Biological Control 1. Host-seeking behavior and parasitism by Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the emerald ash borer

Xiao-Yi Wanga, Zhong-Qi Yanga, , , Juli R. Gouldb, Hui Wuc and Jian-Hai Mad aThe Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China bAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Department of Agriculture, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 5008, USA cForestry Bureau of Sanming City in Fujian Province, Sanming, Fujian 365000, China dForest Pest Control Station of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai 810000, China

Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a newly described and important idiobiont ectoparasitoid of the emerald ash borer (EAB) that has excellent potential as a biological control agent against EAB populations in the USA. In order to understand the ecological factors involved in the search and discovery of concealed hosts by S. agrili, we investigated the behavioral responses of adult female wasps to potential semiochemicals from host plants, hosts, and host frass as well as to vibration signals from host feeding and movement. Using a bioassay, we showed that S. agrili first finds the host’s habitats by detecting the volatile compounds emitted by ash. In the second phase of host location and acceptance, the parasitoids detect the mechanical vibrations produced by host feeding and movement under the surface of the bark and then probe to find the EAB larvae. Contact chemicals seem to play little or no role in short-range host finding. Female wasps avoided laying eggs on EAB larvae already parasitized and thus paralyzed. We hypothesized that female wasps were not attracted to these larvae due to their lack of feeding or movement. While an induced paralysis in the host is instrumental in avoiding superparasitism, we cannot rule out that S. agrili females also use an oviposition pheromone to deter conspecific females. Together, these results suggest that vibration and olfactory cues play significant roles in distinct phases of S. agrili host habitat and host location behaviors.

Biological Control Volume 52, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 24-29 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WBP-4X97CYF- 1&_user=586462&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2010&_rdoc=5&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc- info(%23toc%236716%232010%23999479998%231565121%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6716&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=13&_acct=C0 00030078&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=586462&md5=c5e4912e789de704c9cde225ff5ba7ae

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2. Quantitative and qualitative changes of the carboxylesterase associated with beta-cypermethrin resistance in the housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Lan Zhanga, c, Jing Shia, 1, Xueyan Shia, Pei Lianga, Junping Gaob and Xiwu Gaoa, , a Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China b Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China c Institute of plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing100193, PR China

Mechanisms of esterase-mediated pyrethroid resistance were analyzed based on our previous works in a strain of the housefly, Musca domestica. The carboxylesterase gene, MdαE7, was cloned and sequenced from susceptible (CSS) and resistant (CRR) strains, and a total of nine amino acid substitutions were found. The mutation, Trp251-Ser appeared to play a role in beta-cypermethrin resistance and cross-resistance between organophosphates (OPs) and pyrethroids in the CRR strain. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that MdαE7 was over-expressed in the CRR strain, the reciprocal cross progeny F1 and back-cross progeny BC2 compared with the CSS strain, respectively. Two α- cynaoester substrates as surrogates for beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, were synthesized to determine the pyrethroid hydrolase activity. Results showed that carboxylesterases from the CRR strain hydrolyzed cypermethrin/deltamethrin-like substrate 9.05- and 13.53-fold more efficiently than those from the CSS strain, respectively. Our studies suggested that quantitative and qualitative changes in the carboxylesterase might contribute together to pyrethroid resistance in the CRR strain.

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Volume 156, Issue 1, May 2010, Pages 6-11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T2R-4Y8G608- 2&_user=586462&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2010&_rdoc=3&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc- info(%23toc%234925%232010%23998439998%231793720%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=4925&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=13&_acct=C0 00030078&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=586462&md5=aed3fe97ee4f5af8578157d00317a68f

Ecological Entomology 3. Permeability of receptive fig fruits and its effects on the re-emergence behaviour of pollinators

HU HAO-YUAN, 1,2 NIU LI-MING, 1,3 MA GUANG-CHANG, 2,3 FU YUE-GUAN, 3 PENG ZHENG-QIANG 3 and HUANG DA-WEI 4,1 [email protected] 1 Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China , 2 Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China , 3 Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China and 4 Plant Protection College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China

