Education Law

johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 1 6/20/19 12:35 PM johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 2 6/20/19 12:35 PM Education Law

A Problem-Based Approach

fourth edition

Scott F. Johnson Professor of Law Concord Law School at Purdue University Global

Sarah E. Redfield Professor Emerita University of New Hampshire

Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina

ISBN 978-1-5310-1679-1 eISBN 978-1-5310-1680-7 LCCN 2019941698

Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 4 6/20/19 12:35 PM To my mother, Sandra M. Johnson, and the memory of my father, Thomas F. Johnson — SFJ

To Maggie and Lily and those who love them — SER

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Acknowledgements xix Table of Cases xxi

Chapter 1 · Foundational Principles 3 § 1.01 Introduction 3 Problem 1: Education at Risk and Bedrock Cases from the Supreme Court 4 Brown v. Board of Education (Brown I) 4 Brown v. Board of Education (Brown II) 7 San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez 8 Plyler v. Doe 18 Post Problem Discussion 22 § 1.02 State & Federal Interaction: The Supremacy and Spending Clauses 23 Problem 2: Homeless Students 25 Federal Law 42 U.S.C. § 11432 25 Hypo thet i cal State Law § 493:12 30 Lampkin v. District of Columbia 31 Post Problem Discussion 37 § 1.03 Federal Law: Sources & Governance 38 Activity 1: Federal Scavenger Hunt 40 § 1.04 State Law: Sources & Governance 41 Activity 2: State Scavenger Hunt 43 § 1.05 Local Law: Sources & Governance 44 Activity 3: Local Scavenger Hunt 45 § 1.06 Bringing the Pieces Together 46 Problem 3: The Boy Scouts Trail Through Sources of Law 46 New Jersey Anti-Discrimination Statute 47 Boy Scouts of America v. Dale 48 Boy Scouts of America v. Till 54 20 U.S.C. § 7905 Equal Access to Public School Facilities 56 34 C.F.R. § 108.3 et seq. 58 Post Problem Discussion 61

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Chapter 2 · School Funding 63 § 2.01 Introduction 63 § 2.02 Sources of Funding 64 § 2.03 School Funding Litigation — Background 64 § 2.04 New Hampshire’s School Funding Litigation 67 A. Introduction 67 B. Constitutional Obligations 69 Activity 1: Find Your State Constitutional Provisions and Court Decisions 70 C. Constitutionality of the Education Funding System 71 Problem 1: Education Funding Systems and Defining Adequacy 71 Claremont School District v. Governor (Claremont II) 72 Post Problem Discussion 78 D. Complying with Constitutional Obligations 79 Problem 2: State Education Funding — The ABC Plan 79 Opinion of the Justices (School Financing) 80 Claremont School District v. Governor (Claremont IV) 83 Post Problem Discussion 84 E. State Funding for All? 85 Problem 3: Targeted Aid 85 Opinion of the Justices (Reformed Public School Financing System) 85 Post Problem Discussion 88 § 2.05 Standards of Adequacy and Accountability 89 Problem 4: State Accountability Obligations 89 Claremont School District v. Governor (Claremont VII) 89 Post Problem Discussion 99 Activity 2: Accountability in Your State 99 § 2.06 Back to the Beginning: Basic Definitions and New Parties 100 Problem 5: Defining Adequacy 100 Londonderry School District SAU #12 v. State of New Hampshire 100 Post Problem Discussion 108 Activity 3: Defining Adequacy in Your State 109 § 2.07 The Cost of an Adequate Education 109 Activity 4: Determining the Cost of Adequacy in Your State 109 § 2.08 Remedies 110 Activity 5: Remedies in School Funding Cases in Your State 111

Chapter 3 · Employment 113 § 3.01 Introduction 113 § 3.02 Licensure/Certification Requirements 114 Activity 1: Find Your State’s Licensing Requirements 115 Problem 1: Revoking Teacher Certification for Out of School Conduct 116 Hypothetical State Licensing Statute: EDL § 32970 117

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Winters v. Arizona Board of Education 117 Thompson v. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction 120 Post Problem Discussion 125 § 3.03 Hiring, Collective Bargaining and Contracts 125 Activity 2: Find Your State’s Collective Bargaining Requirements 127 § 3.04 Termination — Removal, Dismissal and Non-Renewal 128 Problem 2: Teacher Removal & Dismissal 129 Memorandum 130 Hypo thet i cal State Statute 130 Wilson v. Des Moines Independent Community School District 131 Sanders v. Board of Education of Sioux City Community School District 134 Post Problem Discussion 138 Problem 3: Contract Non-Renewal 139 Memorandum 140 Hypo thet i cal State Statute 140 Teacher Non-Renewal Hearing Testimony — Ms. Anderson 141 Sharon Anderson Improvement Plan 143 Teacher Non-Renewal Hearing Testimony — Superintendent Vasquez 144 Post Problem Discussion 145 Activity 3: Tenure 145 § 3.05 Constitutional Due Process Protections 147 Problem 4: Due Process Requirements For Non-Tenured Teachers 147 Board of Regents v. Roth 147 Perry v. Sindermann 152 Post Problem Discussion 155 § 3.06 First Amendment Rights in Employment 156 Problem 5: “Teaching Chitlins in the Ghetto of Charlotte” 157 Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School 158 Garcetti v. Ceballos 162 Lane v. Franks 167 Post Problem Discussion 173

Chapter 4 · Instruction & Curricular Issues 175 § 4.01 Introduction 175 § 4.02 The Curriculum in Statute 176 A. State Law 176 Core Curriculum Framework; Purpose; Curriculum, N.M. Stat. Ann. § 22-13-1.5 176 Chapter 22. Public Schools Article 23: Bilingual Multicultural Education 177

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B. Federal Law 179 Activity 1: Find Curriculum Requirements 179 § 4.03 The Curriculum in Real Life 179 A. English as a Second Language 179 Problem 1: El Plan de Estudios en la Vida Real 182 Lau v. Nichols 183 Horne v. Flores 185 ESSA (formerly NCLB) Excerpt 193 Post Problem Discussion 199 § 4.04 Curriculum in Constitutional Context 200 Problem 2: Banning Bastard Out of Carolina 201 Bastard Out of Carolina by Dorothy Allison 201 Board of Education of Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico 202 Virgil v. School Board 208 Monteiro v. Tempe Union High School District 212 Post Problem Discussion 219 Problem 3: Academic Freedom 220 Keyishian v. Board of Regents 221 Boring v. Buncombe County Board of Education 223 Cockrel v. Shelby County School District 228 Post Problem Discussion 236

Chapter 5 · Attendance, Assignment & Placement 239 § 5.01 Introduction 239 Activity 1: Find Your State’s Compulsory Attendance Law 240 § 5.02 Compulsory Attendance 241 Problem 1: Amish Exceptions to Compulsory Attendance 241 Hypo thet i cal Compulsory Attendance Law with Amish Exceptions 242 Wisconsin v. Yoder 243 Fellowship Baptist Church v. Benton 247 Post Problem Discussion 251 § 5.03 Conditions of Admission, Placement, and Exit 251 Activity 2: Find the Admission and Exit Conditions in Your State 253 § 5.04 Homeschooling 253 Activity 3: Find Your State’s Homeschool Requirements 254 § 5.05 Residency 255 Problem 2: Residency Requirements 255 Hypo thet i cal State Residency Statute 256 Martinez v. Bynum 257 Post Problem Discussion 259 Activity 4: Find Your State Charter School Laws 260

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§ 5.06 Race and Gender in Public School Assignment and Attendance 261 Problem 3: The Majestic Equality of the Law Goes to School 265 Mendez v. Westminster 265 Grutter v. Bollinger 270 Parents Involved in Community Schools v. School District No. 1 284 Post Problem Discussion 301

Chapter 6 · Liability 307 § 6.01 Introduction 307 § 6.02 Torts — Negligence 308 A. Student Injuries 309 Problem 1: Space Monkey 309 Partin v. Vernon Parish School Board 310 Rollins v. Concordia Parish School Board 312 Post Problem Discussion 315 B. Injuries by Other Students 316 Problem 2: Kara and the Bullies 316 Busby v. Ticonderoga Central School District 317 Frazer v. St. Tammany Parish School Board 319 Post Problem Discussion 322 § 6.03 Intentional Torts 322 Problem 3: “Get Me My Paddle” 322 Mountain Ridge Corporal Punishment Policy 323 Maddox v. Boutwell 324 Hinson v. Holt 326 Post Problem Discussion 329 Activity 1: Find Your State Laws on Restraints 329 § 6.04 Defenses 330 Activity 2: Find Your State Defenses and Immunities 331 § 6.05 State Statutory Liability 332 Activity 3: Find Your State Anti-Bullying Statute 333 § 6.06 Federal Statutory Liability 334 A. Section 1983 Claims 334 Problem 4: Kara’s Claims Under Federal Law 335 Doe v. Covington County School District 335 Nabozny v. Podlesny 354 Post Problem Discussion 363 B. Title IX Liability 365 Problem 5: Kara’s Claims Under Federal Law — Part 2 366 Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District 366 Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education 373 Vance v. Spencer County Public School District 377 Rost v. Steamboat Springs RE-2 School District 383 Post Problem Discussion 387

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Activity 4: LGBT Students 388 § 6.07 Online Liability 389 Activity 5: Protecting Students Online 389 § 6.08 Bringing the Pieces Together 390 Problem 6: Controlling Classroom Behavior 390 Post Problem Discussion 391

