FREE REBELLIONS AND REVOLUTIONS: FROM THE 1880S TO 2000 PDF

Jack Gray | 576 pages | 15 May 2003 | University Press | 9780198700692 | English | Oxford, Rebellions and Revolutions - Jack Gray - Oxford University Press

This is a list of revolutions and rebellions. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikimedia list article. This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it. See also: Popular revolt in late medieval Europe. Main article: Atlantic Revolutions. Main article: Latin American wars of independence. List of civil wars List of cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions List of guerrillas List of invasions List of peasant revolts List of rebellions in China List of List of uprisings led by women List of usurpers List of wars of independence national liberation List of women who led a revolt or rebellion List of active communist armed groups Slave rebellion including list of North American slave revolts. Axel Menges ed. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Records of the Grand Historian. The Athenian Revolution. Princeton University Press. Bulletin of the Asia Institute. In Chisholm, Hugh ed. Cambridge University Press. The Beginnings of . Ab urbe condita. Epitome of Roman History. The Chinese Strategic Mind. Edward Elgar Publishing. Archived from the original on 3 March Retrieved 8 June Hendrickson Publishers. Chung-chi Journal : 57— Roman History, The foreign Wars. Foreign Wars. History of Rome. Meridin Books. Profile Books LTD. Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered. The Conspiracy of Catiline. Retrieved 15 February The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization pp. The Civil Wars. Book LIII. David Cherry. Oxford University Press. Brown Liturgical Press,page The Life of The Twelve Caesars. Penguin Classics. Who was who in the Roman world. New : Square Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 25 December Retrieved 14 December Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nerop. Retrieved 26 June China in World History. Roman History. Harvard University Press. Records of the Three Kingdoms Sanguozhi. Wightman, Gallia Belgica : Batsford Translated by Edward Walford. London: Henry G. University Press of America. Retrieved 10 April A Short History of Byzantium. The Birth of Vietnam illustrated, reprint ed. University of Press. Retrieved 7 August Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium. Retrieved 28 January Shoufani: Al-Riddah and the Muslim conquest of Arabia. , Oxford and New York: Routledge. In Bosworth, Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000. Leiden: E. The Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 Kingdom and its Fall. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. Greenwood Publishing Group. London and New York: Routledge. Tarikh Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 3rd ed in Arabic. Al-Riyadh: Dar Taybah. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor ed. London: Taylor and Francis. Princeton: Princeton University Press. In Gibb, H. The Royal Frankish Annals record battles in the years —80, —85, —99, and As a man of unusual In Patrich, Joseph ed. Peeters Publishers. In Kazhdan, Alexander ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Book Two, page Silk Pagoda In Frye, R. Brill, London. In Daftary, Farhad ed. Mediaeval Isma'ili History and Thought. The Fatimid Empire. The History of Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. New York: Penguin Classics. Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt2. Auflage Retrieved 17 September Early Medieval Europe. List of revolutions and rebellions - Wikipedia

Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Preview — Rebellions and Revolutions by Jack Gray. Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the s to the s by Jack Gray. Why did Imperial China collapse? What were the causes of the rise to power of the Chinese Communist Party? Why did Commuist China Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 against Stalinist methods of socialist construction? These are among the questions addressed in this comprehensive, one-volume history of China from the s to the present. Gray focuses on China's problems of development--the decay and c Why did Imperial China collapse? Gray focuses on China's problems of development--the decay and collapse of the Chinese Empire, its failure to recover in the first Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 of the twentieth century, its rapid recovery since the Communist Party revolution of and carries his analysis through to the massacre in Tiananmen Square. His accessible text is supplemented by a chronology, eight maps, full notes and index, and a list of further reading, making this an indispensable volume for all students of Chinese and Asian history. Get A Copy. Paperbackpages. More Details Original Title. Other Editions 1. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Rebellions and Revolutionsplease sign up. Be the first to ask a question about Rebellions and Revolutions. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 3. Rating details. All Languages. More filters. Sort order. Start your review of Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the s to the s. Samantha rated it really liked it Apr 17, Kakistos rated it it was ok Jul 17, Tom rated it liked it Jul 08, Jacob Levich rated it really liked it Jan 03, Jules rated it liked it May 02, Mary rated it liked it Jun 14, Andrea Scheibler rated it really liked it Sep 07, Subramaniam Thirumeni rated it really Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 it May 17, Jane Wong rated it liked it Jul 09, Shaun rated it really liked it Feb 06, Olivia rated it liked it Nov 20, Carrie marked it as to-read Mar 27, Emily added it May 29, Kate marked it as to-read Apr 02, Kwong Man ki Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 it as to-read Oct 19, Ying marked it as to-read Nov 05, Aishwarya marked it as to-read Mar 03, GaiaP marked it as to-read Apr 26, Victoria Chan added it May 13, Bonnie Greenway marked it as to-read Jan 06, Sb marked it as to-read Jan 09, April Edwards marked it as to-read Aug 14, Aishi Chakraborty marked it as to-read Sep 03, Mark Chapman marked it as to-read Nov 04, Nicholas Stark added it Jan 28, Aaron marked it as to-read Jan 29, Igrowastreesgrow marked it as to-read Feb 28, Trevor marked it as to-read Feb 05, Sara Rraklli marked it as to-read Apr 30, Ho Ming marked it as to-read Jan 07, Linus Vieira marked it as to-read Feb 07, There are no discussion topics on this book yet. About Jack Gray. Jack Gray. Books by Jack Gray. Escape the Present with These 24 Historical Romances. You know the saying: There's no time like the present In that case, we can't Read more Trivia About Rebellions and Re No trivia or quizzes yet. Welcome back. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. List of rebellions in China - Wikipedia

This is an incomplete list of some of the rebellionsrevolts and revolutions that have occurred in China. At the beginning of the , Emperor Gao had made many of his relatives princes of certain sections, about one-third to one-half of the empire. During the reign of Emperor Wenthese princes were still setting their own laws, but they were also casting their own coins albeit with Emperor Wen's approval and collecting their own taxes. Many princes were effectively ignoring the imperial government's authority within their own principalities. Liu Pi, therefore, started a rebellion. Two other principalities agreed to join— Qi modern central and Jibei modern northwestern Shandong — but neither actually Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000. The princes also requested help from the southern independent kingdoms of Donghai modern and Minyue modern Fujianand the powerful northern Xiongnu. Donghai and Minyue sent troops to participate in the campaign, but Xiongnu, after initially promising to do so as well, did not. The seven princes, as part of their political propaganda, claimed that Chao Cuo was aiming to wipe out the principalities, and that they would be satisfied if Chao were executed. In AD 17, Jing Province modern Hubei, Hunanand southern was suffering from a that was greatly exacerbated by the corruption and incompetence of Xin officials. The victims of the famine were reduced to consuming wild Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000, and even those were in short supply, causing the suffering people to attack each other. Within a few months, 7, to 8, men gathered together under their commands. This carried on for several years, during which they grew to tens of thousands in size. Wang sent messengers issuing pardons in hopes of causing these rebels to disband. Once the messengers returned to the Xin capital Chang'ansome honestly reported that the rebels gathered because the harsh laws made it impossible for them to make a living, and therefore they were forced to rebel. Some, in order to flatter , told him that these were simply evil resistors who needed to be killed, or that this was a temporary phenomenon. Wang listened to those who flattered him and generally relieved those who told the truth from their posts. Wang made no further attempts to pacify the rebels, but instead decided to suppress them by force. In reality, the rebels were forced into rebellion to survive, and they were hoping that eventually, when the famine was over, they could return home to farm. As a result, they never dared to attack cities. When the governor tried to retreat, his route was temporarily cut off by Ma Wu who allowed him to escape, not wanting to Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 the government more than the rebels had done Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000. By this point, they had 50, men. Circa AD 17, due to Wang Mang's incompetence in ruling—particularly in the implementation of his land reform policy—and a major Yellow River affecting modern Shandong and northern Jiangsu regions, the people, who could no longer subsist on farming, were forced into rebellion to try to survive. The rebellions were numerous and fractured. A Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 cause of the Yellow Turban Rebellion was an agrarian