕДНИКОВЫЙ ПЕРИОД В ЖИЗНИ ЗЕМЛИ И ЕГО ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ ПРИЧИНЫ (см. с. 4–12) «Зимняя сцена на замёрзшем канале». Хендрик Аверкамп, 1620 г. Пространственно–временные изменения инсоляции Земли (без учёта атмосферы) на интервале с 3000 г. до н. э. по 2999 г. н. э. ISSN 0514-7468 2020 Т. 42, № 1 Междисциплинарный научно-практический журнал Издаётся с 1961 года, журнальная ежеквартальная версия – с 2016 года ИНДЕКСИРОВАНИЕ Редакционный совет: ЖУРНАЛА В.А. Садовничий (председатель Совета), Н.А. Абакумова, Ф.Г. Агамалиев (Азербайджан), А.П. Бужилова, С.А. Добро­ любов, М.В. Калякин, Н.С. Касимов, М.П. Кирпичников, А.И. Клюкина, Нгуен Чунг Минь (Вьетнам), С.Х. Мирзоев (Таджи кистан), А.С. Орлов, Д.Ю. Пущаровский, Н.Г. Ры баль­ ский, С.А. Шоба Редакционная коллегия: А.В. Смуров (гл. редактор), В.В. Снакин (зам. гл. редактора), Л.В. Алексеева (отв. секретарь), С.М. Аксёнов (США), М.И. Бур­ лыкина, И.Л. Ган (Австралия), Е.П. Дубинин, А.В. Иванов, В.В. Козодёров, Н.Н. Колотилова, С.Н. Лукашенко (Казахстан), С.А. Маскевич (Беларусь), Йован Плавша (Сербия), Л.В. Попова, А.П. Садчиков, С.А. Слободов, В.Р. Хрисанов, В.С. Цховребов, Э.И. Черняк, П.А. Чехович, А.Г. Шмелева Адрес редакции: 119991, Москва, Ленинские Горы, д. 1, МГУ, Музей землеведения ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО Тел.: +7 (495) 939­14­15; +7 (495) 939­12­21 МОСКОВСКОГО e­mail: [email protected] http://zhiznzemli.ru УНИВЕРСИТЕТА http://msupress.com/catalogue/magazines/ 2020 geografiya/ ISSN 0514-7468 2020 Vol. 42, № 1 Zhizn’ Zemli [THE LIFE OF THE EARTH] ScIEnTIFIc And PRAcTIcAL InTERdIScIPLInARy JOuRnAL Published four times a year since 2016 Editorial council: V.A. Sadovnichy (Council Chairman), N.A. Abakumova, F.G. Agamaliyev (Azerbaijan), A.P. Buzhilova, S.A. Dobrolyubov, M.V. Kalyakin, N.S. Kasimov, M.P. Kirpichnikov, A.I. Klyukina, Nguyen Trung Minh (Vietnam), S.H. Mirzoev (Tajikistan), A.S. Orlov, D.Yu. Pushcharovskiy, N.G. Rybalskiy, S.A. Shoba Editorial board: A.V. Smurov (Ch. Editor), V.V. Snakin (deputy Ch. Editor), L.V. Alekseeva (Resp. Secretary), S. Aksenov (USA), M.I. Burlykina, I.L. Gan (Australia), E.P. Dubinin, A.V. Ivanov, V.V. Kozodеrov, N.N. Kolotilova, S.N. Lukashenko (Kazakhstan), S.A. Maskevich (Belarus), J. Plavša (Serbia), L.V. Popovа, A.P. Sadchikov, S.A. Slobodov, V.R. Khrisanov, V.S. Tskhovrebov, E.I. Chernyak, P.A. Chekhovich, A.G. Shmeleva Editorial address: 119991, Moscow, Leninskiye Gory, MGU, Earth Science Museum Tel.: +7 (495) 939­14­15; 7 (495) 939­12­21 e­mail: [email protected] PUBLISHING http://zhiznzemli.ru Moscow State University http://msupress.com/catalogue/magazines/ 2020 geografiya/ содержание ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ГЕОСФЕР Фёдоров В.М., Фролов Д.М. Малый ледниковый период в жизни Земли и его возможные причины ......................................................................................................... 4 La The Phuc, Luong Thi Tuat, Hiroshi Tachihara, Tsutomu Honda, Bui Văn Thom, Nguyen Ba Hung, Tran Minh Duc, Nguyen Trung Minh. Volcanic caves in Vietnam (Вулканические пещеры Вьетнама) ................................................................... 13 Шац М.М. Эколого­геокриологическая специфика при недропользовании на севере Сибири ......................................................................................................................... 24 Шаповалов А.Б., Смуров А.В. Экология и нанотехнологии .................................. 38 ЕСТЕСТВЕННОНАУЧНАЯ МУЗЕОЛОГИЯ: ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА Погожев Е.Ю., Боброва С.Л., Скрипко К.А. Скульптура Чарльза Дарвина работы Сергея Тимофеевича Конёнкова .............................................................................. 46 Максимов Ю.И., Кривичев А.И. Арктика в названиях улиц Москвы и Санкт­Петербурга .................................................................................................................... 54 МУЗЕЙНАЯ ПЕДАГОГИКА Сундиева А.А. История музееведческой мысли в профессиональной подготовке музеологов .............................................................................................................. 67 ВЕСТИ ИЗ МУЗЕЕВ Голосова Е.В. Ботанические сады с позиции ландшафтной архитектуры: проблемы эстетики и доступности ........................................................................................ 72 Козлов С.В. Музей под землёй: бункер Сталина в Измайлово ............................... 81 ИСТОРИЯ НАУКИ Захаров В.Г. Характер дрейфа льдов в Арктическом бассейне и особенности циркуляции атмосферы в период плаваний Ф. П. Литке к Новой Земле в 1821–1824 гг. ................................................................................................. 87 Дубинин Е.П., Филаретова А.Н., Лаптева Е.М., Мякокина О.В., Скрипко К.А., Семенова Л.