Chapter 7 · Privacy Rights & Right to Know 393 § 7.01 Introduction 393 § 7.02 Constitutional Privacy Rights 394 Problem 1: Student Surveys 394 Rhoades v. Penn-Harris-Madison School Corporation 395 Post Problem Discussion 408 § 7.03 Privacy Rights Under Federal Statutes & Regulations 408 Problem 2: FERPA’s Confidentiality Requirements 409 20 U.S.C. § 1232g Family Educational and Privacy Rights 410 34 C.F.R. Part 99 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Regulations 414 Owasso Independent School District No. I-011 v. Falvo 425 Gonzaga University v. Doe 429 Post Problem Discussion 434 Problem 3: Directory Information 435 Post Problem Discussion 436 § 7.04 Online Privacy 436 Activity 1: Online Privacy Issues 437 § 7.05 Open Meeting Requirements 438 Problem 4: E-Mail and Right to Know Laws 439 Hypothetical State Right to Know Law 440 Lambert v. McPherson 444 Post Problem Discussion 448

Chapter 8 · Student Discipline 451 § 8.01 Introduction 451 § 8.02 The Standards for Discipline and the Role of Courts 451 Problem 1: Defining Conduct Subject to Discipline 452 New Town High School Discipline Policy 453 Hasson v. Boothby 454 Woodis v. Westark 457 Wood v. Strickland 460 Post Problem Discussion 464 § 8.03 Substantive & Procedural Requirements 464 Problem 2: Disciplinary Hearing Process 464 State Statute 466 State Education Regulations 467

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Relevant Portion of Harmony High School Discipline Policy 470 Letter to Parents 470 Police Report 471 Goss v. Lopez 472 Post Problem Discussion 476 Activity 1: Find Your State and Local Discipline Standards 479 § 8.04 Corporal Punishment 480 Problem 3: Federal Claims for Corporal Punishment 480 Ingraham v. Wright 481 Fee v. Herndon 485 Hall v. Tawney 488 Post Problem Discussion 492 § 8.05 Academic Discipline 493 Problem 4: The Guitarists 493 Regents of the University of Michigan v. Ewing 494 Illinois State Statutes 497 Illinois Administrative Code 498 School Handbook: Conduct/Discipline 499 Great High School Grading Policy 500 Post Problem Discussion 501 § 8.06 Discipline for Off-Campus Conduct 501 Problem 5: Ben and Clay’s Off Campus Activities 502 Smith v. Little Rock School District 503 Nicholas B. v. School Commissioner of Worcester 506 Galveston Independent School District v. Boothe 507 Howard v. Colonial School District 510 Post Problem Discussion 511 § 8.07 Drugs, Guns, and Zero Tolerance Policies 512 Activity 2: Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies 513 Problem 6: Zero Tolerance for Weapons 514 Penn School District Zero Tolerance Policy 515 Hypo thet i cal State Statute Ed 8731 515 Vann v. Stewart 515 Colvin v. Lowndes County Mississippi School District 520 Post Problem Discussion 524

Chapter 9 · Student Expression 527 § 9.01 Introduction 527 § 9.02 The Classic Cases — A Trilogy Plus One Sets the Standard 527 Problem 1: Applying Free Speech Standards 528 Tinker v. Des Moines 530 Bethel School District v. Fraser 534 Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier 538 Morse v. Frederick 542

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Post Problem Discussion 548 § 9.03 Dress Codes and Student Expression 552 Problem 2: T-Shirts with a Message 552 Boroff v. Van Wert City Board of Education 553 Guiles v. Marineau 556 B.H. v. Easton Area School District 561 Post Problem Discussion 570 Activity 1: State Constitutional Provisions 574 § 9.04 Online Speech 575 Problem 3: Making Fun of Your Teacher Online 575 J.S. v. Blue Mountain School District 576 Kowalski v. Berkeley County Sch. 594 Post Problem Discussion 601 § 9.05 True Threats 603 Problem 4: Convincing the Supreme Court to Resolve True Threat Issues in Schools 604 Ponce v. Socorro Independent School District 604 Lavine v. Blaine School District 609 Doe v. Pulaski County Special School District 617 Bell v. Itawamba School Board 623 Post Problem Discussion 636

Chapter 10 · Search, Seizure & Interrogation 641 § 10.01 Introduction 641 § 10.02 Applying T.L.O. 642 Problem 1: “?420” — “YBYSA!” 642 New Jersey v. T.L.O. 643 Klump v. Nazareth Area School District 646 S.V.J. v. State 648 Post Problem Discussion 649 § 10.03 Strip Searches 650 Problem 2: Searching for Answers 651 Safford Unified Sch. Dist. #1 v. Redding 651 Post Problem Discussion 657 § 10.04 School-Related Police Searches 658 Problem 3: Standards for Police Searches at School 658 State v. Alaniz 660 State v. Heirtzler 664 Post Problem Discussion 668 § 10.05 Random, Suspicionless Searches 668 Problem 4: Random Searches at School 669 Vernonia School District v. Acton 670 Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 v. Earls 675

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Post Problem Discussion 678 § 10.06 State Constitutions 680 Activity 1: Find Your State’s Search and Seizure Standards 680 § 10.07 Student Interrogation 681 Problem 5: Finding the PANDA Lab 681 J.D.B. v. North Carolina 682 In re T.A.G. 688 J.D. v. Commonwealth of Virginia 691 State v. Tinkham 693 Post Problem Discussion 695

Chapter 11 · Religion 697 § 11.01 Introduction and Overview 697 A. Establishment Clause Legal Standards 698 B. Free Exercise Legal Standards 701 § 11.02 Category One: Interaction with Private Religious Schools 702 A. Providing Materials and Services to Students at Religious Schools 702 Problem 1: Religious Organizations Providing Services to Public School Students 702 Lemon v. Kurtzman 704 Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District 709 Agostini v. Felton 711 Mitchell v. Helms 716 Post Problem Discussion 720 B. Vouchers 720 Problem 2: Vouchers in Your State 721 Zelman v. Simmons-Harris 722 Locke v. Davey 726 Post Problem Discussion 729 C. Public School Benefits andFree Exercise Rights 729 Problem 3: Public School Benefits and Free Exercise 730 Employment Division Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 731 Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Hialeah 735 Gary S. v. Manchester School District 737 Post Problem Discussion 740 § 11.03 Category Two: Religious Activities at Public Schools or School-Sponsored Events 740 A. School Prayer 741 Problem 4: Student Initiated Prayer at the Senior Prom 741 Lee v. Weisman 742 Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe 747 Post Problem Discussion 752 B. Pledge of Allegiance and Religious Activities 752

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Activity 1: Pledge of Allegiance and Religious Activities in Your State 753 C. Teaching Religion in Schools — Evolution vs. Creationism 754 Problem 5: Teaching Alternatives to Evolution 754 Epperson v. Arkansas 755 Edwards v. Aguillard 760 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 762 Post Problem Discussion 769 § 11.04 Category Three: Using Public School Facilities 769 Problem 6: Religious Student Groups at Public Schools 770 Equal Access Act 771 Board of Education of Westside Community Schools. v. Mergens 773 Good News Club v. Milford Central School 776 Post Problem Discussion 779

Chapter 12 · Special Education 781 § 12.01 Introduction 781 A. Background 781 B. Key Concepts in the IDEA 783 § 12.02 The Special Education Process 784 A. Overview 784 B. Eligibility for Services 784 Problem 1: Eligibility Under the IDEA 785 Relevant IDEA Regulations 785 Corchado v. Board of Education Rochester City School District 789 Hood v. Encinitas Union School District 794 Post Problem Discussion 799 Activity 1: Find Your State Requirements 801 § 12.03 FAPE 803 Problem 2: Is This FAPE? 804 Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley 805 Endrew F. v. Douglas Co. Sch. Dist. RE-1 811 D.S. v. Bayonne Board of Education 817 J.L. v. Mercer Island School District 824 34 C.F.R. § 300.322 Parent Participation 831 Post Problem Discussion 832 § 12.04 Placement 834 Problem 3: Unilateral Placements 836 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C) 837 34 C.F.R. § 300.148 Placement of children by parents when FAPE is at issue 838 Forest Grove Sch. Dist. v. T.A. 839 Post Problem Discussion 847

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§ 12.05 Addressing Student Behav ior 847 Problem 4: Disciplining Special Education Students 849 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k) 850 Shelton v. Maya Angelou Public Charter School 852 Fitzgerald v. Fairfax County School Board 856 Post Problem Discussion 862 § 12.06 Attorney’s Fees and Costs 865 Activity 2: Recovering Fees 866 Glossary 867 Index 887

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Professor Johnson would like to thank Sarah E. Redfield for her work on the first and second editions of this book. I would also like to thank Martin Pritikin, Dean of Concord Law School at Purdue University Global, and Shaun Jamison, Associate Dean of Faculty of Concord Law School at Purdue University Global for their support of my work. Last, but not least, thanks to my family for their love, support, and understanding of the time commitment involved in writing this book. Professor Redfield, of course, thanks Professor Johnson, whose idea this was and without whom it would never have reached reality. She also thanks the University of New Hampshire School of Law for its support of this work and her students for all they have taught her about education, teaching, and writing. We both would like to thank everyone at Carolina Academic Press for their assistance, particularly Keith Moore for his editorial assistance and guidance through the process. Please send questions, comments or feedback about the book to scott.johnson @purdueglobal.edu.

