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“… Will Have Their Day!” the Collection of the Christian Arabic Manuscripts of Gregory IV of Antioch in St Petersburg*

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“… Will Have Their Day!” the Collection of the Christian Arabic Manuscripts of Gregory IV of Antioch in St Petersburg* ECA 8 (2011), p. 121-147; doi: 10.2143 / ECA.8.0.2961369 “… will have their day!” The Collection of the Christian Arabic Manuscripts of Gregory IV of Antioch in St Petersburg* Yuri PYATNITSKY INTRODUCTION dredth birthday3; and a second one in ECA4) and gave a talk at Leiden University in 2009. Life is abounding in strange coincidences, and The triptych from the Monastery of Our Lady those that should happen, will happen sooner or at Saydnaya was not the only object presented to later. Walking along the lovely streets of Leiden on the Russian tsar by Gregory IV. He had also handed the eve of my talk at the Paul van Moorsel Centre a rare embroidered epitaphios (katapetasma in at Leiden University, I inadvertently thought about Greek), which once belonged to the famous Bala- the vicissitudes of life. The subject of my talk was mand Monastery in Syria (now it is kept in the a rare Byzantine triptych with cloisonné enamels Hermitage collection)5, two gravestone reliefs from kept in the Melkite Monastery of Our Lady in Palmyra6, three Early Christian clay lamps, and a Saydnaya in Syria for many years. In 1913 it was large collection of Syrian glass of the 3rd-6th centu- brought to Russia by Gregory IV, the Patriarch of ries consisting of 51 objects7. Among the gifts Antioch, as a gift to the Russian Tsar Nicholas II. brought to the Russian tsar was a collection of From 1956, the triptych is preserved in the Byzan- ancient Christian Arabic manuscripts. Initially, the tine collection of the State Hermitage Museum. At collection was kept in the Winter Palace in St one time, it was a subject of research of my teacher, Petersburg, and, after the Bolshevik revolution in Professor Alisa Bank, curator of the Byzantine February 1919, it was transferred to the Asiatic collection of the Hermitage from 1930 to 1984. In Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1969, Bank published an article about the Sayd- Ignaty Krachkovsky, the renowned Russian naya triptych in which she suggested that it was Orientalist, studied the manuscripts, at first in the brought to Russia by Gregory IV, but at the time Winter Palace, and later in the Academy of she was unable to support her hypothesis with doc- Sciences. In 1908-1910, when Krachkovsky was umentary evidence1. studying the Arabic manuscripts in the libraries In 1980, I worked in the archives of St Peters- of Syria and Egypt, he was unable to convince burg (still Leningrad at that time) and Moscow, Gregory IV to show him the manuscripts from the trying to trace the provenance of the Byzantine patriarchal library in Damascus. But fate arranged objects preserved in the museums of Russia, then it in such a way that he could later study them in the Soviet Union. Bank was greatly interested in the motherland. Krachkovsky was preparing a my work and asked me to find any information on detailed scholarly catalogue of this collection, for the Saydnaya triptych. Unfortunately, for a long which he worked in the libraries in Germany and time my efforts were fruitless. Only after many the Netherlands, including Leiden’s University years, when Bank was not with us anymore, did it become possible to support her assertion with doc- umentary evidence2. It was in this way that my first * Translated by Jacob Izbitser, New York. 1 ‘meeting’ with Gregory IV took place. The prepara- Bank 1969, 177-182. 2 Pyatnitsky 1999, 51-54. tion of the Hermitage catalogue of the Byzantine 3 Pyatnitsky 2008, 182-203. and Old Russian cloisonné enamels once again 4 Pyatnitsky 2010, 87-118. brought me to the Saydnaya triptych and the Patri- 5 Pyatnitsky 1998, 110-111, 124-125, no. 161. 6 arch of Antioch. As a result, I published two articles Saverkina 1965, 168-179. 7 There are only a few objects from this collection that have (one in the Hermitage edition of the Alisa Bank been scholarly published: Kunina 1997, nos 158, 412, Festschrift, issued on the occasion of her one-hun- 430; Zizina/Khodza 2010, 249, no. 233. 