Education Law johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 1 6/20/19 12:35 PM johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 2 6/20/19 12:35 PM Education Law A Problem- Based Approach fourth edition Scott F. Johnson Professor of Law Concord Law School at Purdue University Global Sarah E. Redfield Professor Emerita University of New Hampshire Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 3 6/20/19 12:35 PM Copyright © 2019 Carolina Academic Press, LLC All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-1-5310-1679-1 eISBN 978-1-5310-1680-7 LCCN 2019941698 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 4 6/20/19 12:35 PM To my mother, Sandra M. Johnson, and the memory of my father, Thomas F. Johnson —­ ​SFJ To Maggie and Lily and those who love them —­ ​SER johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 5 6/20/19 12:35 PM johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 6 6/20/19 12:35 PM Contents Acknowledgements xix Table of Cases xxi Chapter 1 · Foundational Princi ples 3 § 1.01 Introduction 3 Prob lem 1: Education at Risk and Bedrock Cases from the Supreme Court 4 Brown v. Board of Education (Brown I) 4 Brown v. Board of Education (Brown II) 7 San Antonio In de pen dent School District v. Rodriguez 8 Plyler v. Doe 18 Post Problem Discussion 22 § 1.02 State & Federal Interaction: The Supremacy and Spending Clauses 23 Prob lem 2: Homeless Students 25 Federal Law 42 U.S.C. § 11432 25 Hy po thet i cal State Law § 493:12 30 Lampkin v. District of Columbia 31 Post Problem Discussion 37 § 1.03 Federal Law: Sources & Governance 38 Activity 1: Federal Scavenger Hunt 40 § 1.04 State Law: Sources & Governance 41 Activity 2: State Scavenger Hunt 43 § 1.05 Local Law: Sources & Governance 44 Activity 3: Local Scavenger Hunt 45 § 1.06 Bringing the Pieces Together 46 Prob lem 3: The Boy Scouts Trail Through Sources of Law 46 New Jersey Anti- Discrimination Statute 47 Boy Scouts of Amer i ca v. Dale 48 Boy Scouts of Amer i ca v. Till 54 20 U.S.C. § 7905 Equal Access to Public School Facilities 56 34 C.F.R. § 108.3 et seq. 58 Post Problem Discussion 61 vii johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 7 6/20/19 12:35 PM viii CONTENTS Chapter 2 · School Funding 63 § 2.01 Introduction 63 § 2.02 Sources of Funding 64 § 2.03 School Funding Litigation —­ ​Background 64 § 2.04 New Hampshire’s School Funding Litigation 67 A. Introduction 67 B. Constitutional Obligations 69 Activity 1: Find Your State Constitutional Provisions and Court Decisions 70 C. Constitutionality of the Education Funding System 71 Prob lem 1: Education Funding Systems and Defining Adequacy 71 Claremont School District v. Governor (Claremont II) 72 Post Problem Discussion 78 D. Complying with Constitutional Obligations 79 Prob lem 2: State Education Funding —­ ​The ABC Plan 79 Opinion of the Justices (School Financing) 80 Claremont School District v. Governor (Claremont IV) 83 Post Problem Discussion 84 E. State Funding for All? 85 Prob lem 3: Targeted Aid 85 Opinion of the Justices (Reformed Public School Financing System) 85 Post Prob lem Discussion 88 § 2.05 Standards of Adequacy and Accountability 89 Prob lem 4: State Accountability Obligations 89 Claremont School District v. Governor (Claremont VII) 89 Post Problem Discussion 99 Activity 2: Accountability in Your State 99 § 2.06 Back to the Beginning: Basic Definitions and New Parties 100 Prob lem 5: Defining Adequacy 100 Londonderry School District SAU #12 v. State of New Hampshire 100 Post Problem Discussion 108 Activity 3: Defining Adequacy in Your State 109 § 2.07 The Cost of an Adequate Education 109 Activity 4: Determining the Cost of Adequacy in Your State 109 § 2.08 Remedies 110 Activity 5: Remedies in School Funding Cases in Your State 111 Chapter 3 · Employment 113 § 3.01 Introduction 113 § 3.02 Licensure/Certification Requirements 114 Activity 1: Find Your State’s Licensing Requirements 115 Prob lem 1: Revoking Teacher Certification for Out of School Conduct 116 Hy po thet i cal State Licensing Statute: EDL § 32970 117 johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 8 6/20/19 12:35 PM CONTENTS ix Winters v. Arizona Board of Education 117 Thompson v. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction 120 Post Problem Discussion 125 § 3.03 Hiring, Collective Bargaining and Contracts 125 Activity 2: Find Your State’s Collective Bargaining Requirements 127 § 3.04 Termination —­ ​Removal, Dismissal and Non- Renewal 128 Prob lem 2: Teacher Removal & Dismissal 129 Memorandum 130 Hy po thet i cal State Statute 130 Wilson v. Des Moines In de pen dent Community School District 131 Sanders v. Board of Education of Sioux City Community School District 134 Post Problem Discussion 138 Prob lem 3: Contract Non- Renewal 139 Memorandum 140 Hy po thet i cal State Statute 140 Teacher Non- Renewal Hearing Testimony —­ ​Ms. Anderson 141 Sharon Anderson Improvement Plan 143 Teacher Non- Renewal Hearing Testimony —­ ​Superintendent Vasquez 144 Post Problem Discussion 145 Activity 3: Tenure 145 § 3.05 Constitutional Due Pro cess Protections 147 Prob lem 4: Due Pro cess Requirements For Non- Tenured Teachers 147 Board of Regents v. Roth 147 Perry v. Sindermann 152 Post Prob lem Discussion 155 § 3.06 First Amendment Rights in Employment 156 Prob lem 5: “Teaching Chitlins in the Ghetto of Charlotte” 157 Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School 158 Garcetti v. Ceballos 162 Lane v. Franks 167 Post Problem Discussion 173 Chapter 4 · Instruction & Curricular Issues 175 § 4.01 Introduction 175 § 4.02 The Curriculum in Statute 176 A. State Law 176 Core Curriculum Framework; Purpose; Curriculum, N.M. Stat. Ann. § 22-13-1.5 176 Chapter 22. Public Schools Article 23: Bilingual Multicultural Education 177 johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 9 6/20/19 12:35 PM x CONTENTS B. Federal Law 179 Activity 1: Find Curriculum Requirements 179 § 4.03 The Curriculum in Real Life 179 A. En glish as a Second Language 179 Prob lem 1: El Plan de Estudios en la Vida Real 182 Lau v. Nichols 183 Horne v. Flores 185 ESSA (formerly NCLB) Excerpt 193 Post Problem Discussion 199 § 4.04 Curriculum in Constitutional Context 200 Prob lem 2: Banning Bastard Out of Carolina 201 Bastard Out of Carolina by Dorothy Allison 201 Board of Education of Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico 202 Virgil v. School Board 208 Monteiro v. Tempe Union High School District 212 Post Problem Discussion 219 Prob lem 3: Academic Freedom 220 Keyishian v. Board of Regents 221 Boring v. Buncombe County Board of Education 223 Cockrel v. Shelby County School District 228 Post Problem Discussion 236 Chapter 5 · Attendance, Assignment & Placement 239 § 5.01 Introduction 239 Activity 1: Find Your State’s Compulsory Attendance Law 240 § 5.02 Compulsory Attendance 241 Prob lem 1: Amish Exceptions to Compulsory Attendance 241 Hy po thet i cal Compulsory Attendance Law with Amish Exceptions 242 Wisconsin v. Yoder 243 Fellowship Baptist Church v. Benton 247 Post Problem Discussion 251 § 5.03 Conditions of Admission, Placement, and Exit 251 Activity 2: Find the Admission and Exit Conditions in Your State 253 § 5.04 Homeschooling 253 Activity 3: Find Your State’s Homeschool Requirements 254 § 5.05 Residency 255 Prob lem 2: Residency Requirements 255 Hy po thet i cal State Residency Statute 256 Martinez v. Bynum 257 Post Problem Discussion 259 Activity 4: Find Your State Charter School Laws 260 johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 10 6/20/19 12:35 PM CONTENTS xi § 5.06 Race and Gender in Public School Assignment and Attendance 261 Prob lem 3: The Majestic Equality of the Law Goes to School 265 Mendez v. Westminster 265 Grutter v. Bollinger 270 Parents Involved in Community Schools v. School District No. 1 284 Post Problem Discussion 301 Chapter 6 · Liability 307 § 6.01 Introduction 307 § 6.02 Torts —­ ​Negligence 308 A. Student Injuries 309 Prob lem 1: Space Monkey 309 Partin v. Vernon Parish School Board 310 Rollins v. Concordia Parish School Board 312 Post Problem Discussion 315 B. Injuries by Other Students 316 Prob lem 2: Kara and the Bullies 316 Busby v. Ticonderoga Central School District 317 Frazer v. St. Tammany Parish School Board 319 Post Problem Discussion 322 § 6.03 Intentional Torts 322 Prob lem 3: “Get Me My Paddle” 322 Mountain Ridge Corporal Punishment Policy 323 Maddox v. Boutwell 324 Hinson v. Holt 326 Post Problem Discussion 329 Activity 1: Find Your State Laws on Restraints 329 § 6.04 Defenses 330 Activity 2: Find Your State Defenses and Immunities 331 § 6.05 State Statutory Liability 332 Activity 3: Find Your State Anti- Bullying Statute 333 § 6.06 Federal Statutory Liability 334 A. Section 1983 Claims 334 Prob lem 4: Kara’s Claims Under Federal Law 335 Doe v. Covington County School District 335 Nabozny v. Podlesny 354 Post Problem Discussion 363 B. Title IX Liability 365 Prob lem 5: Kara’s Claims Under Federal Law —­ ​Part 2 366 Gebser v. Lago Vista In de pen dent School District 366 Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education 373 Vance v. Spencer County Public School District 377 Rost v. Steamboat Springs RE-2 School District 383 Post Problem Discussion 387 johnson redfield 4e final pages.indb 11 6/20/19 12:35 PM xii CONTENTS Activity 4: LGBT Students 388 § 6.07 Online Liability 389 Activity 5: Protecting Students Online 389 § 6.08 Bringing the Pieces Together 390 Prob lem 6: Controlling Classroom Be hav ior 390 Post Problem Discussion 391 Chapter 7 · Privacy Rights & Right to Know 393 § 7.01 Introduction 393 § 7.02 Constitutional Privacy Rights 394 Prob lem 1: Student Surveys 394 Rhoades v.