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A Aimster Copyright Litigation, In re, A&M Records v. Napster, Inc., 324, 433, 435, 440 435, 498 Aitken, Hazen, Hoffman, Miller P.C. v. A. Brod, Inc. v. S.K. & I Co., 475 Empire Constr. Co., 131, 172 Aalmmuhamed v. Lee, 200 Aitkin v. Empire Constr. Co., 463 Abbott Labs. v. Brennan, 470, 474 Alameda Films S.A. de C.V. v. Authors ABC, Inc. v. PrimeTime 24, 366 Rights Restoration Corp., 261 Abend v. MCA, Inc., 449 Alappat, In re, 34 Abeshouse v. Ultragraphics, Inc., 452 Alaska Stock, L.L.C. v. Houghton Mif- ABKCO Music, Inc. v. Harrisongs flin Harcourt Publishing Co, 270 Music, Ltd., 454, 476 Alberto-Culver Co. v. Andrea Dumon, ABKCO Music, Inc. v. LaVere, 476 Inc., 59 ABKCO Music, Inc. v. Stellar Records, Alcatel U.S.A., Inc. v. DGI Techns., Inc., Inc., 372 531 Abli, Inc., v. Standard Brands Paint Co., Aldon Accessories, Ltd. v. Spiegel, Inc., 178 189, 190 Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Aldrich v. Remington Rand, Inc., 84 Sciences v. Creative House Promo- Alexander v. Chesapeake, Potomac, and tions, Inc., 153 Tidewater Books, Inc., 460 ACEMLA v. Copyright Royalty Tribu- Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, nal, 369 Inc., 58, 62 Action Tapes, Inc. v. Mattson, 331 Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. v. Campbell, 508 112 Addison-Wesley Publ’g Co. v. Brown, Aliotti v. R. Dakin & Co., 81 301 Allen v. AcademicGames League of Adobe Sys. Inc. v. One Stop Micro, Inc., America, Inc., 85 326 Alliance of Artists and Recording Co. v. Advance Magazine Publishers, Inc. v. General Motors Co., 398 Leach, 527 Allied Artists Pictures Corp. v. Rhodes, Advertisers Exch., Inc. v. Anderson, 178 546, 552 Agfa Monotype Corp. v. Adobe Sys., ALS Scan, Inc. v. Digital Service Con- 402 sultants, Inc., 471 AGV Prods., Inc. v. Metro-Goldwyn- ALS Scan, Inc. v. RemarQ Cmtys., Inc. Mayer, Inc., 470 440, 444 Altera Corp. v. Clear Logic, Inc., 116

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Alva Studios, Inc. v. Winninger, 63 Artworks, Inc. v. Topps Chewing Gum, American Broad. Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc., 508, 510 Inc., 341, 342 ASCAP, United States v., 374 American Broad. Cos., Inc. v. Flying J, Assessment Tech. of WI, Inc. v. WIRE- Inc., 351 data, Inc., 462, 530, 532 American Code Co. v. Bensinger, 177 Asset Mktg. Sys. Inc. v. Gagnon, 215 American Dental Ass’n v. Delta Dental Associated Film Distrib. Corp. v. Plans Ass’n, 81 Thornburgh, 552 American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Associated Music Publishers, Inc. v. Inc., 482, 497 Debs Mem’l Radio Fund, Inc., 343, American Greetings Corp. v. Kleinfarb 346 Corp., 179 Associated Press v. All Headline News, American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister, 46, 538, 556 157 Association of Am. Med. Colleges v. American Visuals Corp. v. Holland, 151 Mikaelian, 416, 481, 488, 490 American Vitagraph, Inc. v. Levy, 151 Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of Am., Amsterdam v. Triangle Publications, 504 Inc., 135 Atari Games Corp. v. Oman, 59, 142 Amusement & Music Operators Ass’n v. Atari, Inc. v. Amusement World, Inc., Copyright Royalty Tribunal, 294 52 Anden Group v. Leesburg Joint Venture, Atari, Inc. v. JS & A Group, Inc., 320, 216 473 Anderson v. Stallone, 90 Atari, Inc. v. North Am. Philips Con- Andreas v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., sumer Elecs. Corp., 52 454 Atascadero Hosp. v. Scanlon, 477 Apple Barrel Prods., Inc. v. Beard, 275 Atherton, United States v., 328, 464 Apple Computer, Inc. v. Formula Int’l, Atlantic Recording Corp. v. Howell, 406, 299, 319, 320 149, 324 Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Attia v. Society of the New York Hospi- Corp., 85, 86, 421, 423 tal, 133, 136 Apple Computers, Inc. v. Franklin Author’s Guild v. Hathi Trust, 484, 522 Computer Corp., 101, 105, 106, 107, Authors Guild v. Google Inc., 521 421, 448 Avtec Sys. v. Peiffer, 194 Architectronics, Inc. v. Control Sys., Aymes v. Bonelli, 192 Inc., 469 Armento v. Laser Image, Inc., 188 B Armour v. Knowles, 415 Bailie v. Fisher, 58 Arnstein v. Edward B. Marks Music Baker v. Selden, 81, 83, 84, 106 Corp., 414 Balsley v. LFP, Inc., 488 Arnstein v. Porter, 417, 425, 427, 429 Banks v. Manchester, 95 Arrhythmia Research Tech., Inc. v. Barbour v. Head, 82 Corazonix Corp., 111 Barclay’s Capital, Inc. v. Theflyon- Arthur Retlaw & Assocs., Inc. v. Trave- thewall.com, Inc., 557 nol Labs., Inc., 99

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Bartok v. Boosey & Hawkes, Inc., 236, BMG Rights Mgmt. (US) LLC v. Cox 237 Comm’ns, Inc., 442 Bartsch v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., Board of Trade v. Dow Jones & Co., 46, 213 538 Basevi v. Edward O’Toole Co., 179 Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 325, 326 Bassett v. Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, Boisson v. Banian, Ltd., 430 467, 476 Bond v. Blum, 489 Batiste v. Island Records, Inc., 470, 475 Boneville Int’l Corp. v. Peters, 379 Batjac Prods. Inc. v. Goodtimes Home Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thundercraft Video Corp., 160 Boats, Inc., 128, 129, 541 Baxter v. MCA, Inc., 424 Boosey & Hawkes Music Publ’g, Ltd. v. Beacon Looms, Inc. v. S. Lichtenberg & Walt Disney Co., 214, 581 Co., 167, 169, 170, 171 Bourne Co. v. Tower Records, 448 Bean v. McDougal Littell, 549 Bourne Co. v. Walt Disney Co., 372, 473 Beauregard, In re, 111 Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc., Belcher v. Tarbox, 93 550 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 471 Branch v. Ogilvy & Mather, Inc., 459 Bellsouth Advertising & Publication Brandir International, Inc. v. Cascade Corp. v. Donnelley Information Pacific Lumber Co., 123 Pub., Inc., 72, 73 Brattleboro Publ’g Co. v. Winmill Belushi v. Woodward, 448 Publ’g Corp., 195 Benny v. Loew’s, Inc., 510 Brenner v. Manson, 35 Bentley v. Tibbals, 183 Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. v. Corel Berlin v. E.C. Publ’ns, Inc., 507, 509, 511 Corp., 63 Bessett v. Germain, 177 Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Bevan v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., Films, 310 425, 426, 438, 468 Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Justin Combs Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Publ’g, 463 Kindersley Ltd, 483 Bridgmon v. Array Sys. Corp., 417 Bilski v. Kappos, 33, 112 Bright Tunes Music Corp. v. Harrisongs Bird v. Parsons, 471 Music, Ltd., 415 Blanch v. Koons, 463, 482 Brilliance Audio, Inc. v. Haights Cross Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Comms., Inc., 330 Co., 47, 59, 118 Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Claire’s Bou- Blendingwell Music, Inc. v. Moor-Law, tiques, Inc., 351 Inc., 531 Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Blisscraft of Hollywood v. United Plas- Broad. Sys., Inc., 370 tics Co., 125 Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Moor-Law, Blueport Co. v. United States, 476 Inc., 370, 472 Bluewater Music Corp. v. Spotify Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Niro’s Palace, U.S.A., Inc., 315 Inc., 462 Blum v. Kline, 78 Broadcast Music, Inc. v. U.S. Shoe BMG Music v. Gonzalez, 475 Corp., 351 BMG Music v. Perez, 334 Bromhall v. Rorvik, 557