1. Figs and pollinating fig wasps provide a model system for studying mutualism. The permeability of the syconium changes during receptivity or between seasons, which may affect the behaviour of pollinators. Fig fruits are permeable during receptivity, and in some species, pollinators can enter and re-emerge after oviposition/pollination. We studied the relationship between fig permeability and pollinator re-emergence behaviour with a functional dioecious fig, Ficus hispida and the obligate pollinator Ceratosolen solmsi marchali. 2. The relationship reflects the interaction of figs and pollinators in the mutualism and also the conflicts of interests between the two partners: figs benefit from the enclosed fig fruits which have low permeability, but pollinators benefit from their re-emergence behaviour, which requires high fig permeability. 3. The results showed that at the end of receptivity, the permeability of fig fruits lowered rapidly with changes to the ostiole structures, and re-emergence rate was low, with more re-emerging pollinators trapped in the ostiolar bracts. Our results also showed that in the rainy season, the length of receptivity was shorter and fig permeability was lower. The re-emergence rates were also lower than those in the dry season. The results elucidated that figs' interests dominated in the conflicts between fig and pollinating wasp. 4. Based on a new criteria which employed the classification of pollinators found dead in the ostiolar bracts and which involved a survey of 6 monoecious and 12 dioecious fig species, we found that re-emergence behaviour was prevalent among fig species, and was more prevalent in functional dioecious figs than monoecious ones.

Ecological Entomology 2010 Volume 35 Issue 2, Pages 115 - 125 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123261305/abstract

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 4. Effect of food deprivation on the ambulatory movement of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Lian-You Gui 1 & G. Boiteau 2* [email protected] 1 College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Hubei 434025, China , and 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Potato Research Station, 850 Lincoln Road, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, NB, E3B 4Z7 Canada

Modification of dispersal behaviour is a common response of to food and water deprivation. The literature suggests that different insects respond with different strategies: changing walking parameters, switching dispersal mode (walking to flight or vice versa), or changing the host searching path. The goal of this study was to add to the limited literature on the subject by investigating, whether the walking parameters of adult male Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), change in response to food and water deprivation. Observations on the distance walked, the travel speed, and the frequency of walking bouts were carried out in laboratory arenas using motion monitoring equipment. Summer and overwintered beetles were exposed to short starvation periods (2, 4, 8, 24 h) and two ranges of long starvation periods (1, 2, 4, 8 days and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days). Only the longest food deprivation periods of 16 and 32 days significantly reduced the walking distance, speed, and frequency of walking bouts of summer beetles. No changes were observed with overwintered beetles. The tolerance of the beetles without access to water to the different periods of food deprivation was similar to that for beetles with water except after a starvation period of 32 days, when the travel speed of summer beetles was significantly reduced by 33%. The absence of increased walking parameters found in this study and earlier observations of increased flight frequency suggest that the strategy of summer beetles will be to change the dispersal mode from walking to flight and/or to change the walking host searching path. The same results of this study and earlier observations of a decrease in the mean frequency of daily flights suggest that the strategy of overwintered L. decemlineata, exposed to food deprivation, will be to change the host search walking path rather than the walking parameters themselves.

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 2010 Volume 134 Issue 2, Pages 138 - 145 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123237603/abstract

Entomological Science 5. New archisargids from China (Insecta: Diptera)

Kuiyan ZHANG 1 , Ding YANG 1 , Dong REN 2 and Chungkun SHIH 2 [email protected] 1 Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, and 2 Key Laboratory of Evolution & Environmental Changes, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China

The extinct family Archisargidae, which was rich in the Mesozoic, has been found in China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. By now, six genera and 14 species have been found in Inner Mongolia and Liaoning Province of China. In this paper, two new species of the genus Mesosolva Hong, 1983 and a new genus Brevisolva gen. nov., represented by a new species belonging to the Archisargidae, are described from the Middle Jurassic deposits of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia. A key to the species of Mesosolva is given.

Entomological Science 2010 Volume 13 Issue 1, Pages 75 - 80 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123328756/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0

Environmental Entomology 6. Beet Webworm (: Pyralidae) Migration in China: Evidence From Genetic Markers

Jiang, Xing-Fu1; Cao, Wei-Ju; Zhang, Lei; Luo, Li-Zhi State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

Genetic diversity within and among 11 geographic populations of the beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis across five provinces in the northern part of China were evaluated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Five AFLP primer combinations were used on 88 L. sticticalis samples from different locations, detecting a total of 384 polymorphic and 27 monomorphic fragments. Although extensive genetic diversity occurs among individuals from different geographic populations (P = 93.4%, h = 0.398, I = 0.572), the majority of the genetic diversity is within populations and not between populations (GST = 0.196), which agrees well with the results of analysis of molecular variance (84% of the total genetic variation is within populations), indicating high gene flow (NM = 2.046) among natural populations, which are not genetically differentiated. L. sticticalis in northeastern China, northern China, and northwestern China are part of a single large metapopulation. Cluster analyses based on AFLP data were preformed to graphically show groupings between individuals and between populations. Individuals from the same region were not grouped together very well. Eleven subpopulations were clustered into six broad groups, and there was no significant correlation between geographic distance and genetic dissimilarity (r = 0.1236, P = 0.8512). Principle component analysis also indicated a lack of genetic differentiation between the 11 populations. These results indicated that, although high genetic variability existed among individuals, there was little genetic differentiation among geographic populations, which can be explained by the effects of long distance migration of the beet webworm in China and consequent gene flow.

