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Toward a New World 800–1500 Key Events As you read, look for the key events in the history of medieval Europe and the Americas. • The revival of trade in Europe led to the growth of cities and towns. • The Catholic Church was an important part of European people’s lives during the Middle Ages. • The Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations developed and administered complex societies. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. • The revival of trade brought with it a money economy and the emergence of capitalism, which is widespread in the world today. • Modern universities had their origins in medieval Europe. • The cultures of Central and South America reflect both Native American and Spanish influences. World History—Modern Times Video The Chapter 4 video, “Chaucer’s England,” chronicles the development of civilization in medieval Europe. Notre Dame Cathedral Paris, France 1163 Work begins on Notre Dame 800 875 950 1025 1100 1175 c. 800 900 1210 Mayan Toltec control Francis of Assisi civilization upper Yucatán founds the declines Peninsula Franciscan order 126 The cathedral at Chartres, about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Paris, is but one of the many great Gothic cathedrals built in Europe during the Middle Ages. Montezuma Aztec turquoise mosaic serpent 1325 1453 1502 HISTORY Aztec build Hundred Montezuma Tenochtitlán on Years’ War rules Aztec Lake Texcoco ends Empire Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World History—Modern 1250 1325 1400 1475 1550 1625 Times Web site at wh.mt.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 4– Chapter Overview to 1347 1535 preview chapter information. The Black Death Pizarro conquers the Inca begins to devastate Europe Detail from the Triumph of Death by Jan Brueghel the Elder 127 Mask of an Aztec god Two Cultures Collide ernal Díaz, who accompanied Hernán Cortés on a Span- Why It Matters ish expedition to Mexico in 1519, could not believe his Organized societies had begun to Beyes when he saw the Aztec city of Tenochtitlán in central take root in Mexico and Central Mexico: America by 1200 B.C. After A.D. 800, civilizations flourished on the “When we beheld so many cities and towns on the water, and plateau of central Mexico, the other large settlements built on firm ground, and that broad cause- lowland regions along the Gulf of way running so straight and perfectly level to the city of Tenochti- Mexico and extending into modern- tlán, we were astonished because of the great stone towers and day Guatemala, and the central temples and buildings that rose up out of the water. Andes. The entry of Europeans into ” the Americas around A.D. 1500 To some of the soldiers accompanying Cortés, “All these led to the destruction of these things seemed to be a dream.” civilizations. The Aztec were equally astonished, but for quite different reasons. One wrote, “They [the Spanish] came in battle array, History and You Using the as conquerors, and the dust rose in whirlwinds on the roads, Internet and traditional print sources, research the cities, innova- their spears glinted in the sun, and their flags fluttered like tions, and cultural contributions of bats. Some of them were dressed in glistening iron from head the Aztec, Mayan, and Incan civiliza- to foot; they terrified everyone who saw them.” tions. Create a database that shows Within a short time, the Spanish had destroyed the Aztec both the similarities and the differ- Empire. Díaz remarked, “I thought that no land like it would ences among the three. ever be discovered in the whole world. But today all that I then saw is overthrown and destroyed; nothing is left standing.” 128 Europe in the Middle Ages Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • New farming practices and the growth Pope Gregory VII, Henry IV, Hildegard of Cause and Effect Use a chart like the one of trade created a vigorous European Bingen, Saint Francis of Assisi below to show the effects of the growth of society. towns on medieval European society. Places to Locate • The Catholic Church played a dominant Cause Effects role during the Middle Ages. Venice, Papal States, Rome, Avignon Key Terms Preview Questions manor, serf, money economy, commer- 1. Why were Church leaders often at odds with European rulers? Growth of cial capitalism, guild, heresy, Inquisition, Towns sacrament, theology, new monarchies 2. How did the Black Death impact Euro- pean society? Preview of Events ✦1000 ✦1100 ✦1200 ✦1300 ✦1400 ✦1500 1000s 1305 1347 1417 1500 Food production expands; Pope moves Black Death begins to Great Schism Europe has Guilds are organized to Avignon devastate Europe ends 80 universities Voices from the Past In 1075, Pope Gregory VII issued the following decrees: (1) That the Roman [Catholic] Church