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9727-017-Cogito Dergisi-Say-17 Bizans Sayı: 17 Yıl: 1999 Cogito Üç aylık düşünce dergisi Sayı: 17 Yıl: 1999 ISSN 1300-2880 Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık Ticaret ve Sanayi A.Ş. adına sahibi: Selçuk Altun Editör: Serra Ciliv Yayın Kurulu Feridun Aksın, Vedat Çorlu, Aykut Köksal, Nevra Necipoğlu, Samih Rifat, Stefanos Yerasimos Dergi içindeki Eski Yunancadan çeviriler Esin Ozansoy tarafından yapılmıştır. Kapak Tasarımı Faruk Ulay - Nahide Dikel Baskı: Altan Matbaacılık Ltd. Şti. Yapı Kredi Plaza E Blok Manolya Sokak 1. Levent 80620 İstanbul Tel.: (O 212) 280 65 55 (pbx) Faks: {O 212) 279 59 64 http://www.ykykultur.com.tr Hesap no: Yapı Kredi Beyoğlu Şubesi 56 00 87-9 Yurtiçi fiyatı: 2.500.000.- TL Yurtlçi yıllık abone fiyatı: 10.000.000.-TL Yurtdışı yıllık abone fiyatı (taahhütlü gönderi): 50 $ / 83 DM Cogito'nun 17. sayısı 3000 adet basılmıştır. Cogito'da yayımlanan tüm yazıların sorumluluğu yazarına aittir. Dergide yer alan yazılar kaynak gösterilmek kaydıyla yayımlanabilir. Yayın Kurulu, dergiye gönderilen yazılan yayımlayıp yayımlamamakta serbesttir. Gönderilen yazılar iade edilmez. Bu Sayıda: 5 • 1998'den l 999'a ... Editörden 9 •Serra Ciliv Bir Bizans Klasiği 13 •Aziz Basileios •Yunan Edebiyatının Nasıl Okunacağı Konusunda Gençlere Söylev Haritada Bizans'ı Aramak 37 •Speros Vryonis •Bir Dünya Uygarlığı: Bizans 51 •Ge org Ostrogorsky •Bizans İmparatoru ve Hiyerarşik Dünya Düzeni 68 •Vi zörden Bizans: Haritalarla Düşünmek Bizans'ta Yaşamak 113 •Öna y Sözer •Yalnız Yaşama Reddiye ya da Theophanes 127 •Evelyne Patlagean •Yoksullar 161 •Alice-Ma ry Talbot •Bizans Manastır Sistemine Giriş 179 •Angeliki E. Laiou •Arzu, Aşk ve Delilik: Bizanslıların Gözüyle Cinsel İlişkiler 211 •Robert Browning •Bizans Toplumunda Okuryazarlık Üzerine Bir Kez Daha Düşünmek 226 •Tufan Turanlı •Kaptan Georgio_s ve Gemisi 235 •Nevra Necipoğlu • 15. Yüzyılın İlk Yansında Konstantinopolis'te Osmanlı Tacirleri Cogito, sayı: 17, 1999 247 •Samih Rifat •Sekiz Yüzyıllık Bir Tanıklık: Aleksiad 253 •Ayfer Tunç • "Titre Güneş! Yeryüzü Ağla! Çünkü Şehir Fethedildi!" 266 •Ihor Sevcenko •Entelektüellerinin Gözüyle Bizans'ın Çöküşü Bizans'ın Gözüyle Türkler I Osmanlı'nın Gözüyle Bizans 291 • Stefanos Yerasimos •Ağaçtan Elmaya: Apokaliptik Bir Temanın Soyağacı 339 •Melek Delilbaşı •Türk Tarihinin Bizans Kaynakları 352 •Mic hael Ursinus • Geç Dönem Osmanlı Tarih Yazımında Bizans Tarihi 361 • Michael Ursinus • "Der Schlechteste Staat": Ahmed Midhat Efendi'nin ( 1844-1913) Bizans Kurumları Hakkında Görüşleri Bizans: Nasıl Okundu, Neden Okunmadı? 367 •Orhan Duru •Biz ans Şaşırtıyor 374 •Doğan Kuban, Aykut Köksal, Ayla Ödekan, Uğur Tanyeli, Stefanos Yerasimos •Bizans'ın Mirası Üzerine Tartışma 395 •Murat Belge •Obadan Kubbeye: Tarih Yazımında Bir Ekol 402 •Bizans, Tarih ve Kültür Üzerine Cyril Mango İle Söyleşi 417 •Yazarlar Hakkında 1998'den 1999'a ... Yapı Kredi'nin, kültür-sanat-yayın üçgeninde yanın yüzyıla daya­ nan bir geçmişi olduğu biliniyor. 