Environmental Entomology, Volume 39, Number 1, February 2010 , pp. 232-242(11) http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/envent/2010/00000039/00000001 /art00027

7. Effects of Transgenic Rice Expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Protein on Ground-Dwelling Collembolan Community in Postharvest Seasons

Bai, Y. Y.1; Yan, R. H.; Ye, G. Y.; Huang, F. N.; Cheng, J. A. Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China

During 2005-2008, field studies were conducted at two locations in Chongqing, China, to assess the potential effects of transgenic rice expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ab protein on the nontarget ground-dwelling collembolan community in three postharvest seasons. Collembolans in non-Bt and Bt rice fields were sampled with pitfall traps during each of two postharvest seasons of 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 and litterbag traps during each of three postharvest seasons of 2005/2006, 2006/2007, and 2007/2008. Ground-dwelling collembolans in rice fields during the postharvest seasons were abundant, whereas community densities varied considerably between the two locations and among the three seasons. A total of 67,310 collembolans, representing three species, Entomobrya griseoolivata, Hypogastrura matura, and Bourletiella christianseni, were captured during the three postharvest seasons. E. griseoolivata was the predominant species, accounting for 87.7% of the total captures, followed by H. matura (10.7%) and B. christianseni (1.6%). In general, there were no significant differences in species compositions and abundances of each species between Bt and non- Bt paddy fields, suggesting no significantly impact of plant residues of Cry1Ab rice on collembolan communities during postharvest seasons.

Environmental Entomology, Volume 39, Number 1, February 2010 , pp. 243-251(9) http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/envent/2010/00000039/00000001 /art00028

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular biology 8. Native subunit composition of two insect nicotinic receptor subtypes with differing affinities for the insecticide imidacloprid

Jian Lia, 1, Ying Shaoa, 1, Zhiping Dinga, Haibo Baoa, Zewen Liua, , Zhaojun Hana and Neil S. Millarb a Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, China b Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK

Neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, are selective agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and are used extensively to control a variety of insect pest species. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), an insect pest of rice crops throughout Asia, is an important target species for control with neonicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid. Studies with nAChRs purified from N. lugens have identified two 3 [ H]imidacloprid binding sites with different affinities (Kd = 3.5 ± 0.6 pM and 1.5 ± 0.2 nM). Co-immunoprecipitation studies with native preparations of N. lugens nAChRs, using subunit-selective antisera, have demonstrated the co-assembly of Nlα1, Nlα2 and Nlβ1 subunits into one receptor complex and of Nlα3, Nlα8 and Nlβ1 into another. Immunodepletion of Nlα1 or Nlα2 subunits resulted in the selective loss of the lower affinity imidacloprid binding site, whereas immunodepletion of Nlα3 or Nlα8 caused the selective loss of the high-affinity site. Immunodepletion of Nlβ1 resulted in a complete absence of specific imidacloprid binding. In contrast, immunodepletion with antibodies selective for other N. lugens nAChR subunits (Nlα4, Nlα6, Nlα7 and Nlβ2) had no significant effect on imidacloprid binding. Taken together, these data suggest that nAChRs containing Nlα1, Nlα2 and Nlβ1 constitute the lower affinity binding site, whereas nAChRs containing Nlα3, Nlα8 and Nlβ1 constitute the higher affinity binding site for imidacloprid in N. lugens.

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Volume 40, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 17- 22 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T79-4XY9DGB- 2&_user=8538702&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2010&_rdoc=3&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc- info(%23toc%235053%232010%23999599998%231684117%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5053&_sort=d&_docanchor=& _ct=11&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=8538702&md5=3f456eeeef6728044df38475793eb260

9. Diverse cadherin mutations conferring resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac in Helicoverpa armigera

Jing Zhaoa, Lin Jina, Yihua Yanga and Yidong Wu , a, a College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects (Ministry of Agriculture), Nanjing 210095, China