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Brooks-Ngwenya v. Indianapolis Pub. Capitol Records, Inc. v. Naxos of Am., Sch., 28, 82 Inc., 139, 158, 159 Brooktree v. Advanced Micro Devices, Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas, 324 Inc., 116 Capitol Records, Inc. v. Wings Digital Brown Bag Software v. Symantec Corp., Corp., 472 423 Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi, Inc., Brown v. Ames, 547 329 Brubaker v. King, 425 Capitol Records, LLC v. Vimeo, LLC, Bryant v. Gordon, 326 442, 445 Bryant v. Media Right Prods., 458 Cariou v. Prince, 483 Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co., 348, Carol Barnhart Inc. v. Economy Cover 358 Corp., 122 Bucklew v. Hawkins, Ash, Baptie & Co., Carson v. Dynegy, Inc., 528 88, 463, 549 Carson v. Here’s Johnny Portable Toi- Buffalo Broad. Co. v. ASCAP, 368, 370 lets, Inc., 44 Building Officials & Code Admins. Int’l Carter v. Hawaii Trans. Co., 69, 136 v. Code Technology, Inc., 95 Carter v. Helmsley-Spear, 192, 390, 391 Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 470 Cartoon Network LP v. CSC Holdings, Burke v. National Broad. Co., Inc., 150, Inc., 50, 298, 342 153 CBS Broadcasting, Inc. v. EchoStar Burnett v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Commc’n Corp., 366 Corp., 492 CBS, Inc. v. PrimeTime 24 Joint Ven- Burns v. Rockwood Dist. Co., 216 ture, 366 Burroughs v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, CCC Information Services v. Maclean Inc., 252, 253 Hunter Market Reports, Inc., 73, 81 Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. CDN Inc. v. Kapes, 73 Sarony, 48, 57, 200 Chamberlain Group, Inc. v. Skylink BV Eng’g v. Univ. of Cal., 477 Technologies, Inc., 405 Charles Garnier, Paris v. Andin Int’l, C Inc., 170, 171 C.M. Paula Co. v. Logan, 327 Chavez v. Arte Publico Press, 478 Cain v. Universal Pictures Co., 87 Cheerleaders v. Scoreboard Posters, Calio v. Sofa Express, Inc., 463 Inc., 511, 513, 514 Cambridge University Press v. Patton, Cheffins v. Stewart, 390, 392 492 Cheney Bros. v. Doris Silk Corp., 46, Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 68, 539 473, 482, 508, 509, 510, 511 Childress v. Taylor, 198, 200 Capital, Inc. v. Theflyonthewall.com, Christian Broad. Network, Inc. v. Copy- Inc., 46 right Royalty Tribunal, 294, 362 Capitol Records, Inc. v. Erickson, 540 Christopher Phelps & Assoc. v. Gallo- Capitol Records, Inc. v. Greatest way, 328, 447 Records, Inc., 540 Clarion Textile Corp. v. Slifka, 427 Capitol Records, Inc. v. Mercury Clarke v. G. A. Kayser & Sons, Inc., Records Corp., 98, 99 427–428

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Classic Media, Inc. v. Mewborn, 248 Coquico, Inc. v. Rodriguez-Miranda, 81 Clean Flicks of Colo., LLC v. Soder- Cordon Holding, B.V. v. Northwest bergh, 495 Publ. Corp, 262 Close v. Sotheby’s, 337, 554 Cortner v. Israel, 475 Code Revision Comm’n v. Public. Cosmair, Inc. v. Dynamite Enters., Inc., Resource.Org, Inc., 95 334 Cohen v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 212 CoStar Realty Info., Inc. v. Field, 472 College Entrance Book Co. v. Amsco Costello Publ’ns Co. v. Rotelle, 325 Book Co., 416 County of (See Name of County) Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc. v. Am. Soc’y Coventry Ware, Inc. v. Reliance Picture of Composers, Authors and Publish- Frame Co., 177 ers, 370 Craft v. Kobler, 492, 494, 514 Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc. v. DeCosta, Cream Records, Inc. v. Jos. Schlitz 540 Brewing Co., 453, 454 Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc. v. Scorpio Crume v. Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co., 84 Music Distributors, Inc., 334 Curb v. MCA Records, Inc., 580 Columbia Pictures Indus., Inc. v. Aveco, Inc., 340 D Columbia Pictures Indus., Inc. v. Prof’l Dam Things From Denmark v. Russ Real Estate Investors, Inc., 341 Berrie & Co., 263 Columbia Pictures Indus., Inc. v. Redd Dan Kasoff, Inc. v. Palmer Jewelry Mfg. Horne, Inc., 339, 340, 341, 531 Co., 177 Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. v Danjaq LLC v. Sony Corp., 528 Krypton Broadcasting, Inc., 457, 475 Darden v. Peters, 28, 136 Community for Creative Non-Violence Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox v. Reid, 190, 191, 202, 394 Film Corp., 386 Compaq Computer Corp. v. Ergonome, Data Cash Sys., Inc. v. JS & A Group, Inc., 462 Inc., 105, 149, 179 Compco Corp. v. DayBrite Lighting, Davies v. Krasna, 80 Inc., 46, 539 DaVinci Editrice, S.R.L. v. ZiKo Games, Computer Assocs. Int’l, Inc., v. Altai, LLC, 85 Inc., 85, 107, 423 Davis v. The Gap, Inc., 456, 463 Computer Entm’t, Inc. v. Connectix Davis v. United Artists, Inc., 99 Corp., 299 Dawson v. Hinshaw Music, Inc., 425 Computer Mgmt. Assistance Co. v. DC Comics, Inc. v. Filmation Assocs., Robert F. De Castro, Inc., 88 88 Conner v. Mark I, Inc., 179 DeCosta v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., Conopco, Inc. v. May Dep’t Stores Co., 538 468 Deere & Co. v. MTD Products, Inc., 38 Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. v. Gen- DeJonge & Co. v. Breaker de Kassler eral Signal Corp., 513 Co., 178 Continental Cas. Co. v. Beardsley, 84 DeliverMed Holdings, LLC v. Schalten- Co-Opportunities, Inc. v. Nat’l Broad. brand, 533 Co., 217, 527 Dellar v. Samuel Goldwyn, Inc., 480

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Deltak, Inc. v. Advanced Sys., Inc., 452 Demetriades v. Kaufmann, 132 E Denbicare U.S.A., Inc. v. Toys R Us, E.F. Johnson Co. v. Uniden Corp. of Inc., 326, 470, 474 Am., 430 Denmark v. Russ Berrie & Co., Inc., 417 E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Desny v. Wilder, 80 Christopher, 40 DeSylva v. Ballentine, 236 Easter Seal Soc’y for Crippled Children Devils Films, Inc. v. Nectar Video, 93, (and Adults of Louisiana, Inc.) v. 450 Playboy Enters., 190, 199 Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 33 Eastern Microwave, Inc. v. Doubleday Diamond v. Diehr, 33, 111 Sports, Inc., 358 Digital Commc’ns Assoc., Inc. v. Softk- eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, LLC, 328, lone Distrib. Corp., 273 447 DISH Network, Inc. v. FCC, 364 EchoStar Satellite LLC v. FCC, 366 Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. VidAngel, Eckes v. Card Prices Update, 73, 416 Inc., 407 Eden Toys v. Florelee Undergarment Dolman v. Agee, 195 Co., 63, 214, 217 Donahue v. Ziv Television Programs, Edison Bros. Stores Inc. v. Broad. Inc., 80 Music, Inc., 351, 352 Donald Frederick Evans v. Continental Edison v. Viva Int’l, Ltd., 386 Homes, Inc., 529 Edward B. Marks Music Corp. v. Foul- Donald v. Zack Meyer’s T.V. Sales and lon, 313 Serv., 59 Effects Assocs. v. Cohen, 215 Donaldson v. Beckett, 7 Eggers v. Sun Sales Corp., 69 Donna v. Dodd, Mead & Co., Inc., 199, Egyptian Goddess Inc. v. Swisa Inc., 126 202 Einhorn v. Mergatroyd Prods., 149 Dowling v. United States, 464 Elcom, Ltd., United States v., 404, 405 Downing v. Abercrombie & Fitch, 547 Eldred v. Ashcroft, 79, 227, 514 Dr. Seuss Enter., L.P. v. Penguin Books Elektra Ent. Group, Inc. v. Barker, 471 U.S.A. Inc., 511 Electra Ent. Group, Inc. v. Crawford, Dreamland Ball Room v. Shapiro, Bern- 450 stein & Co., 438 Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic DSC Communs. Corp. v. DGI Techs., Distributors, Inc., 432, 433 531 Ellison v. Robertson, 441 DSC Communs. Corp. v. Pulse Elsmere Music, Inc. v. Nat’l Broad. Co., Commc’ns, Inc., 506 510, 511 Duchess Music Corp. v. Stern, 313 Eltra Corp. v. Ringer, 98, 286, 558 Dumas v. Gommerman, 190 Elvis Presley Enters., Inc. v. Passport Dunlap v. G & L Holding Group Inc., Video, 494 557 EMI Christian Music Group, Inc. v. Durham Indus., Inc. v. Tomy Corp., 63, MP3Tunes, LLC, 458 473 EMI Entm’t World v. Priddis Music, 372 Dynamic Solutions, Inc. v. Planning & Encyclopedia Britannica Educ. Corp. v. Control, Inc., 423 Crooks, 488, 496