1950'li yıllarda Kazım Taşkent'in gi­ rişimi, Vedat Nedim Tör ve arkadaşlarının yol göstericiliği, Doğan Kardeş'ten Sanat Dünyamız'a, Folklor araştırmalarından Resim yarış­ malarına pek çok alanda kalıcı ürünler ortaya çıkmasını sağlamış, dü­ nün genç kuşaklarının yetişmesinde küçümsenmeyecek bir rol oyna­ yan bir bütünlük ortaya konmuştu. Süreç, ne yazık ki bir aşamada kopmaya uğramıştır. Bugünkü ulaştığı noktada, Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, tam on yıllık bir etkinlik dönemini ardında bırakmış bulunuyor: 1988'den başlayarak, Yapı Kredi'nin yeni yönetiminin kararlı deste­ ğiyle bir kez daha dönmeye koyulan üretim çarkları, bu süre içinde ortaya belli bir bütünlük çıkardı: 800'ü aşkın kitap, dört dergi, onlar­ ca CD ve kaset; Sanat Galerileri, Müze ve Kütüphanesiyle Kültür Mer­ kezinde açılan sergiler, düzenlenen sözlü etkinlikler; 11. yılında yakla­ şık 400 gösteri ve dinleti ile Yapı Kredi Festivali, panoramayı ana hat­ larıyla anımsatmaya yetecektir sanıyoruz. Önümüzdeki yıl içinde gü­ nışığına çıkarmayı planladığımız bir bilanço kitabı, 1988-1998 arası­ nın toplam üretimini olabildiğince ayrıntılı biçimde ortaya koyacak. Bu aşamada, kimi ilke ve hedeflerimizi anımsatmak, kimi somut projelerden hareketle yakın gelecek için bir ufuk çizgisinden sözet­ mek gerekiyor, düşüncesindeyiz. Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, kültür alanında kurumsal yaklaşımın, sürekliliğin, kalıcı ölçülendirmelerin önemine sıkısıkıya bağlı bir tür anayasadan yola çıktı. İnsan haklarına ve Demokrasi'nin çağdaş tanımına saygılı, çoğulcu bakış açısına dayalı, nitelikli emeğe Cogito, sayı: 17, 1999 6 1998'den 1999'a... yönelik bir perspektif içinde, eğitim boyutundan soyutlanmayan di­ siplinli bir program ana hedefimiz oldu, kaldı. Özellikle çoğulcu bakışaçısını korumanın güçlüğünden sözetmek isteriz. CD'ler, kitaplar ve "saygı geceleri" ile selamladığımız, selamla­ mayı sürdürdüğümüz Cemal Reşit Rey, İlhan Usmanbaş, Necil Kazım Alcses gibi çağdaş bestecilerimizin yanında Türk Tasavvuf Musikisi, Türk Sanat Musikisi, Aşık Veysel ya da Fazıl Say, Gilbert Becaud ya da Vanessa-Mae'yi odağa alan yayın ve etkinliklerden geri durmadık söz­ gelimi. 1999'da Dimitri Kantemir'in geleneksel musikimizi konu edi­ nen nazari çalışmasını özgün notalar ve CD'lerle destekleyecek, günü­ müz bestecilerinin önde gelenlerinden Stockhausen'i ya da Ertuğrul Oğuz Fırat'ı ağırlayacağız. Yayın alanında da tutumumuz farklı olmadı, olmayacak. Yahya Kemal'e eleştiriler getiren Mina Urgan'ın güzelim anı kitabının ya­ yımlanmasına içerleyen kimi okurlar 40. ölüm yıldönümünde Yahya Kemal'i ele alış biçimimiz karşısında geri adım attılar: Sergisiyle ka­ taloğuyla, konserleri, televizyon programlarıyla YKKSY soy şairimizi yoğun biçimde yeniden gündeme taşımakla yetinmedi, şairin müzesi­ nin onarımını da üstlendi. Biz, hem Yahya Kemal'in, hem Mina Urgan'ın yapıtını korumak­ tan, öne çıkarmaktan yana bir yaklaşım içindeyiz. Farklı dünya gö­ rüşlerine sahip iki düşünürün (Jameson ve Popper), farklı estetik an­ layışına sahip iki ressamın (Gün ile Selim Cebeci'nin), farklı siyasal görüşlere sahip devlet adamlarının (İnönü, Bayar, Fevzi Çakmak) ürünlerini seçerken onların bizim ya da sizin gibi düşünüp düşünme­ diklerini değil, kendi içlerinde değerli olup olmadıklarını ana kıstas olarak alıyoruz. Bu nedenle de, farklı perspektiflere sahip danışmanlar ile çalışı­ yoruz: Murat Belge ve İsmail Kara, Aydın Gün ve Ahmet Özhan'ın yanyana geldiği bir kuruluş YKKSY. 