Transgenic cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins has been widely adopted to control some key lepidopteran pests including the bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Evolution of resistance to Bt cotton by target pests is a major threat to the continued success of Bt cotton. Previous results revealed 3 null alleles (r1–r3) of a cadherin gene (Ha_BtR) conferring Cry1Ac resistance in H. armigera. An F1 screen of 123 single-pair families was conducted between a Cry1Ac-resistant strain (the SCD-r1 strain, homozygous for the r1 allele of Ha_BtR) and field-derived insects from Jiangpu population (Jiangsu province, China) in 2008. Five new null alleles of Ha_BtR (r4–r8) were identified in six candidate single-pair families. These null alleles were created through either an insertion or a point mutation. Interestingly, intact alleles of Ha_BtR were found in two field-derived insects from another two candidate single-pair families. It suggests that these two field-derived insects may carry novel resistance alleles of Ha_BtR, with missense mutations resulting in a non-functional cadherin protein, or a major dominant mutation at a locus other than cadherin. The resistance allele frequency of Ha_BtR was detected at an appreciable level (0.024) in the Jiangpu population of H. armigera in 2008. Together with previous findings, a total of eight different resistance alleles of Ha_BtR were identified from three Chinese strains of H. armigera. Mutational diversity of Ha_BtR could impair DNA screening for Bt resistance allele frequency in the field, and an F1 screen should be used routinely for monitoring cadherin-based resistance allele frequencies in H. armigera.

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Volume 40, Issue 2, February 2010, Pages 113-118 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T79-4Y5BMBJ- 1&_user=586462&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000030078&_versi on=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=586462&md5=fc00fac834b93207e5fea10162d79c60

Insect Molecular Biology 10. Pharmacological characterization of cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoids in relation to imidacloprid binding sites in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

X. Xu*‡, H. Bao†‡, X. Shao*, Y. Zhang†, X. Yao†, Z. Liu† and Z. Li* [email protected] [email protected] *Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; and †Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Disease and Insect, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

Neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, are selective agonists of the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and extensively used in areas of crop protection and health to control a variety of insect pest species. Here we describe that two cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoids (IPPA152002 and IPPA152004), recently synthesized in our laboratory, discriminated between the high and low affinity imidacloprid binding sites in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, a major insect pest of rice crops in many parts of Asia. [3H]imidacloprid has two binding sites with different affinities (Kd value of 0.0035 ± 0.0006 nM for the high-affinity site and 1.47 ± 0.22 nM for the low-affinity site). Although the cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoids showed low displacement ability (Ki values of 0.15 ± 0.03 µM and 0.42 ± 0.07 µM for IPPA152002 and IPPA152004, respectively) against [3H]imidacloprid binding, low concentrations (0.01 µM) of IPPA152002 completely inhibited [3H]imidacloprid binding at its high-affinity site. In Xenopus oocytes co-injected with cRNA encoding Nlα1 and rat β2 subunits, obvious inward currents were detected in response to applications of IPPA152002 and IPPA152004, although the agonist potency is reduced to that of imidacloprid. The previously identified Y151S mutation in Nlα1 showed significant effects on the agonist potency of IPPA152002 and IPPA152004, such as a 75.8% and 70.6% reduction in Imax, and a 2.4- and 2.1-fold increase in EC50. This data clearly shows that the two newly described cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoids act on insect nAChRs and like imidacloprid, discriminated between high and low affinity binding sites in N. lugens native nAChRs. These compounds may be useful tools to further elucidate the pharmacology and nature of neonicotinoid binding sites.

Insect Molecular Biology 2010 Volume 19 Issue 1, Pages 1 - 8 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122659416/abstract

11. A cathepsin L-like proteinase is involved in moulting and metamorphosis in Helicoverpa armigera

L.-F. Wang*, L.-Q. Chai*, H.-J. He, Q. Wang, J.-X. Wang and X.-F. Zhao [email protected] School of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

Holometabolous insects undergo larval moulting and metamorphosis within their life cycle. A cDNA encoding the cathepsin L-like proteinase Ha-cathL has been cloned from Helicoverpa armigera. It has a sequence of 1826 bp and encodes a 550-residue protein with a molecular mass of 63 kDa. Northern blot analysis indicated that Ha-cathL is specifically expressed in haemocytes, with increased expression during larval moulting and metamorphosis. In vivo experimentation revealed that Ha-cathL is up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone. Meanwhile, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry revealed that Ha-cathL mRNA is mainly expressed in granulocytes and plasmatocytes. Knock down of cathepsin L by RNA interference results in larvae death before pupation or the formation of a chimeric pupa containing a larval head and thorax, abnormal wings and the pupal abdomen. The reason for this is that the affected haemocytes cannot become granulated, and therefore cannot participate in fat body remodelling and wing development. These facts suggest that Ha-cathL is involved in larval moulting and metamorphosis by participating in the functioning of haemocytes.