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Entertainment Research Group, Inc. v. Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Genesis Creative Group, Inc., 64 Inc., 455, 460, 463, 474, 475 Entertainment World v. Priddis Music, Ferguson v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 415, 416 372 Ferris v. Frohman, 156 Epoch Producing Corp. v. Killiam Field v. Google Inc., 441 Shows, Inc., 238 Filmvideo Releasing Corp. v. Hastings, Erickson v. Trinity Theatre, Inc., 198, 243, 419 199 Financial Info. v. Moody’s Investors Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 45, 537 Serv., 73, 75, 76 ESPN, Inc. v. Edinburg Cmty. Hotel, 351 First Am. Artificial Flowers, Inc. v. Esquire, Inc. v. Ringer, 101, 120, 131 Joseph Markovits, Inc., 159 Estate of (See Name of Deceased) Fisher v. Dees, 493, 510, 511 Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. Fitch v. Shubert, 243 CBS, Inc., 153 Flack v. Friends of Queen Catherine, Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits, Inc., 80, 88, Inc., 390 473 Fleischer Studios, Inc. v. Ralph A. Evans Newton, Inc. v. Chi. Sys. Soft- Freundlich, Inc., 177 ware, 190 Florence Art Co. v. Quartite Creative Ewer v. Coxe, 163 Corp., 178 Excel Promotions Corp. v. Babylon Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Educa- Beacon, Inc., 179 tion Expense Board v. College Sav- Experian Information Solutions, Inc. ings Bank, 478 v. Nationwide Marketing Services, Foad Consulting Group, Inc. v. Musil Inc., 73 Govan Azzalino, 215 Fogerty v. Fantasy Inc., 461, 462 F Fogerty v. MGM Group Holdings, Inc., F.E.L. Publ’n, Ltd. v. Catholic Bishops 461 of Chi., 370, 531 Folkens v. Wyland Worldwide, LLC, 81 Falwell v. Penthouse International, Ltd., Folsom v. Marsh, 480, 481, 486 56 Fonar Corp. v. Domenick, 473 Famous Music Corp. v. Bay State Har- Fonovisa, Inc. v. Cherry Auction, Inc., ness Horse Racing & Breeding Ass’n, 438 Inc., 438 Ford Motor Co. v. Summit Motor Fantastic Fakes, Inc. v. Pickwick Int’l, Prods., Inc., 168, 324 Inc., 163, 173, 211 Forest Park Pictures v. Universal Televi- Faulkner v. Nat’l Geographic Enters. sion Network, Inc., 546 Inc., 206 Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Fawcett Publ’ns, Inc. v. Eliot Publ’g Co., Television, Inc., 349, 357 327 Fourth Estate Pub. Benefit Corp. v. Feiner & Co., Inc. v. Turner Entm’t Co., Wall-Street.Com, LLC, 274 451 Fourth Floor Music, Inc. v. Der Place, Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tele- Inc., 438 phone Service Company, Inc., 57, 70, Fox News Network, LLC v. TVEyes, 91, 135, 556 Inc., 494

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Frank Music Corp. v. Metro-Goldwyn- Graham, Estate of, v. Sotheby’s, Inc., 336 Mayer, Inc., 453, 454 Grand Upright Music Ltd. v. Warner Fred Ahlert Music Corp. v. Warner Bros. Records, 310, 424 Chappell Music, Inc., 258 Granz v. Harris, 386 Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Greenburg v. Nat’l Geographic Soc’y, Sons, 239 206, 449 Frederick Music Co. v. Sickler, 239, 240 Grosso v. Miramax Film Corp., 546 Friedman v. Live Nation Merchandise, Grove Press, Inc. v. Greenleaf Publ’g. Inc., 411 Co., 68, 243, 301 Friedman, Eisenstein, Raemer & Schwartz v. Afterman, 469 H H.M. Kolbe Co. v. Armgus Textile Co., G 178 G. & C. Merriam Co. v. United Diction- Hadden, In re, 125 ary Co., 180 Haelan Labs., Inc. v. Topps Chewing G.B. Marketing U.S.A. Inc. v. Gerol- Gum, Inc., 43 steiner Brunnen GmbH & Co., 579 Hagendorf v. Brown, 170 Gaiman v. McFarlane, 87, 88, 527 Halicki Films, LLC v. Sanderson Sales & Gardenia Flowers, Inc. v. Joseph Mar- Marketing, 88 kovits, Inc., 58, 179 Hamilton, United States v., 136 Garner v. Nike, Inc., 209 Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. v. Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chemical Graphic Controls Corp., 84 Indus., Ltd., 88 Harold Lloyd Corp. v. Witwer, 425 Gay Toys, Inc. v. Buddy L. Corp., 121 Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Geisel v. Poynter Prods. Inc., 386 Nation Enters., 480, 487, 488, 489, Georgia v. The Harrison Co., 95 490, 491, 492, 494, 514, 515, 517, 546, Gershwin Publ’g Corp. v. Columbia 557 Artists Mgt., Inc., 437 Hasbro Bradley, Inc. v. Sparkle Toys, Gibson v. CBS, Inc., 140 Inc., 169, 179 Gilliam v. Am. Broad. Co., Inc., 304, Hayden v. Chalfant Press, Inc., 528 385, 386 Hays v. Sony Corp. of Am., 194 Golan v. Gonzales, 259, 263 Hearst Corp. v. Stark, 334 Golan v. Holder, 79, 259, 263, 514 Heim v. Universal Pictures Co., 180 Goldsmith v. Max, 164 Hemingway v. Random House, Inc., 152 Goldstein v. California, 43, 45, 48, 50, Hemingway, Estate of, v. Random 98, 540, 541, 543, 558 House, Inc., 43, 55 Goodis v. United Artists Television, Hendrickson v. Amazon.com, Inc., 444 Inc., 175, 210, 212 Hendrickson v. eBay, Inc., 440 Gordon v. Nextel Commc’ns, 411, 424 Herbert Rosenthal Jewelry Corp. v. Gorham Mfg. v. White, 126 Kalpakian, 80, 81, 84 Gottlieb Dev. LLC v. Paramount Pic- Herbert v. Shanley Co., 346 tures Corp., 381 Hesse v. Brunner, 69 Gracen v. Bradford Exchange, 64 HGI Assocs., Inc. v. Wetmore Printing Graham v. John Deere Co., 34, 47 Co., 528

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Hill & Range Songs, Inc. v. London Imperial Homes Corp. v. Lamont, 131 Records, Inc., 179 In re (See Name of Party or Matter) Hines v. Davidowitz, 535 International Luggage Registry v. Avery Hirsch v. S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc., 44 Prods. Corp., 425 Hirshon v. United Artists Corp., 151 International News Service v. Associ- Historical Truth Prod’s v. Sony Pictures ated Press, 3, 17, 45, 537, 538 Entm’t, Inc., 469 Intervest Construction, Inc. v. Canter- Ho v. Taflove, 85, 557 bury Estate Homes, Inc., 429 Hoehling v. Universal City Studios, Intimo, Inc. v. Briefly Stated, Inc., 476 Inc., 91, 420 InvesSys, Inc. v. McGraw-Hill Cos., Hoepker v. Kruger, 262, 263 Ltd., 462 Hoffenberg v. Kaminstein, 183, 184 Iowa State Univ. Research Found., Inc. Hogan Sys. Inc. v. Cybersource Int’l, v. Am. Broad. Cos., 480, 488, 489 299 IQ Group, Ltd. v. Wiesner Publ’g, LLC, Hogan v. DC Comics, 473 41 Hogarth, Estate of, v. Edgar Rice Bur- Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Rus- roughs, Inc., 195 sian Kurier, Inc., 583 Hollywood Jewelry Mfg. Co. v. Dush- ITOFCA, Inc. v. Mega Trans Logistics, kin, 177 Inc., 221 Holmes Group, Inc v. Vornado Air Cir- culation Sys., Inc., 470, 474 J Home Legend, LLC v. Mannington J.A. Richards, Inc. v. New York Post, Mills, Inc., 65 Inc., 179 Horgan v. MacMillan, Inc., 141, 301, 419 Jacobson v. Katzer, 211 Hotaling v. Church of Jesus Christ of Jartech Inc. v. Clancy, 93, 460 Latter-Day Saints, 324 Jarvis v. A&M Records, 310 Hruby, In re, 125 Javelin Investments, LLC v. McGinnis, Hubbard Broad., Inc. v. S. Satellite Sys., 135 Inc., 208 Jewel Music Publ’g Co. v. Leo Feist, Inc., Hughes v. Novi Am., Inc., 461, 474 414 Hurn v. Oursler, 469 John G. Danielson, Inc. v. Winchester- Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Moral Major- Conant Prop., Inc., 133, 152 ity, Inc., 480, 489, 493 Johnson v. Gordon, 417, 429 Hutchins v. Zoll Medical Corp., 82 Jones v. Blige, 415 Jorgensen v. Epic/Sony Records, 415 I I.C. ex rel. Solovsky v. Delta Galil USA, K 58 K Mart Corp. v. Cartier, Inc., 333 I.M.S. Inquiry Mgmt. Sys., Ltd. v. Berk- Kamar Int’l v. Russ Berrie & Co., 415, shire Info. Sys., 401 453 Ideal Toy Corp. v. Fab-Lu Ltd., 426 Katz, Dochtermann & Epstein, Inc. v. Ideal Toy Corp. v. Kenner Prods. Div. of Home Box Office, 557 Gen. Mills Fun Group, Inc., 131, 426 Keane v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., Ilyin v. Avon Publ’ns, Inc., 209 386