crisis where famine forced many farmers and former military settlers in the north to seek employment in the south, whose large landowners took advantage of the labor surplus and amassed large fortunes. The situation was further aggravated by smaller along the lower course of the Yellow River. Further pressure was added on the peasants by high taxes imposed on them in order to build fortifications along the Silk Roadand garrisons against foreign infiltrations and invasions. From AD on, landlords and peasants Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 irregular armed bands, setting the stage for class conflict. At the same time, the Han dynasty showed internal weakness. The power of the landowners had been a problem for a long time already see Wang Mangbut in the run-up to the Yellow Turban Rebellion, the court eunuchsin particular, gained considerable influence over the emperor, which they abused to enrich themselves. Ten of the most powerful eunuchs formed a group known as the Ten Regular Attendants and the emperor referred to one of them, Zhang Rang Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000, as his "foster father. Against this backdrop, the and floods were Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 as an indication that a decadent emperor had lost his mandate of heaven. The brothers had founded a Taoist religious sect in Shandong Province. Zhang Jiao was said to be a sorcerer and styled himself as the Great Teacher. Early in the 2nd century AD, Zhang Daoling used his popularity as a faith healer and religious leader to organize a theological movement against the Han dynasty from the widespread poverty and corruption that oppressed the peasants under its rule. He gathered many followers from the area by not only providing a source of hope for the disparaged, but also by reforming religious practices into a more acceptable format. This created one of the first organized religious movements in China. This state continued for over 30 years until Zhang Lu's defeat and surrender to the general Cao Cao. After Zhang Lu's surrender, he relocated to the Han court where he continued to live until the Han dynasty was replaced by the regime. Zhang Lu then used his own popularity as a religious leader to lend legitimacy to the new Wei court, proclaiming that the Wei court had inherited divine authority from the Tao church, as well as from Confucian laws. The rebellion spanned the reigns of three emperors. The first, Emperor Xuanzongescaped to Sichuan. Along the way, his soldiers demanded the death of an official, Yang Guozhongand his cousin, Consort Yang. Emperor Suzonga son of Emperor Xuanzong, was proclaimed emperor by the Tang army and eunuchs, while another group of local officials and Confucian literati proclaimed another prince as the new emperor in Jinling present-day . It was begun by An Lushan in the 14th year of Tianbao but, after the assassination of his son An Qingxuthe revolt was led by his former subordinate Shi Siming. Although successful at suppressing the rebellion, the was badly weakened by it, and in its remaining years was troubled by persistent warlordism. In the second half of the 17th century, they revolted against the Qing government. This rebellion came as the Qing rulers were establishing themselves after their conquest of China in and was the last serious threat to their imperium until the 19th-century conflicts that ultimately brought about the end of the dynasty in The revolt was followed by almost a decade of civil war which extended across the breadth of China. Inthe Qing government granted Wu Sangui, a man to whom they were indebted for the conquest of China, both civil and military authority over the province of Yunnan. Inafter the execution of Zhu Youlangthe last claimant to the Ming Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000, Wu was also given jurisdiction over . In the next decade he consolidated his power, and by his influence had spread to include much of Hunan, Sichuan, Gansu and even Shaanxi. Two other powerful defected military leaders also developed similar powers: Shang Zhixin in and Geng Jingzhong in Fujian. They ruled their feudatories territories as their own domains and the Qing government had virtually no control over the provinces in the south and southwest. Bythe Kangxi Emperor had determined that these feudatories were a threat to the Qing regime. InShang Zhixin submitted a memorial requesting permission to retire and in August of the same year, a similar request arrived from Wu Sangui, designed to test the court's intentions. The Kangxi Emperor went against the majority view in the Council of Princes and High Officials and Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 the request. News of Wu's rebellion reached in January It broke out among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Societya secret religious society that forecasted the advent of the Buddha Maitreyaadvocated the restoration of the Ming dynastyand promised personal salvation to Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 followers. At first, the Qing government, under the control of Heshensent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. On assuming effective power inhowever, the Jiaqing Emperor r. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into a militia by the name of tuanlian. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Although the Qing finally crushed the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The Eight Trigrams uprising of broke out in China under the Qing dynasty. Inthe leaders of the Eight Trigram Sect Bagua jiao also known as the Sect of Heavenly Order Tianli jiao announced that leader Li Wencheng was a 'true lord of the Ming' and declared as the year for rebellion, while Lin Qing declared himself the reincarnation of Maitreya, the prophesied future Buddha in Buddhism, using banners with the inscription "Entrusted by Heaven to Prepare the Way", a reference to the popular novel Water Margin. They considered him sent by the Eternal Unborn Mother of esoteric Chinese religions, to remove the Qing dynasty whom they regarded as having lost the Mandate of Heaven to rule. The group won support from several powerful Eunuchs in the Forbidden City. On 15 Septemberthe group attacked the imperial palace in Beijing. The rebels made it into the city, and may have been successful in overthrowing the Qing had not Prince Mianning—the future emperor—used his forbidden musket to repel the invaders. The rebellion is seen as being similar to the previous White Lotus Rebellion, with the former being of religious intent and the latter leaders of the Eight Trigram appearing more interested in personal power by overthrowing the Qing dynasty. Most sources put the total deaths at about 20 million, [3] although some claim tolls as high as 50 million. Hong Xiuquan gathered his support in a time of considerable turmoil. The country had suffered a series of natural , economic problems and defeats at the hands of the Western powersproblems that the ruling Qing dynasty did little to lessen. Anti-Qing sentiment was strongest in the south, and it was these disaffected that joined Hong. The sect extended into militarism in the s, initially against banditry. The persecution of the sect was the spur for the struggle to develop into guerrilla warfare and then into full-blown war. The revolt began in Guangxi province. In early Januarya ten-thousand-strong rebel army routed Qing imperial forces at the town of Jintian in the Jintian Uprising. The Qing forces attacked but Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880s to 2000 driven back. In AugustHong declared the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with himself as absolute ruler. The revolt spread northwards with great rapidity. The city became the movement's capital and was renamed Tianjing lit. The rebellion failed to topple the Qing dynastybut caused immense economic devastation and loss of life that became one of the major long-term factors in the collapse of the Qing regime. The Nian movement was formed in the late s by Zhang Lexing and, bynumbered approximately 40, Unlike the Taiping Rebellion, though, the Nian movement initially had no clear goals or objectives aside from criticism of the Qing government. However, the Nian rebels were provoked into taking direct action against the Qing regime following a series of ecological disasters. Inthe Yellow River burst its banks, flooding hundreds of thousands of square miles and causing immense loss of life. The Qing government slowly began cleaning up after the , but were unable to provide effective aid as government finances had been drained during the Opium War with the British, and the ongoing slaughter of the Taiping Rebellion. The damage created by the disaster had still not been repaired when, inthe river burst its banks again, drowning thousands and devastating the fertile province of Jiangsu. At the time, the Qing government was trying to negotiate a deal with the Western powers, and as state finances had been so severely depleted, the regime was unable to provide effective relief aid. This enraged the Nian movement, who blamed the Westerners for contributing to China's troubles, and increasingly viewed the Qing government as incompetent and cowardly in the face of the Western powers. InZhang Lexing took direct action by launching attacks against government troops in central China. By the summer, the fast-moving Nian cavalry, well-trained and fully equipped with modern firearms, had cut the lines of communication between Beijing and the Qing armies fighting the Taiping rebels in the south. Qing forces were badly overstretched as rebellions broke out across China, allowing the Nian armies to conquer large tracts of land and gain control over economically vital areas. The Nian fortified their captured cities and used them as bases to launch cavalry attacks against Qing troops in the countryside, prompting local towns to fortify themselves against Nian raiding parties. This resulted in constant fighting which devastated the previously rich provinces of Jiangsu and Hunan. In earlythe Qing government sent the Mongol general Sengge Rinchenwho had recently crushed a large Taiping rebel army, to defeat the Nian.