Insect Molecular Biology 2010 Volume 19 Issue 1, Pages 99 - 111 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123206893/abstract

12. Identification of an E-box DNA binding protein, activated protein 4, and its function in regulating the expression of the gene encoding diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide in Helicoverpa armigera

C-H. Hu, B. Hong and W-H. Xu [email protected] State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China

Activated protein 4 (AP-4), an E-box DNA-binding protein, was cloned from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Har). The expression of Har-AP-4 mRNA and the protein that it encodes are significantly higher in nondiapause pupae than in diapause pupae. In vitro-translated Har-AP-4 can bind specifically to the E-box motif on the promoter of the diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN). Har- AP-4, fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP), is localized to the nucleus, and overexpression of Har-AP-4 can significantly activate the promoter of the DH-PBAN gene that is involved in nondiapause pupal development in H. armigera. These results suggest that Har-AP-4, which binds to the promoter of DH-PBAN, may play a role in regulating pupal development in H. armigera.

Insect Molecular Biology 2010 Volume 19 Issue 2, Pages 243 - 252 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123243743/abstract

13. PiggyBac-like elements in the pink bollworm, gossypiella

J. Wang*†, E. D. Miller‡, G. S. Simmons‡, T. A. Miller§, B. E. Tabashnik¶ and Y. Park* [email protected] *Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; †College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; ‡USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Decision Support and Pest Management Systems Laboratory, Phoenix, AZ, USA; §Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; and ¶Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

A transgenic line of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, a key lepidopteran cotton pest, was generated previously using the piggyBac transposon IFP2 from Trichoplusia ni. Here we identified an endogenous piggyBac-like element (PLE), designated as PgPLE1, in the pink bollworm. A putatively intact copy of PgPLE1 (PgPLE1.1) presents the canonical features of PLE: inverted terminal repeats with three C/G residues at the extreme ends, inverted subterminal repeats, TTAA target site and an open reading frame encoding transposase with 68% similarity to IFP2. Vectorette PCR revealed large variation in the insertion sites of PgPLE1 amongst worldwide populations, indicating the potential mobility of PgPLE1. The PgPLE1 was undetectable in the genome of Pectinophora endema, implying the recent invasion of PgPLE1 after the divergence of these two closely related species.

Insect Molecular Biology 2010 Volume 19 Issue 2, Pages 177 - 184 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123213877/abstract

Journal of Applied Entomology 14. Predicting potential distribution of chestnut phylloxerid (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) based on GARP and Maxent ecological niche models

X. Y. Wang 1,2 , X. L. Huang 1 , L. Y. Jiang 1 & G. X. Qiao 1 [email protected] 1 Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 2 Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

The chestnut phylloxerid, Moritziella castaneivora, has been recently recorded as a forest pest in China. It heavily damaged chestnut trees and has caused serious economic losses in some main chestnut production areas. In order to effectively monitor and manage this pest, it is necessary to investigate its potential geographical distribution worldwide. In this study, we used two ecological niche models, Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP) and Maximum Entropy (Maxent), along with the geographical distribution of the host plants, Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) and Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), to predict the potential geographical distribution of M. castaneivora. The results suggested that the suitable distribution areas based on GARP were general consistent with those based on Maxent, but GARP predicted distribution areas that extended more in size than did Maxent. The results also indicated that the suitable areas for chestnut phylloxerid infestations were mainly restricted to Northeast China (northern Liaoning), East China (southern Shandong, northern Jiangsu and western Anhui), North China (southern Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin), Central China (eastern Hubei and southern Henan), Japan (Kinki, Shikoku and Tohoku) and most parts of the Korean Peninsula. In addition, some provinces of central and western China were predicted to have low suitability or unsuitable areas (e.g. Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet). A jackknife test in Maxent showed that the average precipitation in July was the most important environmental variable affecting the distribution of this pest species. Consequently, the study suggests several reasonable regulations and management strategies for avoiding the introduction or invasion of this high-risk chestnut pest to these potentially suitable areas.

Journal of Applied Entomology 2010 Volume 134 Issue 1, Pages 45 - 54 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122615154/abstract

Journal of Economic Entomology 15. Differential Accumulation of Phytohormones in Wheat Seedlings Attacked by Avirulent and Virulent Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Larvae