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Keeling v. Hars, 68 Ladd v. Law and Tech. Press, 283 Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp., 382, 411, 493 Lamothe v. Atl. Recording Corp., 386 Kelly v. Chicago Park District, 50 Landham v. Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc., Kenya Music, Inc. v. Warner Bros., Inc., 547 220 Landrau v. Solis Betancourt, 392 Kern River Gas Transmission Co. v. LaResolana Architects v. Clay Realtors Coastal Corp., 84, 136 Angel Fire, 275 Kernal Records Oy v. Mosley, 276 Lasercomb Am., Inc. v. Reynolds, 530, Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 541 531 Key Publications, Inc. v. Chinatown Latimer v. Roaring Toyz, Inc., 67 Today Publishing Enterprises, Inc., Laws v. Sony Music Entertainment, 72 Inc., 547 Key West Hand Print Fabrics, Inc. v. Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Publ’g, Serbin, Inc., 160 372, 484, 494 Kieselstein-Cord v. Accessories by Pearl, Lee v. A.R.T. Co., 61, 303, 327 122 Leeds Music Ltd. v. Robin, 371 King v. Ames, 469 Leicester v. Warner Bros., 134 King v. Burnett, 168 Leigh v. Gerber, 178 King v. Mister Maestro, Inc., 152, 156 Lennon v. Seaman, 533 Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, 334, 462 Lenz v. Universal Music Group, 443 KISS Catalog v. Passport Int’l Prods., 55 Leon B. Rosenblatt Textiles, Ltd. v. M. Kitchens of Sara Lee, Inc. v. Nifty Foods Lowenstein & Sons, Inc., 178 Corp., 58 Leon v. Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Klein v. Beach, 212 Co., 71 Kling v. Hallmark Cards, Inc., 528 Leonard Storch Enters., Inc. v. Mergen- Klinger v. Conan Doyle Estate, Inc., 90 thaler Linotype Co., 558 Kohus v. Mariol, 426 Letter Edged in Black Press, Inc. v. Pub- Kongsberg Int’l, Inc. v. Rice, 214, 217 lic Bldg. Comm., 149, 157, 210, 211 Korzybski v. Underwood & Under- Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of wood, Inc., 126 Am. Inc., 302 Krafft v. Cohen, 179 Lexmark Int’l Inc. v. Static Control Krause v. Titleserve, 319 Components, Inc., 406 Kregos v. Associated Press, 74, 81, 527 Library Publ’ns, Inc. v. Med. Econ. Co., 209 L Lieb v. Topstone Inds. Inc., 461 L. Batlin & Son, Inc. v. Snyder, 63 Literary Works in Elec. Databases L.A. News Serv. v. CBS Broad., Inc., 494 Copyright Litig., In re, 206, 274 L.A. News Serv. v. Reuters Television London Film Productions Ltd. v. Inter- Int’l, Ltd., 452, 580 continental Communications, Inc., L.C. Page & Co. v. Fox Film Corp., 212 581 La Cienega Music Co. v. ZZ Top, 158 London-Sire Records, Inc. v. Doe, 149, La Macchia, United States v., 465 324 La Resolana Architects, P.A. v. Reno, Lone Ranger Television v. Program Inc., 427 Radio Corp., 469

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Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int’l, Inc., Mason v. Montgomery Data, Inc., 136 86, 421, 423 Mattel, Inc. v. Walking Mountain Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Paperback Software Prods., 511 Int’l, 85, 421, 423 Matthew Bender & Co. v. West Pub. Louis Féraud Int’l. v. Viewfinder, Inc., Co., 75, 461 585, 586 Maxtone-Graham v. Burtchaell, 508, Louis Vuitton Malletier S.A. v. Akanoc 512 Solutions, Inc., 459 May v. Morganelli-Heumann & Assoc., Luck’s Music Library v. Gonzales, 259, 195 263 Mayer v. Josiah Wedgwood & Sons, Ltd., 548 M Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Pro- M.G.B. Homes, Inc. v. Ameron Homes, metheus Labs., Inc., 33, 112 Inc., 275 Mazer v. Stein, 22, 84, 118, 308 M.S.R. Imports, Inc. v. R.E. Greenspan, MCA, Inc. v. Parks, 347 450 MCA, Inc. v. Wilson, 454, 511 Mackie v. Rieser, 454 McIntyre v. DoubleA Music Corp., 59, MacMillan Co. v. King, 502 66 Madsen, In re, 94 McKay v. Barbour, 179 Mag Jewelry Co. v. Cherokee, Inc., 416 Meccano, Ltd. v. Wagner, 184 MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer Medforms, Inc. v. Healthcare Mgmt. Inc., 51, 298, 319 Solutions, Inc., 28 Makedwe Publ’g Co. v. Johnson, 527 Meeropol v. Nizer, 492, 494 Maloney v. T3 Media, Inc., 547 Meltzer v. Zoller, 195, 202 Manners v. Morosco, 212 Memphis Dev. Found. v. Factors, Etc., Manufacturers Techs., Inc. v. Cams, 44 Inc., 85 Merchant v. Levy, 527 Marascalco v. Fantasy, Inc., 239, 240 Merkos Llnyonei Chinuch, Inc. v. Otsar Marco v. Accent Publ’g Co., 192 Sifrei Lubavitch, Inc., 85 Marcus v. Rowley, 489, 502 Meshwerks, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales Marketing Info. Masters, Inc. v. Bd. of U.S.A., Inc., 64 Trustees of the Cal. State Univ. Sys., Meta-Film Assocs., Inc. v. MCA, Inc., 478 415 Marks v. Leo Feist, Inc., 419 Metallurgical Industries, Inc. v. Martha Graham Sch. and Dance Fourtek, Inc., 39 Found., Inc. v. Martha Graham Ctr. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. for Contemporary Dance, 195, 216 Grokster, Ltd., 433, 436, 471, 473 Martignon, United States v., 55 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. Show- Martin Luther King, Jr. Ctr. for Soc. case Atlanta Coop. Prods. Inc., 301, Change, Inc. v. American Heritage 511 Prods., Inc., 44 Metropolitan Opera Ass’n v. Wagner- Martin v. City of Indianapolis, 391 Nichols Recorder Corp., 45, 539 Marvel Characters, Inc. v. Simon, 248 Micro Star v. Formgen, Inc., 302 Maryland v. Louisiana, 535 Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner, 96

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Microsoft Corp., United States v., 532 Murray Hill Publ’ns, Inc. v. ABC Micro-Sparc Inc. v. Amtype Corp., 320 Commc’ns, Inc., 27 Mid Am. Title Co. v. Kirk, 472 Murray v. British Broad. Corp., 581 Midler v. Ford Motor Co., 44 Murray v. Gelderman, 195 Midway Mfg. Co. v. Artic Int’l, Inc., 53, 170, 303, 318 N Mihalek Corp. v. Michigan, 477 N.A.S. Import Corp. v. Chenson Enters. Millar v. Taylor, 7, 147 Inc., 456, 457 Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Dan- Nalbandian, In re, 125 iels, Inc., 239 Napster, Inc. Copyright Litig., In re, 324 Miller v. Universal City Studios, Inc., Naruto v. Slater, 57, 185 91, 92, 473 Nash v. CBS, 91, 92 Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder, 254, 257 National Ass’n of Boards of Pharmacy Milne v. Stephen Slesinger, Inc., 248 v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. Sys. of Milton H. Greene Archives, Inc. v. Ga., 478 CMG Worldwide, Inc., 44 National Ass’n of Broadcasters v. Copy- Mink v. AAAA Development LLC, 471 right Royalty Tribunal, 294, 362 Minniear v. Tors, 80 National Basketball Ass’n v. Motorola Mirage Editions, Inc. v. Albuquerque Inc., 46, 555 A.R.T. Co., 303, 327 National Bus. Lists, Inc. v. Dun & Brad- Mitchell Brothers Film Group v. Cin- street, Inc., 71 ema Adult Theater, 93 National Car Rental Systems, Inc. v. Mitchell v. Penton Indus. Pub. Co., 545 Computer Associates International, MiTek Holdings, Inc. v. Arce Eng’g Co., Inc., 549 86 National Geographic Soc’y v. Classified Moberg v. 33T LLC, 276 Geographic, 327 Moghadam, United States v., 54 NEC Corp. v. Intel Corp., 106 Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc., 488 New Era Publ’ns Int’l v. Henry Holt & Montgomery v. Noga, 27 Co., 491, 525 Montz v. Pilgrim Films & Television, New York Chinese TV Programs, Inc. v. Inc., 546, 557 U.E., Inc., 578 Moore, United States v., 328 New York Mercantile Exchange, Inc. v. Moorish Vanguard Concert v. Brown, Intercontinental Exchange, Inc., 73 460 New York Times Co. v. Tasini, 274 Morris v. Business Concepts, Inc., 27 Newton v. Diamond, 310, 424 Morrissey v. Procter & Gamble Co., 85, Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp., 80, 106, 415 89, 420, 429, 430 Morseburg v. Balyon, 337, 468, 554 Niemi v. American Axle Mfg. & Hold- Morton Salt Co. v. Suppiger, 529, 530 ing, Inc., 120 Morton-Norwich Prods., Inc., In re, 127 Nintendo of Am., Inc. v. Elcon Indus., Mr. Vee Prods., Inc. v. LeBlanc, 469 Inc., 334 Munoz v. Albuquerque A.R.T. Co., 303 Norma Ribbon & Trimming, Inc. v. Murphy v. Millennium Radio Group, Little, 61 LLC, 41, 488

