22 and 23 June 2010 – Port Infrastructure Seminar – Delft, The Netherlands The historical development of the Port of Livorno (Italy) and its new Port Plan 2010 in advanced stage of elaboration
Paolo De Girolamo University of L’Aquila (Italy) Alberto Noli MODIMAR s.r.l.- Rome (Italy) Roberto Piccini Livorno Port Authority (Italy) Claudio Vanni Livorno Port Authority (Italy)
Andrea Del Corona Livorno Port Authority (Italy) Marco Tartaglini MODIMAR s.r.l. – Rome (Italy)
1 The Port of Livorno is the most important port in Tuscany and one of the most important in Italy as it has a strategic geographical location and good inland transportation infrastructures.
2 The Port in 2008 has passed the milestone of 34 milion tons handled in total. In 2009 the port recorded a decline of 21,3 % of traffic due to the global recession.
3 The Port lies in the southern end of an arched sandy beach long about 60 km (physiografic unit). P h y s i o 6 g 0 r a k f m i c
u n i t
LIVORNO
4 The most important MAGRA SERCHIOSERCHIO rivers in the p.u. are: - Magra; - Serchio;
- and Arno River ARNO
LIVORNO
5 Like most of the Italian ports, the port of Livorno has a long and complex history.
6 The origins of the port are inextricably linked to the history of Pisa and its port.
PISA
LIVORNO
7 Pisa is a town of Etruscan origin. Pisa in the past has always needed a port. Pisa in the Middle Ages PISA was one of the four Italian Maritime Republics (“Repubblica Marinara”).
LIVORNO
8 Over the past two millennia, the coastline is gradually advanced.
Pisa
Configuration of the coast in the Era of Roman Rule
Livorno
9 Over the past two millennia, the coastline is gradually advanced.
Pisa
Configuration of the coast in the Middle Ages
Livorno
10 The most ancient Port of Pisa was “Portus Pisarum” =
Pisa = Port of the town of Portus Pisarum Pisa It was a river port Arno River located in a bend of the (Ancient course) Arno River.
11 “Portus Pisarum” was unsafe due to the Auser River (Ancient course) flooding of the Arno and of the Auser river Pisa which flowed in to the Portus Pisarum Arno upstream of the town.
Arno River (Ancient course)
12 The Auser River (now called Serchio) was Auser River now called Serchio River diverted by Bishop S. Frediano in 600 A.D . Pisa Portus Pisarum The diversion of the Auser reduced the navigability of the Arno Arno River (Ancient course)
13 The second port of Pisa was located at Grado. Auser River now called Serchio River
Grado was the main dock of Pisa until the I Pisa century. S. Pietro a Grado
Arno River (Ancient course)
14 Later Grado was abandoned in favor of Auser River now called Serchio River “Portus Pisanus”, located in the lagoon named Sinus Pisanus. Pisa
In the era of greatest splendor of Pisa (1100- Arno River Sinus Pisanus (Ancient course) 1300) was called (Laggon) Magnale Port Portus Pisanus or Magnale Port Portus Pisanus = = Port of the Pisa citizens
15 The goods were transported from Port Auser River now called Serchio River of Magnale to Pisa by salinig along the coast and the Arno River. Pisa
Such a method was rather difficult. Arno River (Ancient course)
Portus Pisanus or Port of Magnale
16 A navigable canal named Canale dei Navicelli was excavated (1160) in order to by-pass these First course of difficulties. Navicelli Canal
The new waterway, characterized by a tortuous path, did not have the success expected. Portus Pisanus or Port of Magnale
17 The waterway connecting Pisa to Livorno was successfully completed in 1573. Final course of Navicelli Canal
Portus Pisanus or Port of Magnale
18 “Portus Pisanus” was repeatedly attacked by Genoa during the second half of the XIII Final course of century when the power Navicelli Canal of Pisa vanished.
The port was moved close to the small village of Livorno. Portus Pisanus In 1421 Livorno was or Port of Magnale sold to the Republic of Florence, who had absolute need of an access to the sea.
19 The city of Livorno and the port in Medicean era (XVI The merit of the century). development of the city of Livorno and of its port is acknowledged to the Medici family, who used Livorno as the access to the sea of Florence.
20 The city of Livorno and the port in Medicean era (XVI In 1587, Livorno was century). proclaimed "free port" and the “Laws of Livorno” were promulgated to provide privileges for Livorno citizens.
Livorno became a cosmopolitan, multiracial and multi- religious town.