Д. Сотрудники Музея землеведения МГУ – участники исследований в Антарктике (к 200­летию открытия Антарктиды) ........... 96 Епифанов В.А., Иванов А.В., Яшков И.А., Паничев А.М. «Свой след» профессора Василия Ивановича Бгатова – «землеведа», «экогеолога», популяризатора науки (к 90­летию со дня рождения) .................................................... 109 ХРОНИКА. СОБЫТИЯ К 80-летию Олега Петровича Иванова ..................................................................... 117 Всероссийская научная конференция «Наука в вузовском музее» (Н.И. Крупина) ........................................................................................................................... 118 Всероссийская конференция «Микроорганизмы: вопросы экологии, физиологии, биотехнологии» (Н.Н. Колотилова, Л.В. Старостина) ....................... 120 XXVII Круглый стол «Россия и мир» в Институте российской истории РАН (К.А. Голиков) .................................................................................................. 121 Памяти В.А. Кривицкого (1946–2019) ...................................................................... 122 Памяти М.Д. Рукина (1939–2020) .............................................................................. 123 Памяти В.В. Козодёрова (1946–2020) ........................................................................ 123 КНИЖНОЕ ОБОЗРЕНИЕ ............................................................................................ 125 TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. 128 3 ВЗаиМодейстВие ГеосФер УДК 551.32+551.521.1+551.583 DOI 10.29003/m875.0514-7468.2020_42_1/4-12 Малый ледникоВый период В жиЗни ЗеМли и еГо ВоЗМожные причины В.М. Фёдоров, д.М. Фролов1 На основе выполненных ранее расчётов инсоляции определён тренд изменения сезонности в солярном климате северного полушария с 3000 г. до н. э. по 2999 г. н. э. Определено, что на этом интервале минимальные значения сезонности определя- ются уменьшением летней инсоляции северного полушария. Определены хронологи- ческие границы глубокого и продолжительного минимума летней инсоляции северно- го полушария и его размах. Показано, что отмечаемый минимум летней инсоляции в северном полушарии может быть одной из причин малого ледникового периода. Ключевые слова: солнечная радиация, изменения климата, инсоляция Земли, малый ледниковый период. Ссылка для цитирования: Фёдоров В.М., Фролов Д.М. Малый ледниковый пе­ риод в жизни Земли и его возможные причины // Жизнь Земли. 2020. Т. 42, № 1. С. 4–12. DOI: 10.29003/m875.0514­7468.2020_42_1/4­12. Поступила 06.02.2020 / Принята к публикации 20.02.2020 LITTLE IcE AGE In THE EARTH HISTORy And ITS POSSIBLE REASOnS Fedorov V.M., PhD, Frolov D.M. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Faculty of Geography) The trend of seasonal variation of solar climate of Northern Hemisphere for 3000 BC – 2999 AD period was determined on the basis of the previously performed Earth insolation calculations. Also was determined that for this time interval minimal values of seasonality is characterized by decrease of summer insolation in Northern Hemisphere. The chronological borders of deep and long summer insolation minimum in Northern Hemisphere and its amplitude were identified. Considered minimum of summer insolation in Northern Hemisphere could be shown to be one of the reasons of Little Ice Age. Keywords: sun radiation, climate variation, Earth insolation, little ice age. 1 Фёдоров Валерий Михайлович – к.г.н., в.н.с., [email protected]; Фролов Денис Максимович – н.с., [email protected]; географический ф­т МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова. 4 Жизнь Земли 42(1) 2020 4–12 Фёдоров В.М., Фролов Д.М. Малый ледниковый период в жизни Земли и его возможные причины Введение. Климат – важнейшая характеристика природной среды обитания че­ ловека и общества, поэтому исследование изменений глобального климата является одной из актуальных проблем наук о Земле. Эта проблема определяется необходимо­ стью прогнозирования изменения климата и последствий климатических изменений. Изменения климата в будущем и знания о них во многом определяются измене­ ниями климата в прошлом и имеющейся информацией о причинах таких изменений. Солнечная радиация является основным источником энергии, определяющим ради­ ационный и тепловой баланс Земли. В связи с этим исследование солярного клима­ та Земли в голоцене представляется важным для определения роли инсоляционного фактора в глобальных климатических событиях недавнего геологического прошлого. Основная задача. Малый ледниковый период (МЛП) – событие, достоверно уста­ новленное в климатической истории Земли. Наиболее заметно оно проявилось в Ев­ ропе, северной Атлантике и Северной Америке (т. е. в северном полушарии Земли) [7]. Временной интервал события достаточно протяжённый
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