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Norris Indus., Inc. v. International Tel. Pardo, In re, 111 & Tel. Corp., 121, 273 Parfums Givenchy, Inc. v. Drug Empo- Northern Music Corp. v. King Record rium, Inc., 333, 334 Distrib. Co., 137 Paul Morelli Design, Inc. v. Tiffany and Nova Stylings, Inc. v. Ladd, 28 Co., 28 Novelty Textile Mills, Inc. v. Joanne Pavesich v. New England Life Ins. 43 Fabrics Corp., 425, 447 Peckarsky v. Am. Broad. Co., 545 Nucor Corp. v. Tennessee Forging Steel Peel & Co., Inc. v. The Rug Market, 473 Serv., Inc., 152 Peer Int’l Corp. v. Latin Am. Music NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Inst., 489 Corp., 472 Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. Steinbeck, O 248 O’Neill Devs., Inc. v. Galen Kilburn, Peregrine v. Lauren Corp., 190 Inc., 170 Perfect 10 v. Amazon.com, Inc., 441, O’Neill v. General Film Co., 160 445, 484, 493 O’Rourke v. Smithsonian Institution Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 440 Press, 476 Perfect 10, Inc. v. Cybernet Ventures, Oasis Pub. Co. v. West Publ’g Co., 75 Inc., 440, 472 Oboler v. Goldin, 418, 459, 463 Perfect 10, Inc. v. Google, Inc., 382 Ocean Atl. v. DRH Cambridge Homes, Perfect 10, Inc. v. VISA Int’l Service 448 Assoc., 432, 433 Oddo v. Ries, 202, 215, 546 Peter F. Gaito Architecture LLC v. Sim- Omega S.A. v. Costco Wholesale Group, one Development Corp., 136, 429 334 Peter Letterese & Assocs. v. World Inst. On Command Video Corp. v. Colum- of Scientology Enters., Int’l, 528 bia Pictures Indus., 341 Peter Pan Fabrics, Inc. v. Martin Weiner Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc., Corp., 81, 118, 168, 178, 425, 429 424, 480, 488, 506 Peters v. West, 429 Oravec v. Sunny Isles Luxury Ventures, Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 448, L.C., 132 528 Original Appalachian Artworks, Inc. v. Phillips v. Murdock, 471–472 Toy Loft, Inc., 166, 169, 177, 418 Phillips v. Pembroke Real Estate, Inc., 389, 393 P Pickett v. Prince, 67 Pacific & S. Co. v. Duncan, 449, 485, Picture Music, Inc. v. Bourne, Inc., 201 513, 514, 529 Pillsbury Co. v. Milky Way Prods., Inc., Pacific & S. Co., Inc. v. Satellite Broad. 510, 511 Networks, Inc., 363 Pivot Point Int’l Inc. v. Charlene Prods. Pacific Gas & Elec. Co. v. State Energy Inc., 122 Resources Conservation Comm’n, Plains Cotton Coop. Ass’n v. Goodpas- 535 ture Computer Serv., Inc., 423 Pantone, Inc. v. A.I. Friedman, Inc., 66 Platinum Record Co. v. Lucasfilm, Ltd., Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Carol 214 Publ’g Group, 529

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Platt & Munk Co. v. Republic Graphics, Rainey v. Wayne State Univ., 454 Inc., 326 Rand McNally & Co. v. Fleet Manage- Playboy Enters., Inc. v. Dumas, 188 ment Sys., Inc., 71 Playboy Enters., Inc. v. Frena, 381, 439 Random House v. Rosetta Books, LLC, Playboy Enters., Inc. v. Sanfilippio, 450 214 Plymouth Music Co. v. Magnus Organ Ray v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 535 Corp., 137 Reader’s Digest Ass’n Inc., v. Conserva- Poe v. Missing Persons, 122 tive Digest, Inc., 459 Pollara v. Seymour, 390, 391 RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc., Pottstown Daily News Publ’g Co. v. 405 Pottstown Broad. Co., 540 Rearden v. Walt Disney Co., 109 Practice Management Info. Corp. v. Recording Indus. Ass’n of Am. v. Copy- American Medical Ass’n, 95, 531 right Royalty Tribunal, 294 Precious Moments, Inc. v. La Infantil, Recording Indus. Ass’n of Am. v. Dia- Inc., 304, 327 mond Multimedia Sys., Inc., 398, Prestige Floral S.A. v. California Artifi- 434, 499 cial Flower Co., 58 Red Baron-Franklin Park, Inc. v. Taito Princeton Univ. Press v. Mich. Docu- Corp., 331 ment Servs., Inc., 456, 498 Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick, 206, Pritchett v. Pound, 527 274 ProCd v. Zeidenberg, 77, 113, 549 Religious Tech. Ctr. v. Netcom On-Line Proulx v. Hennepin Technical Ctrs., 28 Comm. Servs., Inc., 439 Prunte v. Universal Music Group, 275 Rentmeester v. Nike, Inc., 81 Public Affairs Assoc., Inc. v. Rickover, Repp v. Webber, 416 154 Republic Pictures Corp. v. Security- Publications Int’l, Ltd. v. Meredith First Nat’l Bank of L.A., 468 Corp., 82 Rexnord, Inc. v. Modern Handling Sys., Publications, Ltd. v. Catholic Bishop of Inc., 179 Chicago, 531 Reyher v. Children’s Television Work- Puddu v. Buonamici Statuary, Inc., 177, shop, 61, 107, 421 179 Rice v. Am. Program Bureau, 371 Pushman v. N.Y. Graphic Soc’y, Inc., 207 Rich v. RCA Corp., 386 Richard Anderson Photography v. Rad- Q ford Univ., 477 Quackenbush Music, Ltd. v. Wood, 347 Richard Feiner & Co. v. Turner Enter- Quality King Distributors, Inc. v. L’Anza tainment Co., 448 Research International, Inc., 333 Richard J. Zitz, Inc. v. Dos Santos Quinto v. Legal Times of Washington, Pereira, 133 Inc., 164, 172, 173, 175, 205, 460, 462 Richard J. Zitz, Inc. v. Pereira, 450 Richmond Homes Management, Inc. v. R Raintree, Inc., 133 R.C.A. Mfg. Co. v. Whiteman, 539 Ricordi & Co. v. Paramount Pictures, R.W. Beck, Inc. v. E3 Consulting, LLC, Inc., 243 85, 557 Righthaven LLC v. Wolf, 476

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Rimini Street v. Oracle USA, 463 Sanga Music, Inc. v. EMI Blackwood Ringgold v. Black Entm’t Television, Music, Inc., 175 Inc., 381, 424 Santa Clara, County of, v. Superior Ritchie v. Williams, 527 Court, 96 Robert Stigwood Group, Ltd. v. Hur- Santa-Rosa v. Combo Records, 527 witz, 438 Sargent v. American Greetings Corp., Robert Stigwood Group, Ltd. v. Sperber, 66 371 Sativa v. Lowry, 80 Roberts v. Gordy, 274, 277, 533 Scarves by Vera, Inc. v. United Mer- Robertson v. Batten, Barton, Durstine chants and Mfrs., Inc., 177 & Osborne, Inc., 419 Scherr v. Universal Match Co., 94 Rockwell Graphic Sys., Inc. v. DEV Schiller & Schmidt, Inc. v. Nordisco Industries, Inc., 40 Corp., 188, 189, 192 Rodgers v. Eighty- Four Lumber Co., Schmid Bros., Inc. v. W. Goebel Porzel- 351 lanfabrik, K.G., 238 Roger Miller Music, Inc. v. Sony/ATV Schnapper v. Foley, 95, 512, 513, 514 Publishing, LLC, 241 Schoenberg v. Shapolsky Publishers, Rogers & Hammerstein Org. v. UMG Inc., 467 Recordings, Inc., 373 Scholz Homes, Inc. v. Maddox, 469 Rogers v. Koons, 511 Schoolhouse, Inc. v. Anderson, 429 Rohauer v. Killiam Shows, 243, 529 Schrock v. Learning Curve Interna- Roley v. New World Pictures, Ltd., 527 tional, Inc., 65 Rosemont Enters., Inc. v. Random Schroeder v. William Morrow & Co., House, Inc., 91, 479, 515 71, 419 Rosette v. Rainbo Record Mfg. Corp., Schuchart & Assocs. v. Solo Serve 158, 527 Corp., 546, 548 Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Schwarz v. Universal Pictures Co., 420 Co., 69, 425 Scott v. Dixon, 391 Roth v. Pritikin, 195, 196, 203, 236, 238 Scott v. WKJG, Inc., 416 Roy Export Co. Establishment v. Screen Gems-Columbia Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 487, 489 Mark-Fi Records, Inc., 438 Royalty Control Corp. v. Sanco, Inc., 468 Seago v. Horry County, 96 Royalty Designs, Inc. v. Thrifticheck Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co., 46, Serv. Corp., 118 539 Rubin v. Boston Magazine Co., 90 Sefton v. Jew, 471 Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto Co., 40 Sega Enterprises, Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., Runsdorf, In re, 94 107, 297, 321, 504, 505, 594 Russell v. Price, 68, 243 Seiff v. Continental Auto Supply, Inc., 179 S Selle v. Gibb, 416 Sachs, United States v., 464 Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, Sailor Music v. Gap Stores, Inc., 351 477 Salinger v. Random House, Inc., 490, Sem-Torq, Inc. v. K-Mart Corp., 470 514 Seshadri v. Kasraian, 529