21 The Port of Livorno in 1851. This is the situation of Livorno in the middle of the XIX century when the Curvilinear Breakwater, designed by the French Victor Poirel, was completed.
CURVILINEAR BREAKWATER DESIGNED BY THE FRENCH VICTOR POIREL 22 The Port of Livorno in 1851. The Unit of Italy was proclaimed in 1861 and the new State completed the Straight Breakwater in 1866.
Initially the Unification of Italy represented a negative factor for the Port of Livorno.
STRAIGHT BREAKWATER
23 The Italian government was asked to expand the port in order to compensate for the loss of the ancient privileges. Navicelli Canal Mandraccio Dock
The Port of Livorno in 1905.
24 A new breakwater named “Vegliaia Breakwater ” was built between 1880 and 1900 with the aim of sheltering from southern coming waves the outer port, created by the Curvilinear Breakwater .
1908 Port Plan.
25 In 1908 the Livorno Port Plan, developed by Eng. L. Cozza, was approved. The Plan proposed the construction of two new breakwaters: the Meloria Breakwater and the Marzocco Breakwater .
S. Stefano Basin
1908 Port Plan (Eng. L.Cozza).
26 In 1923 a new Port Plan was approved. It was clearly projected into the future and included the enlargement of the port inside the coastline (inland port ). The plan didn’t jeopardized the development of the port in the sea to be achieved through the extension of the Meloria Breakwater .
1923 Port Plan Eng. L. Coen Cagli .
27 The works which were completed before the Second World War, were the canal for the access to the industrial area and the Inghirami Dock . During the Second World War the harbor was subjected to very large damages.
1923 Port Plan Eng. L. Coen Cagli .
28 Immediately after the war the harbor reconstruction began. A review of the Port Plan was necessary and was carried out by the Civil Engineers Office for Maritime Works of the State and was approved in 1953.
1953 Port Plan
.
29 In about 60 years, between 1953 and today, five new Master Plans were developed but only one was approved in 1973 under the protest of the port operators. The plan included the realization of the Tuscany Dock .
1973 Port Plan
. ock scany Dock Tuscan
30 Spillway canal of the Arno
Navicelli Canal
PISA
ock cany Dock Tuscan 1973 Port Plan
LIVORNO.
31 “Vincian Gates” Mouth of the Arno Spillway obstructed by a sand bar
1973 Port Plan
. Dock scany Doc Tuscan
32 “Fill storage” for containing dredging material (waterproof)
.
Present state (2010) 33 Main port entrance
.
Present state (2010) 34 North port entrance (shallow water)
.
Present state (2010) 35 Goals of the 2010 Port Plan
To expand the container traffic. The goal is of receiving Post- Panamax up to 10.000÷12.000 TEU capacity.
To expand the traffic with ferries, ro-ro and ro-pax (the ferries maximum sizes in Mediterranean Sea have stabilized in the length of 220 m, in the width of 30 m and in the draught of 7.5 m). The most pressing request concerns the minimization of the transit time in the port.
To move the tanker ships in a position placed the farthest possible from the town. .
To prevent the direct entry of the “Navicelli Canal” in the “Tuscany Dock”.
To concentrate cruise ship traffic in the vicinity of the town.
To rationalize functions and port activities.
36 Port entrance of the commercial Port (-17.0)
Port entrance of historical port
. 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
37 Breakwaters
. 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
38 Material to dig about 10x10 6 m3
. 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
39 Two terminals
C o W n t id a e in R 6 e o 5 r . W -r 0 i o m d a e n 4 d 5 0 ro m -p a x 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
40 Container terminal About 2x10 6 TEU/year h = -16,0 m
W 2 id q e u 6 a 5 y 0 s m 1 1 0 . 0 m lo n g 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
41 ro-ro / ro-pax terminal 10 moorings
. R o W -r i o d a e n 4 d 5 0 ro m -p a x 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
42 Oil terminal (Dangerous Products Dock)
. 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
43 Arno Sapillway Canal Mouth
. 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
44 Navigable canal connecting Livorno Port to Navicelli Canal
. 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
45 Road underpass the Arno Spillway Canal
. 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
46 Yachting and cruise ships
. 2010 Port Plan Plan Port 2010
47 CONCLUSIONS
The Port of Livorno has the characteristics to be one of the most important in Italy, being favored by its geographical position and by good existing road and rail links. It may be noted that the Port is, respect to Genoa, closer to Brenner and thus to much of the central and southern. Europe. Furthermore, the development of the port involves areas far from the town and close to a wide plain.
48 TANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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