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El Diagnóstico En Odontología. De La Teoría Al Quehacer Clínico

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El Diagnóstico En Odontología. De La Teoría Al Quehacer Clínico EL DIAGNÓSTICO EN ODONTOLOGÍA DE LA TEORÍA AL QUEHACER CLÍNICO ● A A ● El Diagnóstico En oDontología De la teoría al quehacer clínico El Diagnóstico En oDontología De la teoría al quehacer clínico Colección Salud 1 Arnulfo Arias Rojas El objetivo de esta obra es mostrar aspectos generales de las enfermedades que son más frecuentes en la consulta del odontólogo, haciendo énfasis en lo fundamental y lo práctico. Se inicia con la historia clínica, pasando por las alteraciones del sistema estomatogenético, y se finaliza con las enfermedades sistémicas que comprometen al paciente y que representan para el profesional un reto académico. Este libro es un complemento y no tiene como objetivo sustituir los criterios del profesional, pero sí ofrecer elementos para actualizar sus conocimientos y afinar sus habilidades diagnósticas. En el texto se describen numerosas enfermedades desde el componente clínico, histológico y radiográfico en una forma sencilla, logrando así que los temas sean comprendidos y aplicados fácilmente. En la primera parte se expone lo referente a la historia clásica sin un formato predeterminado, pero sí con una secuencia lógica que permita al profesional investigar según sus propias habilidades sin dejar ningún contenido que podría ser de utilidad en el diagnóstico. La segunda parte es una aproximación a las lesiones más prevalentes en la consulta odontológica. No se profundiza en la histopatología porque este texto tiene una finalidad ante todo clínica; lo más importante es lograr identificar una lesión entre un grupo de posibles diagnósticos diferenciales y así determinar el diagnóstico final, apoyado en estudios paraclínicos y el reporte histopatológico. El material fotográfico original está compuesto por 438 imágenes recopiladas durante varios años de trabajo clínico del autor, como profesor universitario, las cuales muestran lesiones con características particulares que acercan al lector a un conocimiento más preciso sobre la enfermedad. 2 El Diagnóstico En oDontología De la teoría al quehacer clínico Arnulfo Arias Rojas El Diagnóstico En oDontología De la teoría al quehacer clínico Colección Salud 3 Arnulfo Arias Rojas Arias Rojas, Arnulfo El diagnóstico en odontología / Arnulfo Arias Rojas. -- Cali: Universidad del Valle, 2008. 396 p.: il.; 24 cm. Incluye bibliografías. ISBN 978-958-670-658-2 1. Odontología. 2. Odontología – Diagnóstico. 3. Enfermedades de la boca. I. Tít. 617.6 cd 21 ed. A1183376 CEP-Banco de la República-Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango Universidad del Valle Programa Editorial Título: El diagnóstico en odontología Autor: Arnulfo Arias Rojas ISBN: 978-958-670-658-2 ISBN PDF: 978-958-765-609-1 DOI: 10.25100/peu.76 Colección: Salud Primera Edición Impresa julio 2008 Edición Digital febrero 2018 Rector de la Universidad del Valle: Édgar Varela Barrios Vicerrector de Investigaciones: Jaime R. Cantera Kintz Director del Programa Editorial: Francisco Ramírez Potes © Universidad del Valle © Arnulfo Arias Rojas Diseño de carátula: Programa Editorial Diagramación: Feriva S.A. Este libro, o parte de él, no puede ser reproducido por ningún medio sin autorización escrita de la Universidad del Valle. El contenido de esta obra corresponde al derecho de expresión del autor y no compromete el pensamiento institucional de la Universidad del Valle, ni genera responsabilidad frente a terceros. El autor es el responsable del respeto a los derechos de autor y del material contenido en la publicación (fotografías, ilustraciones, tablas, etc.), razón por la cual la Universidad no puede asumir ninguna responsabilidad en caso de omisiones o errores. Cali, Colombia, febrero de 2018 4 El Diagnóstico En oDontología De la teoría al quehacer clínico AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi familia, por permitir que muchas horas que le correspondían las dedicara yo a la elaboración de este libro, especialmente a mi hija Alejandra por sus aportes académicos. A los alumnos de la Escuela de Odontología de la Universidad del Valle, por la cooperación en sus trabajos y discusiones académicas durante las rotaciones hospitalarias y a los profesionales del área de Tumores de Cabeza y Cuello del Hospital Universitario Evaristo García. A cada uno de los autores que cito como referencia y de cuyas obras tomé algunos apartes. Finalmente, al profesor Diego Vallejo por asistirme con sus conocimientos sobre fotografía. 