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Shapiro & Son Bedspread Corp. v. Royal Southwest Cable Co., United States v., Mills Assocs., 170, 172 349 Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. v. 4636 S. Sparaco v. Lawler, Matusky, Skelly, Vermont Ave., Inc., 449 Engineers LLP, 133, 136 Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. v. H.L. Green Specialized Seating, Inc. v. Greenwich Co., 438 Industries, L.P., 127 Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. v. Jerry Vogel Springsteen v. Plaza Roller Dome, Inc., Music Co. 69, 201, 203, 281 352 Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. v. Miracle Standard & Poor’s Corp. v. Commodi- Record Co., Inc., 59 ties Exch., Inc., 46, 539 Shaw Family Archives, Ltd. v. CMG Stanley v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 415 Worldwide, Inc., 44 Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Shaw v. Lindheim, 428 120, 123, 124 Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signa- Corp., 58, 453 ture Financial Group, Inc., 112 Shoptalk, Ltd. v. Concorde-New Hori- Stenograph L.L.C. v. Bossard Assocs. zons Corp., 159 Inc., 298 Shuptrine v. McDougal Littell, 549 Stern Elecs., Inc. v. Kaufman, 52, 105, Sid & Marty Krofft Television Prods., 142 Inc. v. McDonald’s Corp., 428, 513 Stern v. Remick & Co., 150 Siegel v. Warner Bros. Entertainment., Stevens Linen Assocs., Inc. v. Master- Inc., 246 craft Corp., 452 Silverstein v. Penguin Putnam, Inc., 78, Stevens v. CoreLogic,Inc., 411 448 Stewart v. Abend, 68, 90, 242, 243, 244, Simpleville Music v. Mizell, 346 449 Smith v. Little, Brown & Co., 415 Stone v. Williams, 237, 527 Smith v. Montoro, 386 Stonehill Commc’n, Inc. v. Martuge, Smith v. Weinstein, 418, 546, 547 182 Société Civile Succession Richard Storage Tech. Corp. v. Custom Hard- Guino v. Renoir, 180 ware Eng’g & Consulting, Inc., 320 Society of the Holy Transfiguration Stratchborneo v. Arc Music Corp., 304, Monastery, Inc. v. Archbishop 314, 416 Gregory of Denver, 154 Strauss v. Penn Printing & Publishing Soho Int’l Arts Condo. v. N.Y., 393 Co., 178 Sony Computer Entm’t, Inc. v. Connec- Stromback v. New Line Cinema, 429 tix Corp., 506 Stuff v. E.C. Comics, 529 Sony Computer Entm’t Am., Inc. v. Subafilms Ltd. v. MGM-Pathe Commu- Gamemasters, 405 nications Co., 580 Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, Suffolk, County of, v. First American Inc., 343, 403, 433, 484, 488, 490, 493, Real Estate Solutions, Inc., 96 496, 517, 519 Sun Microsystems, Inc. v. Microsoft Southern Bell Tel. & Telegraph Co. v. Corp., 468 Associated Tel. Directory Publishers, Sun Trust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin 71 Co., 509, 514

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Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co., Tire Engineering & Dist., LLC v. Shan- 68 dong Linglong Rubber Co., 546 Swarovski, Ltd. v. Silver Deer Ltd., 216 Toksvig v. Bruce Publishing Co., 91 Sweet Music, Inc. v. Melrose Music Toney v. L’Oreal U.S.A., Inc., 547 Corp., 201 Towle v. Ross, 476 Sybersound Records, Inc. v. UAV Corp., Trademark Cases, 36 475 Triad Sys. Corp. v. Se. Express Sys., 298 Sygma Photo News, Inc. v. Globe Int’l, Triangle Publications, Inc. v. Knight- Inc., 190 Ridder Newspapers, Inc., 515 Synercom Tech., Inc. v. Univ. Comput- Triangle Publications, Inc. v. Sports ing Co., 535, 538 Eye, Inc., 419 Trifari, Krussman & Fishel v. Charel T Co., Inc., 177 T.B. Harms Co. v. Eliscu, 467, 468 Troll Co. v. Uneeda Doll Co., 262 Tandy Corp. v. Personal Micro Com- Truck Equip. Serv. Co. v. Freuhauf puters, Inc., 52, 105 Corp., 540 Tao of Sys. Integration, Inc. v. Analyti- Tufenkian Import/Export Ventures, cal Servs. & Materials, Inc., 386 Inc. v. Einstein Moomjy, Inc., 430 Tape Indus. Ass’n of Am. v. Younger, TVT Island Records v. Island Def Jam 540 Music Group, 463 Tasini v. The New York Times Com- Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. v. pany, 205 Entm’t Distrib., 195 Taylor Corp. v. Four Seasons Greetings, Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. LLC, 88, 415 Aiken, 24, 349 Taylor Instrument Co. v. Fawley-Brost Twin Books Corp. v. Walt Disney Co., Co., 84 180 Taylor v. Meirick, 453, 454, 526 Twin Peaks Prods. v. Publ’ns Int’l, Ltd., TCA Television Corp. v. McCollum, 484 456, 488 Ted Arnold Ltd. v. Silvercraft Co., 118 Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 37 Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broad- Ty, Inc. v. GMA Accessories, Inc., 416 casting System, Inc., 349, 357 Ty, Inc. v. Publ’ns Int’l Ltd., 485, 487, Telex Corp. v. I.B.M. Corp., 110 493 Textile Secrets Int’l v. Ya-Ya Brand, Inc., 41 U Thimbleberries, Inc. v. C&F Enters., UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Augusto, 326 Inc., 472 UMG Recordings, Inc. v. MP3.Com, Thomas Wilson & Co. v. Irving J. Dorf- Inc., 458, 463 man Co., 451 UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Veoh Net- Thompkins v. Lil’ Joe Records, Inc., 221 works, Inc., 445 Thomson v. Larson, 197, 198 United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 469 Ticketmaster, LLC v. Prestige Ent., Inc., United States v. (See Name of 402 Defendant) Time, Inc. v. Bernard Geis Assocs., 489, United Thrift Plan, Inc. v. National 515 Thrift Plan, Inc., 177

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Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, Walt Disney Prod. v. Air Pirates, 88, 403, 404, 405, 520 507, 509, 510, 511 Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Walt Disney Prods. v. Basmajian, 326 Reimerdes, 404 Walt Disney Prods. v. Filmation Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Assocs., 297, 505 Corp. of Am., 448, 449, 484 Walt Disney Prods. v. Mature Pictures Universal Pictures Co. v. Harold Lloyd Corp., 511 Corp., 419 Walter, In re, 111 Update Art, Inc. v. Modiin Publ’g, Ltd., Walton v. United States, 275 579 Warner Bros, Inc. v. American. Broad. Use Triangle Publ’ns, Inc. v. Knight- Co., Inc., 89, 546 Ridder Newspapers, Inc., 487, 512, Warner Bros. Ent., Inc. v. X One X 513, 515 Prods., 90, 154 USM Corp. v. SPS Tech., Inc., 532 Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, 89 V Warren Publ’g, Inc. v. Microdos Data Varsity Brands, Inc. v. Star Athletica, Corp., 74 LLC, 120 Warrington Assocs., Inc. v. Real-Time Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd., 320, Eng’g Sys., Inc., 546 400 Washingtonian Publishing Co. v. Pear- Veeck v. Southern Building Code Con- son, 281 gress Intl, Inc., 85, 95 WB Music Corp. v. RTV Communica- Ventura Content, Ltd. v. Motherless, tion Group, Inc., 458 Inc., 445 Weber-Stephen Prods. Co., In re, 127 Venus Music Corp. v. Mills Music, Inc., Wedgwood Homes, Inc. v. Lund, 38 220 Weinstein v. Univ. of Illinois, 194 Verizon Internet Services, Inc., In re, Weissman v. Freeman, 197 446 Welles v. Turner Entm’t Co., 214, 216 Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc., 327 Well-Made Toy Mfg. Corp. v. Goffa Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Int’l Corp., 278 445, 463 Wendt v. Host Int’l Inc., 547 Videotronics, Inc. v. Bend Elec., 164, Werlin v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, Inc., 170, 171 546 Virgin Records Am., Inc. v. Thompson, West Publishing Co. v. Mead Data Cen- 461 tral Inc., 74 WGN Cont’l Broad. Co. v. United W Video, Inc., 142, 358, 359 Walker v. Time-Life Films, Inc., 418 Wheaton v. Peters, 8, 94, 95, 148, 163, Walker v. Univ. Books, 297, 505 537 WallData, Inc. v. L.A. County Sheriff ’s Whelan Assoc., Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Dept., 494 Lab., Inc., 107, 273, 422, 426, 430 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Bros., Whimsicality, Inc. v. Rubie’s Costume Inc., 37 Co., Inc., 532 Walt Disney Co. v. Powell, 449 White v. Kimmell, 152

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White v. Samsung Elecs. Am., Inc., 44 Worlds of Wonder v. Vertel Learning White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Sys., 303 Apollo Co., 51, 105, 157 WPOW, Inc. v. MRLJ Enters., 450 Wihtol v. Crow, 488, 502 Wrench LLC v. Taco Bell Corp., 546 Wihtol v. Wells, 59 Wright v. Warner Books, Inc., 491 Wilchombe v. Tee Vee Toons, Inc, 215 Wildman v. New York Times Co., 178, X 179 Xoom, Inc. v. Imageline, Inc., 28, 458 Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States, 305, 497, 498 Y Williams Elec., Inc. v. Arctic Int’l, Inc., Yankee Candle Co., Inc. v. New Eng- 52, 105, 106 land Candle Co., 132 Williams v. UMG Recordings, 386 Yardley, In re, 126 Winfield Collection, Ltd. v. McCauley, 471 Z Wise, United States v., 326, 464 Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broad. Co., WNET v. Aereo, Inc., 342 541 Wojnarowicz v. Am. Family Ass’n, 387 Zachary v. Western Publ’g Co., 126 Wolfe v. United Artists Corp., 468 Zahn, In re, 125 Woods v. Bourne Co., 258 Zim v. W. Publ’g Co., 386 Worlds of Wonder v. Vector Interconti- Zomba Enters., Inc. v. Panorama nental, Inc., 303 Records, Inc., 494

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