1998, büyük bir projeye yatının yaptığımız bir yıl oldu: Cumhuri­ yet' in 75. yıldönümü vesilesiyle büyük boy, 1300 sayfalık bir almanak, dev bir Yurttaş Sergisi, CD'ler ve kitaplar üzerinde yoğunlaştık yıl bo­ yunca. Cogito, sayı:l7, 1999 1998'den 1999'a... 7 1998' den 1999'a, bu kez Bizans üzerinde durarak geçiyoruz: Üç derginin özel sayılan, bir sergi, Sör Marie Keyrouz'un konseriyle. Ay­ nı anda, Doğan Kuban'ın dev "Divriği" kitabıyla Selçuklularda konak­ lıyoruz. Bu geçiş, l 999'da 700. kuruluş yıldönümüne vardığımız Os­ manlı'ya hazırlanmak için: Antoloji, ansiklopedi, dergi, sergi, CD ve kitaplarla kuşatacağımız bir büyük proje daha. Sonra sıra, şimdiden hazırlıklarını başlattığımız "2000 Kavşağı"na gelecek. Türkiye'nin gergin ortamı, kültür alanına da sıçrayan yersiz kay­ gılar doğuruyor. Cumhuriyet'i, Bizans'ı, Osmanlı'yı ele alıp üretmek, Anadolu'nun farklı kültürel ve tarihsel katmanlarının içinden düşüne­ rek, görerek, göstererek geçmek en doğru yol olarak gözüküyor bize. Tek korkumuz, gereksiz kısıtlar olmalı. Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, olanakları çerçevesinde, he­ pimizden çok şey bekleyen yeni, en yeni kuşaklar için, kültürün her alanında ortaya iş koymayı sürdürecek. Bizi başka bir yüzyıl, başka bir binyıl bekliyor. Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık Cogito, sayı: 17, 1999 Bizans sayısı üzerine çalışmaya başladığımız ilk günlerden birinde, birkaç editör birlikte Heybeliada'daki Aya Triada Manastın'na gittik. 9. yüzyılda ku­ rulan manastınn bünyesindeki Ruhban Okulu 1971 'de kapatıldığından beri boş olan binada, sınıfiar ve odalar, her an içine yeni öğrenciler gelecekmiş gibi hazır, tertemiz bekliyor. İçeride yaşayan dört rahip, okulun, kütüphanenin, bahçenin ve küçük kilisenin bakımıyla ilgileniyorlar. Heybeliada vapurundan baktığımızda en tepede duran Aya Triada, zaman zaman bizim gibi "ilgililer", zaman zaman da yurtdışından gelenler tarafından ziyaret ediliyormuş. Bodrum katta, asırlardır oluşan birikimiyle, bugün yüz yirmi binin üze­ rinde kitabı banndıran bir kütüphanesi var. Yunan ve Latin klasikleri, Bizans ve Roma tarihi, Kilise Mimarisi, Kilise İlahileri, Hukuk, Arkeoloji, Sanat Tari­ hi gibi konularda, Latince, Yu nanca, İngilizce, Fransızca, Almanca, Türkçe, İtalyanca ve Arapça kitaplar, bugün küfienmeye yüz tutmuşlar. Aralannda Bizans İmparatoru İsaakios Komnenos'un yaptığı bağışlar da var. Bizi gezdi­ ren rahibin söylediğine göre ara sıra kütüphaneden yararlanmak için birkaç akademisyen geliyormuş Aya Triada 'ya... Tü m güzelliğine rağmen soğuk ve yalnız bir mekandan söz ediyoruz. Ev sahipleri ise, hala ümitli olmalanna rağmen, biraz şüpheci ve mesafeliler. Tören odasını gezerken, Yu nanistan'dan ziyarete gelmiş olan rahip, çat pat İngilizcesiyle, Ruhban Okulu 'nun son ba­ şöğretmeni Maksimos hakkında şöyle dedi: "He was very very sad when the school closed, so sad, he died in a year. " Bir dergi editörü için böyle bir gezi, okunabilecek herhangi bir makaleden, yapılacak herhangi bir söyleşiden daha etkileyici bir başlangıç. Çünkü aslında, her ne kadar Bizans'tan bize kalan -ve zaman içinde unutturulmuş- mirası Cogito, sayı: 17, 1999 1 O Serra Ciliv özümsemeye çalışıyorsak da, tarihi ancak ucundan yakalayabileceğimizi
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