5 Arnulfo Arias Rojas PÁGINA EN BLANCO EN LA EDICIÓN IMPRESA 6 El Diagnóstico En oDontología De la teoría al quehacer clínico PRÓLOGO Para mí es satisfactorio poder plasmar en este texto algunos conocimientos acerca de las lesiones del sistema estomatognático, aplicando en él la experiencia de treinta años en las prácticas hospitalarias que me han permitido obtener una visión un poco más clara acerca de estas patologías. El objetivo de esta obra es presentar enfermedades que son frecuentes en la consulta del odontólogo, aunque no quedan cubiertos todos los aspectos acadé- micos de estos temas. El contenido de este libro no reemplaza los tratados de odontología ya que éstos son textos más especializados. Esta obra sistematizada sólo incluye una parte de estas patologías con énfasis en lo fundamental y lo práctico, iniciando en la historia clínica, pasando por las alteraciones del sistema estomatognático y terminando en las enfermedades sistémicas que comprometen al paciente y que representan para el profesional un reto académico para superar las posibles dificultades. Este libro es un complemento y no tiene como objetivo sustituir los criterios del profesional, pero sí ofrecer elementos para actualizar sus conocimientos y afinar sus habilidades diagnósticas. En el texto se relacionan numerosas enfermedades desde los componentes clínico, histológico y radiográfico, en una forma sencilla para lograr que los conocimientos sean comprendidos y aplicados fácilmente. En la primera parte se expone lo referente a la historia clínica sin un formato predeterminado, pero sí con una secuencia lógica que permite al profesional in- dagar según sus propias habilidades pero sin dejar de lado ningún contenido que podría ser de utilidad en el diagnóstico. La segunda parte es una aproximación a las lesiones prevalentes en la consulta odontológica. No se profundiza en la histopatología porque este texto tiene una finalidad ante todo clínica; lo más im- 7 Arnulfo Arias Rojas portante es lograr identificar una lesión entre un grupo de posibles diagnósticos diferenciales y así determinar el diagnóstico final apoyado en estudios paraclínicos y el reporte histopatológico. El material fotográfico original, compuesto por 438 imágenes recopiladas durante varios años en mi trabajo clínico como profesor universitario, muestra lesiones con características particulares que acercan al lector a un conocimiento más preciso sobre la enfermedad. Este libro contribuirá de alguna manera al desempeño profesional de los odontólogos y a la formación de los estudiantes de odontología y algunas espe- cialidades médicas que incluyen otorrinolaringología. De antemano ofrezco disculpas si involuntariamente no se menciona algún autor en los apartes del texto. El autor 8 El Diagnóstico En oDontología De la teoría al quehacer clínico CONTENIDO Capítulo I Historia y examen clínico estomatológico ..........................................................21 Definiciones ................................................................................................................... 21 Semiología ............................................................................................................... 21 Síntoma .................................................................................................................... 21 Clases de síntomas ................................................................................................ 21 Cómo se identifica un síntoma ............................................................................. 22 Síndrome.................................................................................................................. 22 Protocolo para la elaboración de la historia clínica ....................................................... 22 I. Identificación ........................................................................................................ 24 II. Anamnesis ........................................................................................................... 24 Recomendaciones para la realización de la anamnesis ........................................ 24 Componentes de la anamnesis .............................................................................. 25 Revisión por sistemas ........................................................................................... 27 Sistema nervioso ................................................................................................... 27 III. Examen físico general ....................................................................................... 32 1. Aspecto general ................................................................................................ 33 2. Signos vitales ................................................................................................... 33 IV. Examen estomatológico ..................................................................................... 35 Extraoral ............................................................................................................... 35 A. Cráneo ............................................................................................................ 36 B. Cabeza
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