Zhu, Lieceng; Liu, Xiang; Chen, Ming-Shun

We analyzed the accumulation of six phytohormones and phytohormone-related compounds in a wheat, Triticum aestivium L., genotype, `Molly', after attacks by avirulent and virulent Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), larvae, respectively, and we examined the expression of genes in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway by Northern blot analysis. Compared with uninfested plants, attacks by avirulent larvae resulted in increased accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) by 11.3- and 8.2-fold, 12- oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) by 36.4-and 18.7-fold, 18:3 fatty acid by 4.5- and 2.2-fold, and 18:1 fatty acid by 1.8- and 1.9-fold at 24 and 72 h post-initial attack (hpia), respectively, but an 20% decrease in JA accumulation at 24 hpia at the attack site. Attacks by the virulent larvae did not affect the accumulation of SA, OPDA, and 18:3 and 18:1 fatty acids but dramatically increased the concentration of auxin (AUX) from undetectable in uninfested plants to 381.7 ng/g fresh weight at 24 hpia and 71.0 ng/g fresh weight at 72 hpia in infested plants. Transcript levels of genes encoding lipoxygenase 2, allene oxide synthase, and Arabidopsis storage protein 2 were increased after avirulent larval attacks but decreased after virulent larval attacks. Our results suggest that OPDA and SA may act together in wheat resistance to the Hessian fly, whereas AUX may play a role in the susceptibility of wheat plants. The increased OPDA accumulation after avirulent larval attacks was at least partially regulated through gene transcription.

Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 103, Number 1, February 2010 , pp. 178-185(8) http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jee/2010/00000103/00000001/art 00024

16. Pyriproxyfen Resistance of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Biotype B: Metabolic Mechanism

Ma, W.; Li, X.; Dennehy, T. J.; Lei, C.; Wang, M.; Degain, B. A.; Nichols, R. L.

Juvenile hormone (JH) analog insecticides are relatively nontoxic to vertebrates and provide efficient control of key pests. One JH analog, pyriproxyfen, has provided over a decade of exceptional management of whiteflies in cotton of the southwestern United States. Thwarting resistance to pyriproxyfen in Bemisia tabaci (Gannadius) (a.k.a. Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) has been the focus of an integrated resistance management program because this insecticide was first registered for use in Arizona cotton in 1996. Resistance levels have increased slowly in field populations in recent years but have not demonstrably affected field performance of pyriproxyfen. Resistant strains have been isolated and studied in the laboratory to determine the mechanism of resistance and identify optimal strategies for controlling resistant whiteflies. Synergism bioassays showed that resistance in a laboratory-selected strain QC02-R, was partially suppressible with piperonyl butoxid (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) but not with S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). Consistent with the synergism bioassay results, enzymatic assays revealed that the enzyme activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) but not esterases were significantly higher in the pyriproxyfen-resistant QC02-R strain than in the susceptible strain. These results indicate that both P450 and GST are involved in whitefly resistance to pyriproxyfen.

Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 103, Number 1, February 2010 , pp. 158-165(8) http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jee/2010/00000103/00000001/art 00021

17. Response of Tomicus yunnanensis (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) to Infested and Uninfested Pinus yunnanensis Bolts

Liu, Hui; Zhang, Zhen; Ye, Hui; Wang, Hongbin; Clarke, Stephen R.; Jun, Lu

Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall and Faccoli (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a newly described pine shoot beetle found in southwestern China. This beetle has affected >200,000 ha of Pinus yunnanensis (Franchet) forests over the past 30 yr. After maturation feeding in the shoots, adults attack the boles in December to produce a new generation. A hanging bolt study was initiated in November 2006 to detect the beetle flight patterns and to test if dispersing beetles respond to infested and uninfested material. Treatments tested were females only, males only, male and female pairs, and uninfested bolts. Beetles were collected on the bolts between 9:30 and 18:30, with peak catch in the afternoon between 14:00 and 18:30. No beetles were collected during the dark. Though trunk attacks in the field were observed in November, beetles were first collected on the bolts in January. No beetles were captured after March. Differences in numbers of beetles collected between treatments with infested bolts varied by month, but uninfested bolts always attracted fewer adults.

Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 103, Number 1, February 2010 , pp. 95-100(6) http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jee/2010/00000103/00000001/art 00013

Journal of Insect Behaviour 18. Calling Behavior and Rhythms of Sex Pheromone Production in the Black Cutworm in China

Yu-yong Xiang1, 2, Mao-fa Yang1 and Zi-zhong Li1 [email protected] 1Key Laboratory of Plant Diseases and Pest Management in Mountain Agriculture of Guizhou Province, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China 2Department of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239012, Anhui, China

The hourly and daily variation of calling behavior and sex pheromone production by the female black cutworm moth, Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg), were investigated. Both calling behavior and titers of five sex pheromone components showed distinct diel rhythms, and peak periods of calling and pheromone titer were synchronous. Females began to call on the first night after eclosion and called mainly during the second half of the scotophase. The percentage of females calling increased in 1 to 3-d-old females and decreased in 3 to 7-d-old females. Females advanced their calling time with increasing age (1 to 7 d). GC-MS analysis of hexane extracts of pheromone glands revealed that the titers of the five sex pheromone components were very low on the first night after eclosion, but increased sharply and peaked on the third night. Titers decreased greatly with increasing age (3 to 7 d), but from the onset of the scotophase to 4.5 h into scotophase, titers remained invariate. However, from 4.5 to 7 h, pheromone titers, especially that of the primary component Z7-12:Ac, increased sharply and peaked. After the peak, the titers decreased greatly at 8 h, and thereafter decreased gradually to the level before 4.5 h. The quantity of each component almost reached zero after lights-on.