was founded by God alone. (2) That the pope“ alone can with right be called universal. (3) That he alone can depose or rein- state bishops. (10) That [the pope’s] name alone shall be spoken in the churches. (11) That his name is the only name in the world. (12) That it may be permitted to him to depose emperors. (19) That he himself may be judged by no one. (22) That the Roman Church has never erred; nor will it err to all eternity, the Scripture bearing witness.” —Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, Ernest F. Henderson, ed., 1892 Pope Gregory VII, who served The popes of the Catholic Church exerted their power, as is evident from these as pope from 1073 to 1085 decrees. Christianity was a crucial element in medieval European society. The New Agriculture In the early Middle Ages, Europe had a relatively small population. In the High Middle Ages (1000–1300), however, population increased dramatically. The num- ber of people almost doubled, from 38 million to 74 million. What caused this huge increase in population? For one thing, conditions in Europe were more set- tled and peaceful after the invasions of the early Middle Ages had stopped. This increased peace and stability also led to a dramatic expansion in food production after 1000. CHAPTER 4 Toward a New World 129 In part, food production increased because a The shift from a two-field to a three-field system of change in climate during the High Middle Ages crop rotation added to the increase in food produc- improved growing conditions. In addition, more land tion. In the early Middle Ages, peasants divided their was cultivated as peasants of the eleventh and twelfth land into two fields of equal size. One field was centuries cut down trees and drained swamps. planted, while the other was allowed to lie fallow, or Changes in technology also aided the develop- remain unplanted, to regain its fertility. Now, how- ment of farming. The Middle Ages witnessed an ever, lands were divided into three parts. One field explosion of labor-saving devices. For example, the was planted in the fall with grains (such as rye and people of the Middle Ages harnessed the power of wheat) that were harvested in summer. The second water and wind to do jobs once done by humans or field was planted in the spring with grains (oats and animals. barley) and vegetables (peas and beans) that were Many new devices were made from iron, which harvested in the fall. The third field was allowed to was mined in various areas of Europe. Iron was cru- lie fallow. The three-field system meant that only cial in making the carruca, a heavy, wheeled plow one-third, rather than one-half, of the land lay fallow with an iron plowshare. Unlike earlier plows, this at any time. The rotation of crops also kept the soil plow could easily turn over heavy clay soils. from becoming exhausted so quickly. Watermill on Certovka River Harnessing the Power in Prague, of Water and Wind Czech Republic atermills use the power of running water to do work. WThe watermill was invented as early as the second cen- tury B.C. It was not used much in the Roman Empire because the Romans had many slaves and had no need to mechanize. In the High Middle Ages, watermills became easier to build as the use of metals became more common. In 1086, the survey Sail of English land known as the Domesday Book listed six thousand watermills in England. Located along streams, mills powered by water were at first used to Break grind grains for flour. Gradually, mill operators were able to mechanize wheel entire industries. Waterpower was used in mills for making cloth and in sawmills for cutting wood and stone, as well as in the working of metals. Wind shaft Rivers, however, were not always available. Where this was the case, Europeans developed windmills to harness the power of the wind. Histori- ans are unsure whether windmills were imported into Europe (they were invented in Persia) or designed independently by Europeans. Like the watermill, the windmill was first used for grinding grains. Later, however, windmills were used for pumping water and even cutting wood. However, Grindstone they did not offer as great a range of possible uses as watermills. Great The watermill and windmill were the most important devices for har- spur nessing power before the invention of the steam engine in the eighteenth wheel century. Their spread had revolutionary consequences, enabling Europeans to produce more food and to more easily manufacture a wide array of Workings of a basic windmill products. Comparing How are water and wind power used today? 130 CHAPTER 4 Toward a New World The Manorial System Landholding nobles were a military elite whose ability to be warriors depended on their having the leisure time to pursue the arts of war.

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