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A Functional Model for Fourth Generation Languages

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A Functional Model for Fourth Generation Languages A111D2 HbTSHS Computer Science A1 11 02469242 Fioh. r- and Technology NBS NBS Special Publication 500-138 PUBLICATIONS A Functional Model for Fourth Generation Languages Gary E. Fisher #500-138 1986 . M he National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The jy Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Institute for Materials Science and Engineering The National Measurement Laboratory Provides the national system of physical and chemical measurement; • Basic Standards^ coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and • Radiation Research furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and • Chemical Physics chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, in- • Analytical Chemistry dustry, and commerce; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; conducts physical and chemical research; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: The National Engineering Laboratory Provides technology and technical services to the public and private sectors to Applied Mathematics address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in Electronics and Electrical engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and main- Engineering^ tains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this Manufacturing Engineering research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement Building Technology capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops Fire Research test methods and proposes engineering standards and code changes; develops Chemical Engineering^ and proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. TTie Laboratory consists of the following centers: The Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology Conducts research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Programming Science and Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of com- Technology puter technology to improve effectiveness and economy in Government Computer Systems operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Engineering Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological ad- visory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government. The In- stitute consists of the following centers: 77?^ Institute for Materials Science and Engineering Conducts research and provides measurements, data, standards, reference • Ceramics materials, quantitative understanding and other technical information funda- • Fracture and Deformation mental to the processing, structure, prop)erties and performance of materials; • Polymers addresses the scientific basis for new advanced materials technologies; plans • Metallurgy research around cross-country scientific themes such as nondestructive • Reactor Radiation evaluation and phase diagram development; oversees Bureau-wide technical programs in nuclear reactor radiation research and nondestructive evalua- tion; and broadly disseminates generic technical information resulting from its programs. The Institute consists of the following Divisions: 'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Gaithersburg, MD 20899. ^Some divisions witiiin the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303. -Located at Boulder, CO, with some elements at Gaithersburg, MD. RESEARCH Computer Science WF0P.V>TiON and Technology ^'0 NBS Special Publication 500-138 A Functional Model for Fourth Generation Languages Gary E. Fisher Center for Programming Science and Technology Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology National Bureau of Standards Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Issued June 1986 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary National Bureau of Standards Ernest Ambler, Director Reports on Computer Science and Technology The National Bureau of Standards has a special responsibility within the Federal Government for computer science and technology activities. The programs of the NBS Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology are designed to provide ADP standards, guidelines, and technical advisory services to improve the effectiveness of computer utilization in the Federal sector, and to perform appropriate research and development efforts as foundation for such activities and programs. This publication series v^ill report these NBS efforts to the Federal computer community as well as to interested specialists in the academic and private sectors. Those wishing to receive notices of publications in this series should complete and return the form at the end of this publication. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-600545 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 500-138 Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 500-138, 36 pages (June 1986) U.S. GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1986 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U S Government Printing Office, Wastiinglon, DC 20402 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 What is a Functional Model? 1 1.2 Objectives of the 4GL Functional Model 1 1.3 Scope of the 4GL Functional Model 2 1.4 Organization of the Report 2 2. WHAT IS A 4GL? 3 2 . 1 Language Generations 3 2.2 General Characteristics of 4GL 5 2.2.1 Compiled or Interpreted Code 5 2.2.2 Nonprocedural or Procedural 6 2.2.3 Productivity Improvement 6 2.3 Users of 4GL 7 2.3.1 Human Users 7 2.3.2 Other Users 8 3. 4GL FUNCTIONAL MODEL 9 3.1 User Functions 10 3.1.1 Screen Formatting 10 3.1.2 Menu Management 12 3.1.3 Message Prompting 12 3.1.4 Logical Device Management 12 3.2 Data Management Functions 12 3.2.1 Logical Data Structure Management ... 13 3.2.2 Data Storage and Retrieval 13 3.2.3 Archiving and Restoration 15 3.2.4 Auditing 15 3.2.5 Data Security 15 3.3 System Functions 16 3.3.1 File Handling 16 3.3.2 Job Control 16 3.3.3 Communications 17 3.4 Advanced 4GL 17 4. CONCLUSION 19 4.1 Summary of 4GL Functional Model 19 4.2 Typical Implementation of 4GL 19 4.3 The Future of 4GL=' 2 0 REFERENCES 2 3 A. GLOSSARY 2 6 ill LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 3-1. Functional View of 4GL 9 Figure 4-1. Typical 4GL Architecture 20 iv . PREFACE This report has been prepared by the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology in response to requests for information and reference materials made by Federal Government and private sector organizations over the past year. ICST formulated a schedule of tasks designed to organize and research the area of Fourth Generation Language (4GL) , and provide the needed informa- tion. Two products of these tasks are a forthcoming guide on the selection and use of 4GL, and a functional model designed to solidify the concept of 4GL into an objectively definable entity. A workshop on Application Development Productivity was held at the National Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg, Maryland, on November 13-15, 1985. The first day of the workshop was a plenary session on Fourth Generation Languages. Much of the discussion centered on an urgent requirement for information and guidance on 4GL. This impetus set the stage for accelerating the dissemina- tion of information and eventually led to the publication of this model This version of the Functional Model is a result of long and arduous discussion and evaluation by my fellow members of ICST, Martha M. Gray, James Hall, David Jefferson, Elizabeth Fong, and Joan Sullivan. I would like to thank them for their help and guidance. V — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report proposes a Functional Model for Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs) . The purpose of this functional model is to define Fourth Generation Language in a manner similar to specify- ing the functions of a specific software application. This definition process allows managers, technical personnel, and end-users to refer to a commonly understood terminology in the 4GL context. In addition, the interfaces between 4GLs and external entities (i.e. humans, operating systems, peripheral devices, and other application systems) can be identified and studied for research purposes and possible standardization. The capabilities provided by 4GLs are grouped into three major areas based on similarities in overall function. They are o User functions; o Data management functions; and o System functions. User functions define those capabilities necessary to provide a high level dialogue between the 4GL and users of the 4GL. Users of 4GLs may include humans and other systems. Data management functions provide capabilities
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