Journal of Insect Behavior Volume 23, Number 1 / January, 2010 35-44 http://www.springerlink.com/content/u65v62018664h023/?p=804d48f63ede4c078655f5 a819a85970&pi=3

19. Anti-predator Fan-blowing in Guard Bees, Apis mellifera capensis Esch

Minxian Yang1, 2, Sarah Radloff3 , Ken Tan2 and Randall Hepburn1, 2 1Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, Republic of South Africa 2Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China 3Department of Statistics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, Republic of South Africa

Honeybees employ different defensive strategies depending on the nature of potential predators. The Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis, exhibits a unique fan-blowing behaviour to repel ants and similar sized insects at the nest entrance. Guard bees turn in alternating clockwise and anticlockwise circles on a fixed vertical axis and fan their wings when encountering tramp ants (Pheidole megacephala), aphids (Myzus persicae) and termites (Trinervitermes trinovoides) on the landing board of a hive. The blowing force was constant and was driven by fanning with a wing-beat frequency of 274.8 ± 16.3 Hz, which exceeds that of flight. On the contrary, small hive beetles (Aethina tumida) were removed by mauling and expulsion whereas larvae of the greater waxmoth (Galleria mellonella) and the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) were seized with mandibles and thrown from the nest area.

Journal of Insect Behavior Volume 23, Number 1 / January, 201012-18 http://www.springerlink.com/content/c70r867055x3j6u8/?p=804d48f63ede4c078655f5a 819a85970&pi=1

Journal of Insect Physiology 20. Analysis of pupal head proteome and its alteration in diapausing pupae of Helicoverpa armigera

Lizhen Chen1, a, Weihua Ma1, a, Xiaoping Wanga, Changying Niua andChaoliang Lei , a, a Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China

The proteomic approach has proven to be an useful tool for understanding insect diapause processes. Using 2D gel electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI) time of flight (TOF), we identified 24 proteins in the head of Helicoverpa armigera pupae with diverse functional characteristics, including cytoskeleton proteins, heat-shock proteins, insect development regulation factors, ATPases, proteins regulating signal pathway and enzymes involved in metabolism, etc. A proteomic comparison between nondiapausing and diapausing pupae revealed three proteins that were present only in nondiapausing pupae, and six proteins represented ≥2.0-fold or ≤0.5-fold changes. The differentially expressed proteins, including heat-shock protein 90, chitin deacetylase, alpha-tubulin and transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase, etc. were reported for the first time in H. armigera. Identification of these proteins will enable us to further characterize the regulated functions of diapause in this important species.

Journal of Insect Physiology Volume 56, Issue 3, March 2010, Pages 247-252 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3F-4XK2D4Y- 2&_user=8538702&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2010&_rdoc=4&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc- info(%23toc%234945%232010%23999439996%231667123%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=4945&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=15&_acct=C0 00050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=8538702&md5=9e4a76311c43220c5c48f04734da976f

21. Methanol metabolism in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Lei Guoa, 1, Xiang-Yong Zengb, a, 1, Deng-Yuan Wangb, , and Guo-Qing Lia, , a Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China b College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China

Plants produce and release large quantities of methanol, especially when attacked by herbivores. It seems that the herbivores may suffer from methanol intoxication. Here we reported the tolerance to and the metabolism of methanol by Ostrinia furnacalis third- instar larvae. When larvae were exposed to dietary methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid for 72 h, the estimated LC50 value was 28, 40 and 29 mg/g diet, respectively. Toxicity of methanol was enhanced by 4-methylpyrazole, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and piperonyl butoxide, and toxicity of formaldehyde was increased by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and piperonyl butoxide. However, triphenyl phosphate had little synergistic effects on both methanol and formaldehyde. These data indicate that alcohol dehydrogenase, and probably catalase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase oxidize methanol to formaldehyde, catalase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase catalyze formaldehyde to formic acid, water and carbon dioxide, and carboxylesterase may have a minor effect. Several fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were identified from extracts of the frass of larvae which had been exposed to a methanol-contained diet, in contrast to those on a methanol-free artificial diet. In vitro tests revealed that a crude enzyme solution from the larvae could synthesize FAMEs from corresponding fatty acids and methanol. In addition, dietary methanol induced higher esterase activities in the first-, second- and third-instar larvae. These findings demonstrate that both oxidative metabolism and non-oxidative metabolism are partially responsible for methanol elimination in O. furnacalis larvae.