121 995300_ECA8(2011)_08.indd5300_ECA8(2011)_08.indd 121121 227/02/137/02/13 115:265:26 Library. However, the outbreak of the First World My poems, written early, when I doubted War prevented Krachkovsky from finishing the that I could ever play the poet’s part, research, and he was forced to leave all his notes erupting, as though water from a fountain and materials in Leiden. As a result, in 1920, or sparks from a petard, Krachkovsky was only able to publish a short description of the manuscript collection of Gregory and rushing as though little demons, senseless, IV in Russian; later, in the 1960s, it was reprinted into a sanctuary, where incense spreads, in his Selected Works8. my poems about death and adolescence, For various reasons and due to changing circum- – that still remain unread! – stances, both Krachkovsky’s article and the collec- tion of manuscripts of Gregory IV are little known collecting dust in bookstores all this time, beyond a narrow circle of scholars. The details of where no one comes to carry them away, the history of how the manuscripts came to Russia my poems, like exquisite, precious wines, are even less known. For this reason, I would like will have their day! 9 to illuminate this story in my article using the orig- inal archival documents, and also to provide some THE ELECTION OF GREGORY IV HADDAD information about the content of the manuscripts taken from Russian scholarly publications, but On 26 January 1906, His Excellency Malatios II, mainly from the works by Krachkovsky. the Patriarch of Antioch, passed away. His demise In the spring of 2009, I wandered along the shocked the Orthodox Orient, since Malatios was beautiful streets of Leiden, probably the same ones the first patriarch of Syrian Arab origin who took that Krachkovsky walked along in the summer of the Antioch communion table after a yearlong 1914. Perhaps our boots even stepped on exactly interruption. His death put before the Church of the same stones. Though the decades separate the Antioch the painful question of the ethnicity of the two of us, a common interest in the persona of future pastor. The obstinate and ardent struggle Gregory IV and his collection of the ancient between the Greeks and Syrian Arabs that followed Christian Arabic manuscripts binds us. I walked the placement of the deceased Patriarch Malatios in along a narrow medieval street that led to a church 1899 was still well remembered10. In fact, a move- on a small square. A corner house hosted a book- ment for the ‘triumph of the Hellenism all over the store pompously named Templum Salomonis, and Orthodox Orient’ broke out in Athens, Jerusalem, above the store’s windows, on the white wall of and Alexandria after the death of Malatios, includ- the house, I suddenly saw the lines of a text in ing the Patriarchate of Antioch. The Patriarch Pho- Russian. These were the rhymes by Marina Tsve- tius of Alexandria and the Patriarch Damian of taeva, the famous Russian poetess, which she wrote Jerusalem appealed to the Oecumenical Patriarch in May 1913. It is a programme poem of all of her Ioakim III with letters on this issue. However, the work and in it, she wrote about her poems, but the latter did not support them at the time and last line – “… will have their day!” – was an answered with a document which, as I. Pomerant- answer to my thoughts about Patriarch Gregory sev wrote in an article, “should serve as an example IV, Orientalist Ignaty Krachkovsky, Byzantinist of peaceful archpastoric’s writings of our times, Alisa Bank, the ancient Byzantine objects in the because it is similar to the type of old patriarchal Hermitage collection, and the unique collection of encyclicals enunciated everywhere peace, brother- the manuscripts brought to Russia by the Patriarch hood, and love by its touchy sprit of love and har- of Antioch. mony, by its even and quite tone, and by its con- vincing argumentations”11. Patriarch Ioakim’s letter, accepted with joy by the Orthodox population of Syria, stirred up harshly negative reactions among the supporters of the philhellenism. Meanwhile, the Antiochene 8 Krackovskij 1960a, 427-428. 9 Cvetaeva 1979, 51. Church, following the Statutes of the Orthodox 10 On Patriarch Malatios, see Pomerantcev 1906, 246-288. Church of Antioch elaborated during the Patriarch 11 Pomerantcev 1907, 121. Malatios’ time, elected on 6 February 1906 the 122 995300_ECA8(2011)_08.indd5300_ECA8(2011)_08.indd 122122 227/02/137/02/13 115:265:26 Kaymakan of the patriarchal throne. It was the Metropolitan Athanasios of Emes, the oldest serv- ing archpastor in the Church of Antioch (Syrian Arab by origin). After that, in April and June, the elections of a new patriarch were conducted. There were two meetings (on 20 April and 5 June), and also, the approval of the original list of the candi- dates by the Turkish administration in Istanbul. As a result of this procedure, Gregory Haddad, the Metropolitan of Tripoli, was elected as the Patri- arch of Antioch (Pl. 1). Information about Haddad’s election was sent to Istanbul, and on 6 August 1906, a sultan’s irade, which approved Gregory in the rank of the patri- arch, as well as the Berat on his rights and privi- leges, was received. The ritual of enthroning of ‘the Most Blessed and Holiest Gregory IV, the Patriarch of the Great Divine city of Antioch, Syria, Arabia, Cilicia, Iberia, Mesopotamia, and All the East, Father of Fathers, and Pastor of Pastors, Bishop of Bishops, the thirteen of Apostles’12 was conducted on 13 August in Damascus, in the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary.
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