Journal of Insect Physiology Volume 56, Issue 3, March 2010, Pages 260-265 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3F-4XNM5YX- 1&_user=8538702&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2010&_rdoc=6&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc- info(%23toc%234945%232010%23999439996%231667123%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=4945&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=15&_acct=C0 00050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=8538702&md5=a0cebc1353152251c378c5dd1f9798e5

22. A proteomic analysis of Helicoverpa armigera adults after exposure to UV light irradiation Jian-Yu Meng1, a, Chang-Yu Zhang1, a and Chao-Liang Lei , a, a Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Institute of Insect Resources, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

Ultraviolet (UV) light (blacklight), which emits UV in the range of 320–400 nm, has been used worldwide in light trapping of insect pests. To gain a better understanding of the response of Helicoverpa armigera adults to UV light irradiation, we carried out a comparative proteomic analysis. Three-day-old adults were exposed to UV light for 1 h. Total proteins were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. More than 1200 protein spots were reproducibly detected, including 12 that were more abundant and 21 less abundant. Mass spectrometry analysis and database searching helped us to identify 29 differentially abundant proteins. The identified proteins were categorized into several functional groups including signal transduction, RNA processing, protein processing, stress response, metabolisms, and cytoskeleton structure, etc. This study is the first analysis of differentially expressed proteins in phototactic insects under UV light irradiation conditions and gives new insights into the adaptation mechanisms responsive to UV light irradiation stress.

Journal of Insect Physiology Volume 56, Issue 4, April 2010, Pages 405-411 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3F-4XVHHKM- 1&_user=8538702&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_vers ion=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=8538702&md5=3aa73a80445312d6f2535e1650296014

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 23. A new rod-shaped virus from parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Li Luoa and Ling Zeng , a, a Laboratory of Insect Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China

A new rod-shaped nucleocapsids (NCs) was found inadvertently in Diachasmimorpha longicaudata accessory gland filaments (AGFs). The NCs were 30 nm in diameter and nearly 900 nm in length. They replicated in a small cell type of the AGFs in D. longicaudata, and following oviposition, invaded and proliferated in the hemocytes of a parasitized host Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel. This finding of a completely new virus in the AGF indicate that different geographical populations (subspecies) of D. longicaudata may carry different sybionts. This is the first report showing that the same wasp species, but from a different geographical populations, can carry an entirely different virus.

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology Volume 103, Issue 3, March 2010, Pages 165-169 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WJV-4X087PC- 6&_user=586462&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2010&_rdoc=6&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc- info(%23toc%236888%232010%23998969996%231669136%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6888&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=12&_acct=C0 00030078&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=586462&md5=15eea865ac90fe5456b0d4d409fa1c53

Systematic Entomology 24. A review of the morphologically diverse leafhopper subfamily Stegelytrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with description of new taxa

CONG WEI 1,2 , MICHAEL D. WEBB 2 and YALIN ZHANG 1 [email protected] 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China and 2 Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, U.K.

The morphologically diverse leafhopper subfamily Stegelytrinae is reviewed and its biology and biogeography are discussed as well as its classification, monophyly and relationship to Deltocephalinae s.l. In addition, the first stegelytrine is recorded east of Wallace's and Weber's lines, extending the distribution of the subfamily outside the Oriental and Palaearctic regions. A checklist and key to the genera of the subfamily are given. The following new genera and species are described: Honguchia rubrofascia Wei & Webb, gen.n & sp.n. from Sabah; H. superba Wei & Webb, sp.n. from Sumatra; Yaontogonia flavopicta Wei & Webb, gen.n & sp.n. from Brunei and Sabah; Y. darjeelingensis Wei & Webb, sp. n. from West Bengal; Sychentia breviata Wei & Webb, gen.n & sp.n. from Malaysia; Louangana stellata Wei & Webb, gen.n & sp.n. from Laos; Shangonia sarawakensis Wei & Webb, gen.n & sp.n. from Sarawak; Quiontugia fuscomaculata Wei & Zhang, gen.n. & sp.n. from Hainan; and Neophansia wallacei Wei & Webb, gen.n & sp.n. from New Guinea.

Systematic Entomology 2010 Volume 35 Issue 1, Pages 19 - 58 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123228806/abstract